The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and shifted the economy from agriculture to manufacturing. New inventions like the spinning jenny, water frame, and steam engine automated textile production and allowed factories to operate. This led many to move from rural areas to cities to find work in the new mills and factories, though conditions were often unsafe and workers faced long hours and low pay. The Industrial Revolution then spread to other countries in Europe and later to the United States.

1. The Industrial Revolution

2.  Major job was agriculture
 Husband, wife and children worked along side of each
other
 Little food was produced
 just enough to survive
 if there were leftovers they were sold
 there was little incentive (motive) to increase production

3.  Shift from agricultural based economy to
manufacturing based economy
 Starts in Britain
 Expansion of farmland, good weather, improved
transportation and new crops led to an increase in the
food supply
 Population grew
 Britain had ready money (capital) that they could invest
in industrial machines and factories
 Natural resources were plentiful
 Rivers
 Supply of markets

4.  domestic system
 also known as the “putting- out system”
 people worked from their homes, generally during the winter
months, production costs were low
 spinning jenny and the water frame
 these inventions led to the beginning of the factory
system
 an organized method of production that brought together
workers and machines under the control of managers
 Steam engine allowed for machinery to be driven and
not have to be located by a river

6.  Steam engine created an increased need for coal
 Locomotives
 Puddling became possible to create a better quality of
iron
 Britain was then able to produce more high quality iron
than the rest of the world combined

7.  Railroads
 Created new jobs
 increased need for coal
 Electricity
 Generator
 Morse code
 Light bulb
 Electric streetcar

8.  The British parliament passed laws to keep its
inventions and processes a secret
 Belgium
 went at the same rate as Britain and was comparable
 France
 most workers remained in agriculture
 Germany
 United States
 The Northeast

9.  Cities grew larger because of the mills and workers
needed
 Rural areas were changed to cities and towns
 Housing shortages, bad water and sewers
 Child labor was cheaper, and easier to get/train
 Children were routinely beat
 Increases in levels of alcoholism, prostitution, divorce
and crime

11.  Rise of industrial capitalism
 Economic system based on industrial production
 Made up of people who built factories, bought the
machines and figured out where the markets were
 Not to be confused with the industrial working class
 Worked 12-16 hours a day
 No security of employment, no minimum wage
 Cotton mills were the worst
 “in the cotton-spinning work, these creatures are kept, 14
hours in each day, locked up, summer and winter, in a heat of
from 80-84 degrees”
 Dirty, dusty, dangerous and unhealthy

13.  Coal mine conditions were also harsh
 Men still had to dig out the coal even with the new
machines
 Horses, women, children, mules hauled the coal carts on
rails to the lift
 Cave-ins, explosions and gas fumes