The Industrial Revolution, spanning from 1760 to the early 1840s, marked a significant shift from hand production methods to machine-driven manufacturing, notably in textiles and iron production, driven by innovations like steam power and the spinning jenny. While the revolution improved productivity and introduced new technologies, it also led to severe social challenges such as poor living conditions, labor exploitation, and health issues among the rapidly growing population. The effects of industrialization extended beyond Great Britain, influencing economies in Europe, the United States, and Japan, with advancements in steel, chemical industries, and the rise of mass production in the second industrial revolution.

1. INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTIONFOR-IAN V. SANDOVAL
MARCO N. DEL ROSARIO JR.

2. • 1760 to sometime between 1820
and 1840

3. • hand production methods to
machines

4. • new chemical manufacturing

5. • iron production

6. • water power

7. • steam power

8. • wood and other bio-fuels to coal

9. • textile industry

10. Great Britain Western Europe
North
America

11. Textiles
IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Steam
Power Iron

12. Model of
the spinning
jenny in a
museum
in Wuppertal.
TEXTILES
Invented by James
Hargreaves in 1764, the
spinning jenny was one
of the innovations that
started the revolution.

13. TEXTILES
• cotton gin increased
productivity of
removing seed from
cotton
• spinning and
weaving of wool
and linen, but they
were not as great
as in cotton

14. STEAM POWER ENGINES
James Watt’s
Steam
Engine
• Scottish inventor and
mechanical engineer
• Improved upon
Newcomen steam
engine by using
condenser
• Key power source of
the Industrial
Revolution

15. Stephenson
Rocket Train
Steam Engine Boat
Steam-driven
Tractors, Reaper &
Thresher
Steam Engine in
Factories

17. IRON MAKING
• Abraham Darby
discovered a
new way to
make pig iron
with coke as
fuel.

18. IRON MAKING
• Coke replaced
charcoal as the
preferred source of
fuel
• Coke lowered the
fuel cost for pig iron
and wrought iron
• Coke also allowed
larger blast furnaces,
resulting in
economies of scale

19. IRON MAKING
• The puddling
process was
invented by
Henry Cort
• It refined
iron and
made it
stronger
• New
technique
s for
making
sheets of
iron were

20. IRON MAKING
Rolling Mill

21. IRON MAKING
• Blast furnace
(left), and three
Cowper
stoves (right)
used to preheat
the air blown into
• Hot blast furnace:
note the flow of air
from the two stoves
in the background
to the blast furnace,
and hot air from the
furnace being
drawn off to heat

22. IRON STRUCTURES
Iron
Bridge, Shropshire,
England
Bibliothèque Sainte-
Geneviève, Paris
Iron Paddlewheel Ship Flatiron Building

23. SOCIAL EFFECTS

24. 1. Standard of
Living
• academic
consensus
that the bulk
of the
population• suffered
severe
reductions in
their living
standards
• significant
increase in
worker

25. Blessing or
Curse?
The Standard of
living increased
overall for most
people
But a new way of
living brought new
problems

26. 2. Food and Nutrition • Chronic
hunger and
malnutrition
• Life
expectancy
35 to 50
years
• food supply
had been
increasing
and prices
falling

27. 3. Housing
• people lived
in crude
shanties
and shacks

28. no sanitary facilities

29. population density was extremely
high

30. unrelated mill workers often shared a
room

31. disease spread

32. Tuberculosis , lung diseases from the mines,
cholera from polluted water and typhoid
were also common

33. • Clothing and
consumer goods
SOCIAL EFFECTS
• Population increase
• Labor
conditions

34. 4. Clothing and Consumer Goods
• Consumer
s
benefited
from
falling
prices for
clothing
and
household
articles

35. 5. Population Increase
• simultaneo
us increase
in
population
• in per
capita
income

