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The document outlines concepts from the Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry syllabus related to coordination and response in humans. It discusses the structure and function of the nervous system, sense organs, hormones, homeostasis, and tropic responses in plants. Specifically, it describes the nervous system, reflex arcs, synapses, the eye, hormones like adrenaline and insulin, temperature regulation, and phototropism and gravitropism mediated by the plant hormone auxin.
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The nervous system
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It enables control of the body and provides feedback about the external world. The nervous system contains neurons that transmit electrochemical signals through electrical and chemical synapses. Sensory neurons carry signals from receptors to the central nervous system, while motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Reflexes provide fast responses without involving conscious thought by forming neural pathways that bypass the brain.
B7 syllabus statements
The document discusses nervous control and homeostasis in humans. It describes the structure and functions of the human nervous system, including the central nervous system which coordinates body functions and the peripheral nervous system. It also describes reflex arcs and how sensory, relay and motor neurons work together to integrate stimuli and responses. Additionally, it discusses homeostasis as the maintenance of a constant internal environment and the roles of negative feedback and hormones like insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels.
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IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system
The document summarizes key concepts about the human nervous system:
1. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves). The brain controls voluntary actions while the spinal cord controls involuntary reflexes.
2. Sensory neurons detect stimuli and transmit nerve impulses to the central nervous system, while motor neurons transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors like muscles.
3. A reflex arc involves a receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, and effector to produce an involuntary response like the knee jerk reflex.
The Coordination System
The nervous system and endocrine system are the two coordination systems in animals that allow them to respond to stimuli in the environment. The nervous system uses nerve impulses transmitted through neurons to enable rapid responses, while the endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones transported through the bloodstream to enable slower but longer-lasting responses. Plants also respond to stimuli but do not have nervous or endocrine systems and instead rely on plant hormones to coordinate slow, predetermined responses.
Coordination and response
This document discusses coordination and response in organisms. It describes how organisms detect changes in their external and internal environments using receptors, and respond through neural and endocrine pathways. The nervous system plays a key role in coordination, with the central nervous system processing sensory information and initiating responses via the peripheral nervous system. This allows organisms to maintain stable internal conditions while living in a changing external environment.
COORDINATION AND RESPONSE
The document discusses coordination and response in biology. It covers coordination in animals through the nervous and endocrine systems. It describes the key parts of the human nervous system including neurons, the central nervous system, and reflex arcs. It also discusses the endocrine system, listing the major endocrine glands and their functions. The document then covers coordination and response in plants through tropisms such as phototropism and geotropism, which are influenced by the plant hormone auxin.
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The nervous system
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It enables control of the body and provides feedback about the external world. The nervous system contains neurons that transmit electrochemical signals through electrical and chemical synapses. Sensory neurons carry signals from receptors to the central nervous system, while motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Reflexes provide fast responses without involving conscious thought by forming neural pathways that bypass the brain.
B7 syllabus statements
The document discusses nervous control and homeostasis in humans. It describes the structure and functions of the human nervous system, including the central nervous system which coordinates body functions and the peripheral nervous system. It also describes reflex arcs and how sensory, relay and motor neurons work together to integrate stimuli and responses. Additionally, it discusses homeostasis as the maintenance of a constant internal environment and the roles of negative feedback and hormones like insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels.
Coordination and response the nervous system
Powepoint presentation on the Nervous System, its function and composition. Nerves and neurons - Nerve impulses- Synapse- Reflex action- Reflex arc. - Notes on the eye. links to further study
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The document discusses coordination in the human body and how the nervous system works. It explains that coordination allows organs and systems to work efficiently together, such as increasing breathing and heart rate to provide more oxygen and glucose to muscles during exercise. It describes how the central and peripheral nervous systems connect via nerves and neurons to transmit sensory and motor impulses between receptors, effectors, and the brain to coordinate the body's responses. The nervous system detects changes in the blood and sends signals to respiratory muscles and heart to increase their activity through this coordinated process.
IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system
The document summarizes key concepts about the human nervous system:
1. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves). The brain controls voluntary actions while the spinal cord controls involuntary reflexes.
2. Sensory neurons detect stimuli and transmit nerve impulses to the central nervous system, while motor neurons transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors like muscles.
