The Industrial Revolution consisted of major economic, technological, and social changes that began in the late 18th century in Britain and spread throughout Europe and North America. Key factors that drove the Industrial Revolution included the Agricultural Revolution, which increased food supply and allowed more people to move to cities to work in factories; demographic changes including decreasing death rates and increasing populations; and new ideas of economic liberalism. The First Industrial Revolution saw the development of factories powered by steam engines and the rise of industries like textiles and iron production. The Second Industrial Revolution began around 1870 and featured new energy sources like electricity and oil, as well as new industries like steel and chemicals. The Industrial Revolution transformed societies from rural and agriculture-based to urban and industry

1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. Definition
 The Industrial Revolution consisted in
changes in economy , society and culture,
perhaps the most important changes in
Human History.
 These changes first took place in England
after 1750 and then spread to Europe.

3. FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Agricultural
Revolution
Changes of Demographic
mentality revolution.

4. Agricultural Revolution
 It consisted in :
 Improvement of agricultural methods: Crop rotation
instead of a fallow year. This method was called Norfolk
four-course system.
 Invention of new machines which helped improve labor
like the horse-pulled hoe or the Seed Drill.
 New plants for feeding the cattle.
 Enclosures- the bigger landowners “enclose” their land
instead of the open field system in order to improve the
yield.

5. Norfolk four-course
system
Method of agricultural organization
established in Norfolk county,
England, and in several countries
before the end of 17th century; it
was characterized by an emphasis
on fodder crops by absence of a
farllow year.

6. Consequences of the Agricultural
Revolution
Increased food production
People are healthier
and more resistant to Better fed population
diseases
 Landowners earn more money and they invest in
industry and in the stock market
 The stock of labor moves workers from lands to industry

7. Demographic Revolution
 It consisted in :  Consequences:
 - decrease of death  Increase of hand-
rates workers
- high birth rates
 Increase of
Thanks to: consumers.
d
- Disappearance of
epidemics
 Increase of
- Invention of vaccines
demand for
- Improved Hygiene products and food

8. Demographic Revolution

9. New mentality, new ideas
 Economic Liberalism- started in Scottish
Universities with Adam Smith. According to
Economic Liberalism “work” was
considered a positive value. Protestantism
encouraged hard work.
 Universities start scientific studies, very
important for the new inventions in
agriculture and Industry.

10. Economic Liberalism
 Its an economic philosophy that promotes
The “Laissez faire, laissez passer”
Economic Supply and No government
Freedom Demand intervention
• Social and • Economic • In economy,
Political model of price government
freedom to determination interventionjust
guarantee Free in a market in justice and
market security

11. Phases in Industrial Revolution
 First Industrial Revolution: From 1750
onwards.
 Second Industrial Revolution: From 1870
onwards.

12. First Industrial Revolution
Great Britain- 2nd half 18th Century
West Europe- first half 19th Century
 Before Industrial Revolution  After Industrial Revolution.
 Workshops  Factories
 Craftsmen that make  Workers who use machines to
handiwork make a product
 No fixed working hours  Long, fixed working hours
 Human or animal workforce  Machines
 The craftsman makes the  Assembly-line work
whole product, from beginning
to end
 New source of energy: coal
 Sources of energy:
wind, water, men, animals

13. Great Britain, craddle of Industrial
Revolution
 Great Britain had better conditions than other countries:
 Growing population.
 Agricultural advances
 A big market and capital for investment thanks to the Colonial
Empire. Possibility to obtain cheap cotton.
 Universities which promoted scientific studies
 Abundant raw materials like coal, copper, and iron
 Invention of the Steam Engine

14. The leading industries in the First
Industrial Revolution
 The most important industries were:
 Textile Industry
 Iron and Steel industry

15. Steam Engine, by James Watt, 1763
The most important invention of the Industrial Revolution because it
caused many other developments to happen. The steam engine
was used for extraction of coal, cotton mills, steam ships, trains,
steam tractors…

16. Textile Industry
Spinning Jenny
It was located in Lancashire.Cotton was brought from
India and Egypt and then it was converted into clothes
in the mills (factories)
 The first invention was The Flying Shuttle,1733, (on the
right) by John Kay, but many other inventions, like the
Spinnig Jenny, accelerated cotton production

17. The Steel Industry
 It uses coal as an energy source
 It produces iron and steel , used to produce
machines, trains, ships, railways …
 The Steel industry used the Steam Engine.

18. Transportation Revolution
The Steam Engine was applied to transportation
and it sparked a revolution in this area:
The Steamboat was invented in 1807 by Fulton.
 In 1847 it was possible to cross the Atlantic
Ocean in 15 days

19. Transportation Revolution
 Because of the Suez Canal the trip from London to
India became 40% shorter
 On the right , one of the first steamboats

20. Transportation Revolution: The Train
 The Steam Engine was applied to the train
locomotive, invented by Stephenson in 1814
 1830- First railway from Manchester to Liverpool.
 Consequences: trips were shorter,safer and cheaper
and it was possible to transport more products and
people could travel greater distances. It meant more
labour for industry and bigger cities.
 A lot of products from far places were brought by
train.
 The train stimulated the Steel Industry.
 The train spread through all Europe in the following
years.