36. 6. Labor Conditions
• strict
working
conditions

37. Unsafe Work Conditions

38. Child labor

39. Miners
dirty living
conditions

40. long working
hours

41. factories and urbanization

42. Labor Unions

43. Women’s Roles and Suffrage
 Women begin to
take jobs in
factories
performing manual
labor and skilled
crafts
 Women are
always paid less
than men and not
much more than
children
 Women begin to
organize for equal
rights and suffrage

45. INDUSTRIALIZATION
BEYOND GREAT
BRITAIN

46. 1. Continental Europe
Often the technology was purchased from
Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs
moved abroad in search of new opportunities

47. , bla
2. Belgium • The first
region to
follow the
British
model
successfully• 2nd industrial
power in the
world after
Britain
• Concentrate
d in coal-
mines, blast
furnaces,
Iron, zinc, factories, wool and weapon industry

48. 3. France • economic
growth and
industrializatio
n process was
slow and
steady• French
Revolution
and
Napoleonic
wars• industrializatio
n, along with
Britain
• economic
slowdown
• renewal of the
growth

49. 4. Germany
• Dominant in
the world’s
chemical
industry
• Imported
engineering
and hardware
from Britain
• Quickly learned the skills needed to operate
and expand the railways

50. 5. Sweden • Agricultural
revolution
• Commercializatio
n of farming
• Free and
mandatory
schooling
• Abolition of the
national
monopoly trade
• Stock company
law• Mechanical
engineering
• Power utilities
• Papermaking
• Textile

51. 6. United States
• Used horse-
powered
machinery to
power its
factories• Switch to water-
power
• Steamed-
powered
manufacturing• Beverly Cotton
Manufactory –
the 1st and the
largest cotton mill
• Industrialization of the
watch industry

52. 7. Japan • Built railroads
• Inaugurated a
land reform
program• Inaugurated a
land reform
• Adapted western-
based education
system
• Sent thousands
of students to US
& Europe
• Use taxes to fund
model steel and
textile factories
• Implemented
industrialization policy
to enable Japan to
quickly catch-up

53. 2ND INDUSTRALIZATION
REVOLUTION

54.  industrial mass-
production; steel
Bessemer’s
Smelting Process
 Bessemer Process was
the first inexpensive
industrial process for
the mass production of
steel
 Removed impurities
from the iron by
blowing air through it
 Allowed the
manufacture of bridges,
railroads, skyscrapers,
and large ships

55. • chemical
industries
• petroleum (refinin
g and
distribution)
• electricity
and electrification

56. • hydroelectric
power generatio
n
• automotive
industries

57. INTELLECTUAL
PARADIGMS AND
CRITICISMS

58. • an economic
system and
a mode of
production in
which trade, i
ndustries, and
the means of
production ar
e largely or
entirely
privately
owned

59. • social and
economic system
characterized by
social ownership
of the means of
production and
co-operative
management of
the economy, as
well as a political
theory and
movement that
aims at the
establishment of
such a system
Socialis
m

60. • system of socia
l organization
based on the h
olding of all
property in
common, actual
ownership bein
g ascribed to th
e
community as a
whole or to th
e state
Communism

62. (also the Romantic
era or the
Romantic period)
was an artistic,
literary, and
intellectual
movement that
originated in
Europe toward the
end of the 18th
century and in
most areas was at
its peak in the
approximate period
from 1800 to 1850.
Romanticism

63. CAUSES OF
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

64. • outgrowth of social and
institutional changes brought by
the end
of feudalism in Britain after
the English Civil War
• percentage of children who lived
past infancy rose significantly,
leading to a larger workforce
• presence of a large domestic
market• Governments' grant of
limited monopolies to inventors
under a developing patent system

65. • education and technological
changes• religion and beliefs
• self-interest and an
entrepreneurial spirit
• natural or financial resources
• availability of key resources
• stable political situation

66. TRANSFER OF
KNOWLEDGE

67. • Industrialized countries engaged
in study-touring
• publications describing
technology such Encyclopedias
• periodical publications
• presence of
an entrepreneurial class which
believed in progress, technology
and hard work

68. THANK YOU!!!