3. A reflex arc involves a receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, and effector to produce an involuntary response like the knee jerk reflex.
The Coordination System
The nervous system and endocrine system are the two coordination systems in animals that allow them to respond to stimuli in the environment. The nervous system uses nerve impulses transmitted through neurons to enable rapid responses, while the endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones transported through the bloodstream to enable slower but longer-lasting responses. Plants also respond to stimuli but do not have nervous or endocrine systems and instead rely on plant hormones to coordinate slow, predetermined responses.
Coordination and response
This document discusses coordination and response in organisms. It describes how organisms detect changes in their external and internal environments using receptors, and respond through neural and endocrine pathways. The nervous system plays a key role in coordination, with the central nervous system processing sensory information and initiating responses via the peripheral nervous system. This allows organisms to maintain stable internal conditions while living in a changing external environment.
COORDINATION AND RESPONSE
The document discusses coordination and response in biology. It covers coordination in animals through the nervous and endocrine systems. It describes the key parts of the human nervous system including neurons, the central nervous system, and reflex arcs. It also discusses the endocrine system, listing the major endocrine glands and their functions. The document then covers coordination and response in plants through tropisms such as phototropism and geotropism, which are influenced by the plant hormone auxin.
Coordination & Response Part 1 - The Nervous System
The document provides information about the coordination and response system in biology. It discusses the following key points:
- Living organisms respond to stimuli in their internal and external environments through coordination between different body systems. The nervous and endocrine systems play major roles in coordination.
- Stimuli are changes in the environment that are detected by sensory receptors and elicit responses. There are internal and external stimuli.
- The nervous system detects stimuli and coordinates responses. It has three main parts: sensory receptors, an integrating center (brain and spinal cord), and effectors.
- The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into different regions that control various functions like movement, sensation, thinking,
Body coordination (Chapter 2 Form 4)
Coordination involves the adjustment and cooperation of various body parts and systems. There are two types of coordination: nervous coordination involving the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; and hormonal coordination involving glands and organs. The document then describes the structure and function of the nervous system including neurons, receptors, effectors, and reflex actions. It also discusses proprioception and kinaesthetic senses which provide awareness of body position and movement. Voluntary actions are controlled by desires while involuntary actions are controlled by the medulla oblongata. Finally, it notes that alcohol can hinder nervous system function and coordination by slowing impulse transmission and potentially damaging liver cells.
Spinal Reflexes
The document describes the reflex arc, which is an automatic response to a stimulus that does not involve brain processing. A reflex arc involves a stimulus being detected by a receptor which sends a signal through a sensory neuron to the spinal cord. In the spinal cord, the sensory neuron connects with an interneuron which then connects to a motor neuron. The motor neuron carries the signal to an effector such as a muscle to produce a response without conscious thought, as an example of withdrawing a hand from a hot stimulus. Complex reflexes like swallowing and blinking also follow this basic reflex arc process in the spinal cord and brainstem.
Nervous coordination
The nervous system allows for coordination in the body through electrochemical signaling between neurons. It consists of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons receive and transmit signals via dendrites, the cell body, and the axon. There are three types of neurons - sensory, motor, and inter. A nerve impulse is generated through changes in the neuron's membrane potential and the opening and closing of ion channels, causing the signal to propagate along the axon. At a synapse, neurotransmitters transmit the signal to the next neuron. Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli.
Nervous system
The document describes the human nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord for coordination. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that coordinate and regulate body functions. It distinguishes between voluntary actions initiated by conscious decision and involuntary reflex actions. A nerve impulse is an electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurons. A simple reflex arc involves a receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, and effector. Synapses allow impulses to travel between neurons via the release of neurotransmitters. Sense organs such as the eye respond to specific stimuli like light. The eye contains structures like the iris, lens, retina and cornea that help focus light and detect
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The document discusses spinal reflexes and the reflex arc. It describes the five essential components of a reflex arc: receptor, sensory neuron, integration center in the central nervous system, motor neuron, and effector. As an example, it provides a detailed explanation of the withdrawal reflex in response to a hot stimulus, tracing the pathway from receptor detection through the full reflex arc and response. It also categorizes different types of reflexes based on the number of neurons involved, location of integration, and whether they are somatic, autonomic, innate, or learned.
