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The Coordination System
The nervous system and endocrine system are the two coordination systems in animals that allow them to respond to stimuli in the environment. The nervous system uses nerve impulses transmitted through neurons to enable rapid responses, while the endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones transported through the bloodstream to enable slower but longer-lasting responses. Plants also respond to stimuli but do not have nervous or endocrine systems and instead rely on plant hormones to coordinate slow, predetermined responses.
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The Coordination System
- 1. COORDINATION Nervous System andEndocrine System
- 2. Review: Detecting Stimuli •The five senses detect stimuli in the environment Sight Smell Hearing Response Skin Ears Tongue organ Stimuli Light Pressure, Chemical Chemical temperature, substances substances pain
- 3. The Coordination System Coordinationsystems work together to process information received from stimuli and to produce appropriate responses. Animals have two coordination systems: • the nervous system and • the endocrine system.
- 4. The Nervous System •The nervous system regulates the body‟s activities and responses. It works by means of specialized cells called neurons which transmit information in the form of nerve impulses.
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- 6. The Endocrine System •The endocrine system regulates and coordinates the body functions by means of chemical substances called hormones. The endocrine system regulates functions which require maintained responses. These include changes during the metamorphosis of some animals, growth, and the production of milk in mammals.
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- 8. Summary • The coordinationsystem tells the body how to respond to a stimulus. The body can coordinate a response quickly with a nerve impulse or over time as chemicals build up and break down in the blood stream.
- 9. Fill in theBlank Nervous System Endocrine System Type of messenger Nerve impulses Transmission by Blood Speed of response Rapid Duration of response Brief Regulation and Functions which require Functions which require coordination of rapid responses, such as _______ responses, functions locomotion such as growth, development, and metabolism
- 10. Review • How domessages travel in the nervous system? • How do messages travel in the endocrine system? • Which system controls how tall you will grow? • Which system controls how fast your heart beats?
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- 12. Responsive Organs There aretwo types of responses to stimuli: • Motor responses: the response is movement • Endocrine responses: the response is the release of hormones The responsive organs, or effectors, control motor and endocrine responses. The motor and endocrine systems need to receive an instruction from the nervous system in order to respond.
- 13. Motor Responses inVertebrates Motor responses are controlled by organs in the motor system, which consist of: • Skeletal system: bones support the body and act as levers during movement. The skeleton is internal. • Muscular system: muscles are contractile organs attached to the bones by tendons.
- 14. Motor Responses inInvertebrates Many invertebrates possess an exoskeleton, or hard outer shell, which protects them.
- 15. Motor Responses inInvertebrates Insects need a more flexible, articulated exoskeleton because they make rapid movements. When insects grow, they shed their exoskeleton and grow a bigger one. This process is called „moulting.‟
- 16. Motor Responses inInvertebrates Animals which live fixed to a surface (coral) and slow moving animals (sea urchins, starfish) are covered with hard, protective shells.
- 17. Summary: Motor Responses Somemotor responses allow an animal to move toward or escape a stimulus. Muscles expand and contract and pull on the skeleton. The skeleton acts as a lever and moves the limbs. This is the same for vertebrates and fast-moving invertebrates with an exoskeleton. Some animals can‟t move quickly. Their motor response is to hide in their protective exoskeleton or to emerge when the environment is safe.
- 18. Review: Stimulus toMotor Response
- 19. Endocrine Responses The endocrineresponse is a release of hormones. Endocrine responses are controlled by glands in the endocrine system. These glands produce hormones which: • Are released into the blood • Control and coordinate activities throughout the body. Both vertebrates and invertebrates have endocrine systems.
- 20. Glands control hormonesecretion:
- 21. Hormones travel inthe bloodstream:
- 22. Review: Path ofa Hormone Response
- 23. Review: Which systemis working? Stimulus Coordination Response Time Response System Feeling a fire is hot Eating a big meal Being tickled Hearing a loud noise Forming a scar Increasing the amount of sugar in the blood Coughing Running away
- 24. True or False? •Only vertebrates possess an endocrine system. • Hormones are transported in the blood. • The pancreas is part of the motor system. • Responses from the endocrine system are immediate and rapid.
- 25. Nervous System orEndocrine System?
- 26. Nervous System orEndocrine System?
- 27. Nervous System orEndocrine System?
- 28. Nervous System orEndocrine System?
- 29. Nervous System orEndocrine System?
- 30. Nervous System orEndocrine System?
- 31. Review When temperatures are cold,bears tend to hibernate and paralyze all activity to minimize energy use. • Stimulus • Response
- 32. Review Earthworms flee from lightand seek humidity, hiding under damp earth. • Stimulus • Response
- 33. Review When a jellyfishcomes into contact with another animal, it fires a filament and injects a stinging substance into the other animal. • Stimulus • Response
- 34. Review When in thepresence of a predator, a chameleon camouflages itself, taking on the same shade of the place where it is located. • Stimulus • Response
- 35. Review When food smellsgood, it is often said to “make your mouth water.” • Stimulus • Response
- 36. Review What are thenames of the two coordination systems in animals? Could an animal exist without these two systems? Explain.
- 37. Review In vertebrates, whichorgan in the body receives the information collected by the sense organs? What does this organ do with the information?
- 38. COORDINATION Responding to aStimulus: Plants
- 39. Coordination in Plants Plantsdo not have a nervous system or an endocrine system. Responses to stimuli in plants are coordinated by hormones. Hormones act as chemical messengers which enable plants to respond to many factors, such as light, gravity, water, and temperature. Cells inside the plant detect stimuli, which are processed and analyzed slowly. Movement is limited and based on predetermined, automatic systems.
- 40. Movement in Plants Plantscan respond to stimuli on a permanent or temporary basis. • Tropism • Nastic movements
- 41. Tropism Tropism is atype of response in plants which permanently changes the direction of a plant‟s growth. There are two types of tropism: • Positive tropism is when the plant grows in the direction of the stimulus. • Negative tropism is when the plant grows away from the stimulus.
- 42. Tropism Tropism isclassified according to the source of the stimuli: Geotropism Phototropism Hydrotropism Thigmotropism Response to: Gravity Light Water Contact Stem Runners make Root contact with an object and ____ themselves around it
- 43. Nastic Movements Temporary responsesin plants, such as opening and closing, are called nastic movements. The plant later returns to its original position. An example: carnivorous plants close their leaves when an insect lands on them.
- 44. Summary Plants coordinate responseswith hormones, which means they respond slowly to stimuli. Tropism is a type of permanent response. Nastic movement is a type of temporary response.
- 45. Review • What coordinatesresponses to stimuli in plants? • Name three stimuli to which plants respond. • What is the main difference between tropism and nastic movement?
- 46. Review Why does jasmineopen at night and close during the day? • Stimulus • Response • Duration of change
- 47. Review Why do vinetendrils (runners) wrap around other stems and nearby objects? • Stimulus • Response • Duration of change
- 48. Review Why do potatoesgrow stems when left on the windowsill? • Stimulus • Response • Duration of change