The document describes the human nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord for coordination. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that coordinate and regulate body functions. It distinguishes between voluntary actions initiated by conscious decision and involuntary reflex actions. A nerve impulse is an electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurons. A simple reflex arc involves a receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, and effector. Synapses allow impulses to travel between neurons via the release of neurotransmitters. Sense organs such as the eye respond to specific stimuli like light. The eye contains structures like the iris, lens, retina and cornea that help focus light and detect
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
Circulation is the movement of blood through the vessels of the body induced by the pumping action of the heart. The types of circulation in the human body is described as a part of the physiological study.
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
Neurons (also called neurones or nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.and A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse. The cell receiving the signal, any main body part or target cell, may be another neuron, but could also be a gland or muscle cell.
Circulation is the movement of blood through the vessels of the body induced by the pumping action of the heart. The types of circulation in the human body is described as a part of the physiological study.
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
Neurons (also called neurones or nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.and A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse. The cell receiving the signal, any main body part or target cell, may be another neuron, but could also be a gland or muscle cell.
Biological bases of human behaviour (complete) 2PoornimaSingh35
Introduction to Psychology/Biological basis of behavior. ... The most important physical structure for psychologists is the nervous system. The nervous system carries orders from the brain and spinal cord to various glands and muscles, it also carries signals from stimuli receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
Hi Guys I am present here to share my knowledge with you all. It makes me feel happy and It's nice that we should be always creative and artistic. Let your talent encouraged and everyone know about it. We should always creative and be proud of us because we are for ourself. I hope you all will like my presentation. And give me so much love and appreciate me to create more presentation.
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We perform many activities consciously or unconsciously, for example, when we eat food, our eyes help to locate the food, the nose smells it, hands bring food to the mouth, teeth chew and masticate it, the tongue pushes the food inside the alimentary canal, and so on. (NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION) All these activities occur in a coordinate manner. The organ system in our body that brings about coordination and integration of body activities, is the nervous system.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. LO:
• Describe a nerve impulse
• Describe the human nervous system in terms
of:
– the central nervous system
– the peripheral nervous system
– coordination and regulation of body functions
• Distinguish between voluntary and
involuntary actions
3. • Identify motor (effector), relay (connector) and
sensory neurones from diagrams
• Describe a simple reflex arc in terms of receptor,
sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurones
and effector
• Describe a reflex action
• Describe the structure of a synapse
• Describe how an impulse triggers the release of a
neurotransmitter and how the neurotransmitter
diffuses across to bind with receptor molecules,
causing the impulse to continue
4.
5. LO: Describe the human nervous system
NERVOUS SYSTEM
FUNCTION: Coordination and control of all the
work of cells and organs in an organism;
coordination and regulation of body functions
• Works closely with the endocrine system
• Consists of:
– CNS – central nervous system – brain and spinal
cord: areas of coordination
– PNS – peripheral nervous system – nerves made
of neurons: serve to coordinate and regulate body
functions
6.
7. LO: Describe a nerve impulse
NERVE IMPULSE
• Is an electrical signal that passes along nerve
cells called neurones
8. LO: Distinguish between voluntary and involuntary actions
VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS
• Voluntary action
– is an action which you yourself initiate by your
own conscious; require a conscious decision by
the brain; the organism has a choice in the
selection of the response
– Your cerebral cortex (brain) sends impulses from it
to the effectors (muscles or glands) via the spinal
cord with relay neurons and finally a motor
neurons
– This action is under the control of the will
9. LO: Distinguish between voluntary and involuntary actions
VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS
• Involuntary actions
– Are opposites of voluntary actions
– Reflex action is not under the control of the will
– Spinal cord takes total control, without your own
conscious
– Spinal reflexes = reflex actions controlled by the spinal
cord: example scratching
– Cranial reflexes = reflexes that are controlled by the
brain but not by the cerebral cortex: example blinking
– Blushing, sneezing and salivation are also reflex
actions however, salivation is also known an
conditioned reflex action
11. LO: Identify motor (effector), relay (connector) and sensory
neurones from diagrams
Nerve cells - NEURONS
• Cell body – controls the
metabolism of the nerve
cell
• Dendrites – collect
information from other cells
• Axon – is a long fiber which
carries information away
from the cell body,
sometimes over long
distances
12. LO: Identify motor (effector), relay (connector) and sensory
neurones from diagrams
Nerve cells - NEURONS
• Nodes of Ranvier – allow
rapid conduction of
impulses by forcing them to
jump from one node to the
next
• Fatty sheath made of myelin
– gives electrical insulation
between neighboring cells
and makes impulses travel
faster
• End plate – synapses – with
another nerve cell, a muscle
or a gland
13. LO: Identify motor (effector), relay (connector) and sensory
neurones from diagrams
TYPES OF NEURONS
• Motor neuron
– carries impulse
from the CNS to
the effector
– Cell body at one
end of the cell
– Has myelin sheath
14.