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2. control and coordination
1. The document discusses movement in animals and plants. In animals, movement is a response to external stimuli and is carefully controlled by nervous and muscular tissues. Nerve cells detect stimuli and send electrical signals that cause muscles to contract.
2. In plants, movement is either independent of growth, like sensitive plant leaves closing when touched, or dependent on growth, where plants grow towards stimuli like light, gravity, water, etc. over time. Plants use electrical-chemical signaling between cells rather than nerves.
3. The key differences between animal and plant movement are that animals use nerves and fast electrical signaling, while plants rely on slower chemical signaling between cells. Both utilize changes in cell shape - contractions in animal muscle
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This document summarizes the nervous and endocrine systems that coordinate the human body. It discusses:
- Nervous coordination is controlled by the nervous system and examples include walking and writing. Hormonal coordination is controlled by the endocrine system and examples include body growth and food digestion.
- The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (spinal and cranial nerves). Stimuli are received by receptors and transmitted via neurons to the CNS which coordinates responses by effectors.
- The endocrine system consists of glands like the pituitary, thyroid and ovaries/testes that secrete hormones to regulate functions like metabolism and growth. Disorders can result
Cns 3
Sensory receptors are specialized cells that detect stimuli and transduce them into nerve impulses. There are two main categories of sensory receptors: specialized nerve endings that detect general sensory information, and independent epithelial cells that detect special senses. Sensory receptors are also classified by their location, the type of stimulus they detect, and their structure.
Reflex Action Revision
A stimulus activates a sensory neuron which transmits an electrical impulse to the central nervous system. Within the CNS, the impulse passes through a relay neuron which then stimulates a motor neuron. This motor neuron sends the impulse to an effector like a muscle or gland, causing it to take action in response to the original stimulus.
Nerve Muscle Physiology
This document provides information on nerve muscle physiology. It discusses the structure and function of nerves, neurons, and muscles. It explains how nerve signals trigger action potentials in muscles, causing contraction. It describes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction and different types of muscle fibers. Stimulation methods like strength duration curves are discussed to assess denervated and healthy muscles. Electrical stimulation can aid tissue repair by mimicking the body's natural current of injury.
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The document discusses the nervous system and coordination in animals. It states that the nervous system and endocrine system allow for control and coordination in animals by allowing different organs to work together to respond to stimuli. The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves). Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit nerve impulses through axons to synapses. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, each controlling different functions. The spinal cord carries messages between the brain and body and helps control reflex actions.
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4to
The nervous system allows organisms to detect stimuli and respond appropriately. It contains receptors that detect stimuli and effectors like muscles and glands that respond. The nervous system uses both electrical and chemical signals to coordinate these responses. The central nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord, processes sensory information and coordinates motor responses. It communicates with the peripheral nervous system and body via neurons. The peripheral nervous system contains the nerves connecting the central nervous system to receptors and effectors throughout the body. Together, the nervous system's components allow organisms to detect environmental changes and mount coordinated responses for survival.
AMiNeS by john18 lecture presentation
The document provides an overview of the nervous system's general and special senses. It discusses how sensory information is detected by receptors and transmitted to the central nervous system via sensory neurons. The general senses of touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception are mediated by free nerve endings and specialized receptors. The special senses of smell, taste, hearing, vision, and balance also have unique sensory receptor cells and pathways for transmitting information to the brain. In summary, the document covers the key receptors, pathways, and neural processing involved in the senses.
Control of coordination in Plants and animals
Auxins help elongate cells, cytokinins promote cell division, gibberellins help plants grow in length, and abscisic acid inhibits growth and induces dormancy during unfavorable conditions. The stimulus is received by nerve cell dendrites and carried as an electrical impulse to the cell body and along the axon. At the axon end, it is transmitted chemically by neurotransmitters released at the synapse between neurons, allowing information transfer through the nervous system in electrical and chemical forms across synaptic junctions.
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This document discusses coordination and response biology. It defines key terms like stimuli, receptors, effectors, and responses. It explains that organisms detect both external stimuli from the environment and internal stimuli within the body. The nervous and endocrine systems allow organisms to coordinate responses. Detection of a stimulus involves receptors sending a signal to an integrating center like the brain, which then triggers an effector like muscles or glands to produce an appropriate response. Negative feedback loops help regulate internal environments to maintain homeostasis. Examples illustrate how temperature, sound, and glucose levels trigger detection and coordinated responses.