21. The Train locomotive

22. Consequences of Transportation
Revolution
 Bigger Markets
 Specialization of world economy: countries which
have Industry and countries which sell raw
materials
 Diet became better and as a result, death rates
decreased
 Migrations
 Growth in active population.

24. The 2nd Industrial Revolution
 From 1870 onwards there was a new
phase in Industrialization lead by Great
Britain but shared with new industrial
powers as the USA, Japan or Germany.
 New power sources and industries
appeared as a result.

25. Energy sources: electricity
 ELECTRICITY
applied to:
 All kind of machines
 Transports : train,tram
 Communications: telephone, telegraph
 Urban Lighting.1879 Thomas Edison invented a light
bulb.
 After 1900, electric domestic inventions(oven, vacuum
cleaner…)

26. New energy sources: electricity

27. Energy sources : oil or petrol
 Internal combustion engine, used for cars
 Ships and planes( first flight : Wright
brothers in 1903)

29. New industries
 Steel Industry- Bessemer
converter: the Bessemer
process was the first
inexpensive industrial
process for mass-production
of steel.
 New metals such as
aluminium
 Chemical Industry- originally
based on synthetic dyes and
aspirin, then fertilizers,
concrete, plastics,
dynamite…

30. New materials
Concrete, glass and elevators
made it possible to build
skyscrapers like this one in
Chicago.

31. New industrial organization
 Mass production.
 To achieve this goal Henry
Ford invented the
assembly line which
eliminated unnecessery
human motions in the
process.
 The savings from mass
production methods
allowed the price of model
T (on the photo) to decline
from $786 in 1910 to $360
in 1916.

32. How to understand what an assembly-line is
,watching “Modern Times” by Charles Chaplin

33. New industrial organization
 This is the era of High Capitalism. Companies needed
more capital and they could obtain it by:
 the growth of banking and share-holding

34. New society: a class-based society
 The estate-based society
dissapeared after the
French Revolution
 With industrialisation new
social groups appeared:
 Industrial bourgeoisie
 Industrial proletariat
 Characteristics of a
class-based society:
dynamic, open, legal
equality, based on wealth

35. New social groups: the bourgeoisie
 With industrialization the
power of bourgeoisie
increased because they were
the main protagonists.There
were three groups:
 - High bourgeoisie- they
owned the Banks and main
Industries
 Middle bourgeoisie- liberal
professions as lawyers,
doctors, journalists, engineers
 Low bourgeoisie- small
commerce, employments…

36. New social groups: proletariat or
working class.
 The proletariats sell their
workforce for a wage.
 They work under unhealthy
conditions , with no vacations,
miserable wages.
 Long working hours
 Child/women labor was
usually used in factories and
mining.

37. Liberty leading the people- Eugene Delacroix
Delacroix illustrated the 1830 Revolution in Paris, the last time that
bourgeoisie and workers fought together. From 1830 onwards they
will fight against each other.

38. WORKERS´MOVEMENT
 Due to the bad conditions in their jobs,
workers began to organise themselves in
order to obtain improvements and a more
fair system than Capitalism.

39. The beginnings of
workers´movement
 Luddism- workers destroyed the
machines,because they consider them the
cause of their problems. The English
government had to implement strict laws,
including the death penalty, in order to stop this
movement.
 Trade Unions- group of workers from the same
industry that demanded better conditions.
 Chartism- workers that participate in political
society to obtain better conditions from the
parliament.

40. Marxism, Communism and
Socialism
 In 1848 Marx and Engels
wrote “The Communist
Manifesto”.
 They wanted a clasess
society.
 Marx believed that
Liberalism was a
dictatorship of
bourgeoisie because this
class exploited the
proletariat.

41. Marx: what did he propose?
 Marx thought that History is always a class struggle
between the dominant class and the dominated class; at
his time this meant between the bourgeoisise and
proletariat. The only way to change this society would
be a revolution.
 The revolution would lead to a socialist society through
the dictatorship of the proletariat.
 The final step would be a classless society or a
communist society with equal opportunities for
everybody.

42. Anarchism
 The main thinkers were Kropotkin,
Bakunin and Proudhon.
 Individual freedom, rejection of all
types of authority, free association
in which society would organise
from bottom up.
 They don´t participate in political
life.
 The most radical anarchists used
terrorism and violent methods.
 Other groups created unions in
order to improve working
conditions.

43. Marxism and Anarchism
Capitalism
and
bourgeoisie
power
 against anarquismo
marxism

44. Communist and Socialists parties
 1864, London. Meeting of European and US
representatives. They formed “The first International”,
the main leader was Marx but he didn´t agree with
Bakunin and the anarchists who were expeled.
 1889, Paris, Second International. The marxists were
divided between Communist(they just wanted the
revolution and no political participation in parliaments),
and Socialists :while they were waiting for the revolution
they participated in Parliaments and they acheived
many improvements in working conditions.

45. Traballo realizado
por Nuria Castelo
Fernández
Profesora do IES Leiras Pulpeiro -
Lugo 4º da ESO