This document summarizes the nervous and endocrine systems that coordinate the human body. It discusses: - Nervous coordination is controlled by the nervous system and examples include walking and writing. Hormonal coordination is controlled by the endocrine system and examples include body growth and food digestion. - The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (spinal and cranial nerves). Stimuli are received by receptors and transmitted via neurons to the CNS which coordinates responses by effectors. - The endocrine system consists of glands like the pituitary, thyroid and ovaries/testes that secrete hormones to regulate functions like metabolism and growth. Disorders can result

2. Type of
coordination
Nervous coordination
Hormonal
coordination
System which
controls and
coordinates
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Examples
Walking, writing, reading
Body growth,
reproduction, food
digestion

3. 1. Coordination is the adjustment of our body responses
towards any
stimuli from within and outside the body.
koordinasi adalah penyelarasan gerak balas badan kita
terhadap
sebarang rangsangan dari sekeliling dan dari dalam badan.
STIMULI
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
TARGET
ORGANS
RESPONSES

4. 2. Body coordination is important to us because:
•It enables us to protect our body from harmful stimuli such as
hot objects.
•It enables our body to carry out activities to respond to the
stimuli.
•It regulates appropriate responses to stimuli.

5. 1. Human nervous system is made up of:
a) Central nervous system (CNS)
- consists of brain and spinal cord
b) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- consists of spinal nerves and cranial nerves
2. The pathway of body coordination:
Stimuli
Receptor
Central
nervous
system
Effector
Response

7. a) Sensory neurone : transmits impulses from the
sensory organ/receptor to the central nervous system.
b) Relay neurone: transmits
impulses from
sensory neurone to
motor neurone.

8. c) Motor neurone: transmits impulses from central nervous
system to effector

9. Relay
neurones
Stimuli
Receptors
(in sensory
organs)
Function:
Receive stimuli
and generates
impulses.
Responses
Synapse
Sensory
neurones
Synapse
Function:
Enables impulses
to be transmitted
in one direction only.
Motor
neurones
Effectors
(muscles
or glands)
Function:
Carry out
appropriate
responses.

10. 1. Reflex action is an automatic reaction which does not involve
the brain and does not require conscious thought.
2. The importance of reflex action is to protects us from
dangerous situation or injuries.
3. Different stimuli will cause different reflex actions.
For example:-
Stimuli
Reflex action
Flash light
Pupils get smaller
Insects touches eyelid
Eye blinks
Hungry and smell food
Saliva in the mouth
Body gets cold
Shivering

11. 3. The nerve impulses pathway in a reflex action is called a
reflex arc.
4. The diagram below shows the reflex arc which involves
the three types of neurones:-

12. 5. In some reflex arcs only two types neurones are involved.
for example, the knee-jerk.

14. 1.
Proprioceptors or stretch receptor are receptors that are
sensitive to movement, pressure or stretching within the body.
2. It maintains body balance and controls muscular activities by
kinaesthetic sense.
3. It can be found in muscles, joints, ligaments and tendons.

15. 4. Proprioceptors are important because they enable us
a. to be conscious of the position and the posture of
our body.
Menyedari kedudukan badan
b. to detect the movements of our body parts
without using our eyes.
Mengesan pergerakan anggota badan tanpa melihat.
5. For examples,

16. Function:
Controls sensory
functions, voluntary
actions and mental
functions.
The cerebral cortex
is convoluted to
increase the surface
area.
Medulla
oblongata
Function:
Regulates body
movements,
maintain posture
and balance.
Function:
Control
involuntary actions.

17. VOLUNTARY ACTION DIFFERENCES
INVOLUNTARY
ACTION
Action that are under
the concsious control
Action that happens
without consciousness
Definitions
Somatic nervous
system
Nervous system
involved
CEREBRUM
Part of the brain MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Examples
Autonomic nervous
system

19. Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovary
(female)
Testis (male)
•Consist of endocrine
glands ( a gland
without duct)
•Secretes hormones
(chemical substances
secreted from
endocrine glands)

20. • peanut size
• Growth hormone
• the main gland that
stimulates other
endocrine glands
• control water
absorption from
the kidneys

21. •Secretes thyroxine
•Control the rate of
metabolism
•Stimulate growth

22. •Secretes adrenaline
•Increase the rate of
heartbeat, respiration
and glucose level

23. •Secretes insulin and
glukagon
•Control the sugar level
in blood

24. TESTIS
•Secretes
testosterone
•Control secondary
sexual
characteristics
OVARY
•Secretes oestrogen
and progesterone
•Control menstrual
cycle
•* Control secondary
sexual
characteristics
•Control sperm
production

25. Gigantism
•Excessive of
growth hormone
Dwarfism
* Lack of growth hormone

26. Gland
(Hormone)
Function
Shortage
effects
Excessive effects
Pitutary gland
(growth hormone)
•control other
endocrine gland
Dwarfism
Gigantism
Thyroid gland
(thyroxine)
•Control rate of
metabolism
Goiter
High metabolic rate
Pancreas (insulin
and glucagon)
•Control sugar
level in blood
Diabetes
Hypoglycemia
Adrenal gland
(adrenaline)
•Control
heartbeat
Weak muscles
Increase blood
pressure
Testis
(testosterone)
•Control sperm
production
Secondary sex Overdeveloped of
characteristics sex characteristics
are not well
developed
Ovary (oestrogen •Control
and progesterone) menstrual cycle
Irregular
menstrual
cycle
Overdeveloped of
sex characteristics

27. SCIENCE PROCESS SKILL/ PAGE 15-16
2.9 DISCUSSION ACTIVITY