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Coordination & Response Part 1 - The Nervous System
The document provides information about the coordination and response system in biology. It discusses the following key points:
- Living organisms respond to stimuli in their internal and external environments through coordination between different body systems. The nervous and endocrine systems play major roles in coordination.
- Stimuli are changes in the environment that are detected by sensory receptors and elicit responses. There are internal and external stimuli.
- The nervous system detects stimuli and coordinates responses. It has three main parts: sensory receptors, an integrating center (brain and spinal cord), and effectors.
- The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into different regions that control various functions like movement, sensation, thinking,
Body coordination (Chapter 2 Form 4)
Coordination involves the adjustment and cooperation of various body parts and systems. There are two types of coordination: nervous coordination involving the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; and hormonal coordination involving glands and organs. The document then describes the structure and function of the nervous system including neurons, receptors, effectors, and reflex actions. It also discusses proprioception and kinaesthetic senses which provide awareness of body position and movement. Voluntary actions are controlled by desires while involuntary actions are controlled by the medulla oblongata. Finally, it notes that alcohol can hinder nervous system function and coordination by slowing impulse transmission and potentially damaging liver cells.
Spinal Reflexes
The document describes the reflex arc, which is an automatic response to a stimulus that does not involve brain processing. A reflex arc involves a stimulus being detected by a receptor which sends a signal through a sensory neuron to the spinal cord. In the spinal cord, the sensory neuron connects with an interneuron which then connects to a motor neuron. The motor neuron carries the signal to an effector such as a muscle to produce a response without conscious thought, as an example of withdrawing a hand from a hot stimulus. Complex reflexes like swallowing and blinking also follow this basic reflex arc process in the spinal cord and brainstem.
Nervous coordination
The nervous system allows for coordination in the body through electrochemical signaling between neurons. It consists of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons receive and transmit signals via dendrites, the cell body, and the axon. There are three types of neurons - sensory, motor, and inter. A nerve impulse is generated through changes in the neuron's membrane potential and the opening and closing of ion channels, causing the signal to propagate along the axon. At a synapse, neurotransmitters transmit the signal to the next neuron. Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli.
Nervous system
The document describes the human nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord for coordination. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that coordinate and regulate body functions. It distinguishes between voluntary actions initiated by conscious decision and involuntary reflex actions. A nerve impulse is an electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurons. A simple reflex arc involves a receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, and effector. Synapses allow impulses to travel between neurons via the release of neurotransmitters. Sense organs such as the eye respond to specific stimuli like light. The eye contains structures like the iris, lens, retina and cornea that help focus light and detect
Spinal reflexes 9-
The document discusses spinal reflexes and the reflex arc. It describes the five essential components of a reflex arc: receptor, sensory neuron, integration center in the central nervous system, motor neuron, and effector. As an example, it provides a detailed explanation of the withdrawal reflex in response to a hot stimulus, tracing the pathway from receptor detection through the full reflex arc and response. It also categorizes different types of reflexes based on the number of neurons involved, location of integration, and whether they are somatic, autonomic, innate, or learned.
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The document discusses control and coordination in living organisms. It explains that animals use nervous and muscular tissues for control and coordination, with the nervous system detecting changes in the environment and sending signals to muscles to respond. The central nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord, integrates sensory information and directs voluntary and involuntary actions. Plants lack a nervous system but coordinate responses to stimuli through electrical and chemical signaling between cells, and by changing cell shape through water movement.
2. control and coordination
1. The document discusses movement in animals and plants. In animals, movement is a response to external stimuli and is carefully controlled by nervous and muscular tissues. Nerve cells detect stimuli and send electrical signals that cause muscles to contract.
2. In plants, movement is either independent of growth, like sensitive plant leaves closing when touched, or dependent on growth, where plants grow towards stimuli like light, gravity, water, etc. over time. Plants use electrical-chemical signaling between cells rather than nerves.
3. The key differences between animal and plant movement are that animals use nerves and fast electrical signaling, while plants rely on slower chemical signaling between cells. Both utilize changes in cell shape - contractions in animal muscle
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This document summarizes the nervous and endocrine systems that coordinate the human body. It discusses:
- Nervous coordination is controlled by the nervous system and examples include walking and writing. Hormonal coordination is controlled by the endocrine system and examples include body growth and food digestion.