15. LO: Identify motor (effector), relay (connector) and sensory
neurones from diagrams
TYPES OF NEURONS
• Sensory neuron
– carries impulse
from the receptor
to the CNS
– Has myelin sheath
16.
17. LO: Identify motor (effector), relay (connector) and sensory
neurones from diagrams
TYPES OF NEURONS
• Relay neuron
– carries impulses
slowly across the
spinal cord
– No myelin sheath:
this gives time for
the action to be
modified by
impulses carried
down the spinal
cord from the brain
18. LO: Identify motor (effector), relay (connector) and sensory
neurones from diagrams
19.
20.
21. LO: Describe a simple reflex arc in terms of receptor, sensory
neurone, relay neurone, motor neurones and effector
REFLEX ARC
22. LO: Describe a reflex action
REFLEX ACTION
Reflex action = the simlest type of response; it is rapid
automatic response to a stimulus (coughing, pupil reflex,
knee jerk, swallowing)
• a very quick response, one that does not need
the involvement of the brain
1. receptor detects a stimulus - change in the
environment
2. sensory neurone sends signal to relay neurone
3. motor neurone sends signal to effector
4. effector produces a response
23.
24. • Receptor – a cell or an organ that receives a
stimulus and converts it into an electrical
impulse
• Sensory neuron – carries impulse from the
receptor to the CNS
• Relay neuron – carries impulses slowly across
the spinal cord
25. • Motor neuron – carries impulse from the CNS
to the effector. Cell body at one end of the cell
• Effector – the structure that carries out an
action to deal with the initial stimulus. Can be
a muscle or a gland
26. LO: Describe a reflex action
REFLEX ACTION
• REFLEX ARC
• IRIS REACTING TO LIGHT
27. LO: Describe the structure of a synapse
SYNAPSES • Impulses travel along a neuron in
the direction that allows the
mammal to respond to changes in
its environment
• The end of neuron is separated from
the next cell by a tiny gap – synapse
- Neurotransmitter containing
vesicles
- The synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitter receptor
molecules
• In a reflex arc the synapses ensure that
impulses travel in one direction only
• Many drugs, e.g. heroin act upon
synapses
28.
29.
30. LO: Define sense organs
SENSE ORGANS
= groups of receptor cells responding to specific
stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature and
chemicals
• Sense = ability to be aware of different
aspects of the environment
• Stimulus = a change in the environment that
affects an organism
31. - Receptor = part of the nervous system that is
adapted to recieve stimuli; receptor are
transducers = convert one form of energy into
another
- Internal receptors = inside the body; detect
blood temperature, pH (important for
homeostasis)
32. Receptor type Responds to stimulus Example in humans
Photoreceptor Light Rod cells in retina of
eye
Chemoreceptor Chemicals Taste buds
Thermoreceptor Changes in
temperature
Thermoreceptors in
skin
Mechanoreceptor Mechanical changes
such as changes in
length
Hair cells in ear
33. LO: Identify the structures of the eye, Describe the
function of each part of the eye
THE EYE
• Receptors: the rod and cone cells on the retina
• Systems of making the most of the light stimulus;
including lens and the iris
• Its own blood supply and physical protection; the
choroid and the sclera
34.
35. LO: Describe the function of each part of the eye
• Cornea = a transparent
layer responsible for most
of the refraction (bending)
of light rays that enter the
eye
• Aqueous humour = watery
fluid which supports the
cornea and the front
chamber of the eye
36. • Pupil = the circular opening which lets light into
the eye; it appears black because the choroid is
visible through it
• Iris = the coloured part of the eye which can
expand and contract; controls how much light
enters pupil
LO: Describe the function of each part of the eye
37. • Ciliary muscle; suspensory ligament and Lens
= together control light focusing on the retina
• Vitreous humour = a jelly-like substance
which helps to keep the shape of the eyeball,
supports the lens and keeps the retina in place
at the back of the eye
LO: Describe the function of each part of the eye
38. • Sclera = the tough outer coat which protects
hte eye against damage; muscles attached
• Choroid = a darkly coloured layer which
reduces reflection inside the eye and contains
blood vessels which help to nouorish the cells
of retina
LO: Describe the function of each part of the eye
39. • Retina = contains light-
sensitive cells; the rods and
the cones
– Rod cells – packed most tightly
around the edge of the retina;
provide black-and-white
images; objects are seen most
clearly at night by not looking
directly at them
– Cone cells – packed most
tightly at the centre of the
retina; objects are seen most
clearly during daylight by
looking directly at them;
detailed images in colour
LO: State the distribution of rods and cones in the
retina of a human
40. LO: Identify the position of the fovea
The fovea is responsible for sharp
central vision
41.
42. LO: Explain the pupil reflex in terms of light intensity and
antagonistic action of circular and radial muscles in the iris
PUPIL REFLEX
45. • Explain accommodation to view near and
distant objects in terms of the contraction and
relaxation of the ciliary muscles, tension in the
suspensory ligaments, shape of the lens and
refraction of light