- The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (spinal and cranial nerves). Stimuli are received by receptors and transmitted via neurons to the CNS which coordinates responses by effectors.
- The endocrine system consists of glands like the pituitary, thyroid and ovaries/testes that secrete hormones to regulate functions like metabolism and growth. Disorders can result
Cns 3
Sensory receptors are specialized cells that detect stimuli and transduce them into nerve impulses. There are two main categories of sensory receptors: specialized nerve endings that detect general sensory information, and independent epithelial cells that detect special senses. Sensory receptors are also classified by their location, the type of stimulus they detect, and their structure.
Reflex Action Revision
A stimulus activates a sensory neuron which transmits an electrical impulse to the central nervous system. Within the CNS, the impulse passes through a relay neuron which then stimulates a motor neuron. This motor neuron sends the impulse to an effector like a muscle or gland, causing it to take action in response to the original stimulus.
Nerve Muscle Physiology
This document provides information on nerve muscle physiology. It discusses the structure and function of nerves, neurons, and muscles. It explains how nerve signals trigger action potentials in muscles, causing contraction. It describes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction and different types of muscle fibers. Stimulation methods like strength duration curves are discussed to assess denervated and healthy muscles. Electrical stimulation can aid tissue repair by mimicking the body's natural current of injury.
Classification of Sensory receptor 2
This power point gives a brief introduction on the classification of sensory receptor based on their location
Control and coordination (nervous system)
The document discusses the nervous system and coordination in animals. It states that the nervous system and endocrine system allow for control and coordination in animals by allowing different organs to work together to respond to stimuli. The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves). Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit nerve impulses through axons to synapses. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, each controlling different functions. The spinal cord carries messages between the brain and body and helps control reflex actions.
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4to
The nervous system allows organisms to detect stimuli and respond appropriately. It contains receptors that detect stimuli and effectors like muscles and glands that respond. The nervous system uses both electrical and chemical signals to coordinate these responses. The central nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord, processes sensory information and coordinates motor responses. It communicates with the peripheral nervous system and body via neurons. The peripheral nervous system contains the nerves connecting the central nervous system to receptors and effectors throughout the body. Together, the nervous system's components allow organisms to detect environmental changes and mount coordinated responses for survival.
AMiNeS by john18 lecture presentation
The document provides an overview of the nervous system's general and special senses. It discusses how sensory information is detected by receptors and transmitted to the central nervous system via sensory neurons. The general senses of touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception are mediated by free nerve endings and specialized receptors. The special senses of smell, taste, hearing, vision, and balance also have unique sensory receptor cells and pathways for transmitting information to the brain. In summary, the document covers the key receptors, pathways, and neural processing involved in the senses.
Control of coordination in Plants and animals
Auxins help elongate cells, cytokinins promote cell division, gibberellins help plants grow in length, and abscisic acid inhibits growth and induces dormancy during unfavorable conditions. The stimulus is received by nerve cell dendrites and carried as an electrical impulse to the cell body and along the axon. At the axon end, it is transmitted chemically by neurotransmitters released at the synapse between neurons, allowing information transfer through the nervous system in electrical and chemical forms across synaptic junctions.
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This document discusses the structure and function of nerves and neurons in the human nervous system. It describes that nerves are made up of neurons, which differ in size and shape depending on their location. A single neuron consists of an axon, cell body, dendrites, and terminals. The document then explains the functions of different types of neurons - sensory neurons transmit signals from receptors to the central nervous system, relay neurons connect neurons within the brain and spinal cord, and motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. It outlines the pathway of a signal from receptor to effector via these different neuron types.
BIOLOGY FORM 5:3.1-COORDINATION AND RESPONSE
This document discusses coordination and response biology. It defines key terms like stimuli, receptors, effectors, and responses. It explains that organisms detect both external stimuli from the environment and internal stimuli within the body. The nervous and endocrine systems allow organisms to coordinate responses. Detection of a stimulus involves receptors sending a signal to an integrating center like the brain, which then triggers an effector like muscles or glands to produce an appropriate response. Negative feedback loops help regulate internal environments to maintain homeostasis. Examples illustrate how temperature, sound, and glucose levels trigger detection and coordinated responses.
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1. Urea is produced in the liver from excess amino acids and is removed from the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration and is removed from the body through exhalation in the lungs.
2. Egestion refers to the removal of undigested food from the body, while excretion is the removal of waste products from metabolic processes.
3. During deamination, amino acids are broken down in the liver into components, one of which is converted to urea while the other combines with carbon dioxide to form urea.
L5 Muscle Structure
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The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
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This document provides an overview of neurophysiology and the nervous system. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls all body functions and is divided into areas that control thinking, memory, movement, and other tasks. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and is made up of nerves and sensory organs.
1.assessment of diagnosis by neurologist
A neurologist conducts a thorough neurological examination to determine if neurological dysfunction exists, identify which parts of the nervous system are affected, locate the problem area, and generate a list of possible diagnoses. The examination involves testing various components of the nervous system including cranial nerves, motor and sensory functions, coordination, gait, and reflexes. Neurodiagnostic tests such as EEG, EMG, CT, MRI, and PET scans are also used to further evaluate the electrical and structural functioning of the brain and nervous system.
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The reticular formation is a diffuse mass of neurons and fibers in the brainstem that regulates vital functions like consciousness, respiration, blood pressure, and muscle tone. It receives inputs from sensory systems and connects to all levels of the central nervous system. The reticular formation contains nuclei that can be divided into median, medial, and lateral columns based on neuron size. These nuclei have ascending and descending connections and are involved in arousal, sensory modulation, and motor control. The reticular formation plays an important role in regulating consciousness, autonomic functions, and motor activity through its widespread connections throughout the brain and spinal cord.
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Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" through the release of norepinephrine which increases heart rate and blood flow. The parasympathetic system acts to conserve energy and restore homeostasis through the release of acetylcholine which decreases heart rate and increases digestion. Both systems use two-neuron pathways with ganglia and differ in their origins, targets, and neurotransmitters used. The autonomic nervous system allows for largely unconscious control of essential bodily functions.
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Basic ap chapter 14 powerpoint 2017
The somatic nervous system is responsible for conscious perception of the environment and voluntary responses through skeletal muscles. Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors by stimuli, while perception is the central processing of sensations into meaningful patterns in the brain. The major sensory receptors are chemoreceptors for taste and smell, mechanoreceptors for touch and balance, nociceptors for pain, and photoreceptors for vision.
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The document discusses the organization and processing of the nervous system. It describes:
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The nervous system has four basic functions: sensation, integration, reaction, and internal regulation. It is organized into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS contains nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. The brain is divided into sections that control different functions like movement, coordination, senses, and homeostasis. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit signals via electrical and chemical processes. Reflexes are automatic responses mediated by pathways within the spinal cord that connect receptors to effectors via a reflex arc in the CNS.
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This document provides information about synapses and sensory receptors presented during a small group discussion at the Rawalpindi Medical University. It begins with introducing the university's motto and learning objectives of the session. It then defines synapses and describes different types of synapses and their structure. It explains synaptic transmission through chemical synapses. It also describes EPSP and IPSP. Finally, it classifies and illustrates different types of sensory receptors, including mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, electromagnetic receptors, and chemoreceptors. It provides details about tactile receptors in the skin and deep tissues.
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Neurological examination
A neurological examination evaluates the functioning of the nervous system and is divided into eight components: mental status, cranial nerves, motor examination, sensory examination, coordination, reflexes, and gait. It assesses various aspects such as sensation, motor skills, reflexes, coordination, and cognitive functioning to determine if there is any impairment or disease present in the nervous system. The exam involves testing various cranial nerves, motor strength, sensory perception, coordination, and reflexes through activities like following commands, distinguishing sensory stimuli, and evaluating gait. The goal is to localize any issues and understand the nature of any neurological abnormalities.
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Prefix Multiple Standard form
centi (cm) 1 cm = 0.01 m x 10-2
milli (mm) 1 mm = 0.001 m x 10-3
micro (μm) 1 μm = 0.000 001 m x 10-6
nano (nm) 1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m x 10-9
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14 syllabus statements
- 1. 09/04/2016 14. Coordination & Response Syllabus statements Statements from Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry syllabus 0610 (for exams in 2016 – 2018)
- 2. 14.1 Nervous control in humans • Describe a nerve impulse as an electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurones • Describe the human nervous system in terms of: – the central nervous system consisting of brain and spinal cord – the peripheral nervous system – coordination and regulation of body functions • Distinguish between voluntary and involuntary actions
- 3. 14.1 Nervous control in humans • Identify motor (effector), relay (connector) and sensory neurones from diagrams • Describe a simple reflex arc in terms of receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurones and effector • Describe a reflex action as a means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors (muscles and glands) • Define a synapse as a junction between two neurones
- 4. 14.1 Nervous control in humans • Describe the structure of a synapse, including the presence of neurotransmitter containing vesicles, the synaptic cleft and neurotransmitter receptor molecules • Describe how an impulse triggers the release of a neurotransmitter from vesicles into the synaptic gap and how the neurotransmitter diffuses across to bind with receptor molecules, in the membrane of the neurone after the synaptic gap, causing the impulse to continue
- 5. 14.1 Nervous control in humans • State that in a reflex arc the synapses ensure that impulses travel in one direction only • State that many drugs, e.g. heroin act upon synapses
- 6. 14.2 Sense organs • Define sense organs as groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals • Identify the structures of the eye, limited to cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve and blind spot
- 7. 14.2 Sense organs • Describe the function of each part of the eye, limited to: – cornea – refracts light – iris – controls how much light enters pupil – lens – focuses light onto retina – retina – contains light receptors, some sensitive to light of different colours – optic nerve – carries impulses to the brain
- 8. 14.2 Sense organs • Explain the pupil reflex in terms of light intensity and pupil diameter only • Explain the pupil reflex in terms of light intensity and antagonistic action of circular and radial muscles in the iris • Explain accommodation to view near and distant objects in terms of the contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscles, tension in the suspensory ligaments, shape of the lens and refraction of light
- 9. 14.2 Sense organs • State the distribution of rods and cones in the retina of a human • Outline the function of rods and cones, limited to greater sensitivity of rods for night vision and three different kinds of cones absorbing light of different colours for colour vision • Identify the position of the fovea
- 10. 14.3 Hormones in humans • Define a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs • Identify specific endocrine glands and their secretions, limited to adrenal glands and adrenaline, pancreas and insulin, testes and testosterone and ovaries and oestrogen
- 11. 14.3 Hormones in humans • Describe adrenaline as the hormone secreted in ‘fight or flight’ situations and its effects, limited to increased breathing and pulse rate and widened pupils • Give examples of situations in which adrenaline secretion increases • Discuss the role of the hormone adrenaline in the chemical control of metabolic activity, including increasing the blood glucose concentration and pulse rate
- 12. 14.3 Hormones in humans • Compare nervous and hormonal control systems in terms of speed and longevity of action • State the functions of insulin, oestrogen and testosterone
- 13. 14.4 Homeostasis • Define homeostasis as the maintenance of a constant internal environment • Explain that homeostasis is the control of internal conditions within set limits • Explain the concept of control by negative feedback
- 14. 14.4 Homeostasis • Name and identify on a diagram of the skin: hairs, hair erector muscles, sweat glands, receptors, sensory neurones, blood vessels and fatty tissue • Describe the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature in humans in terms of insulation, sweating, shivering, the role of the brain (limited to blood temperature receptors and coordination), and vasodilation and vasoconstriction of arterioles supplying skin surface capillaries
- 15. 14.4 Homeostasis • Describe the control of the glucose concentration of the blood by the liver and the roles of insulin and glucagon from the pancreas • Outline the symptoms and treatment of Type 1 diabetes (detail of β cells is not required)
- 16. 14.5 Tropic responses • Define gravitropism as a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity • Define phototropism as a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction from which light is coming • Investigate gravitropism and phototropism in shoots and roots • Explain phototropism and gravitropism of a shoot as examples of the chemical control of plant growth
- 17. 14.5 Tropic responses • Explain the role of auxin in controlling shoot growth, limited to: – auxin made in shoot tip (only) – auxin spreads through the plant from the shoot tip – auxin is unequally distributed in response to light and gravity – auxin stimulates cell elongation • Describe the use in weedkillers of the synthetic plant hormone 2,4-D