The document discusses the Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain in the late 18th century. Key factors that led to the Industrial Revolution in Britain included population growth, agricultural innovations, availability of capital and natural resources like coal and rivers, and access to many domestic and colonial markets. The Enclosure Movement of the 1700s consolidated land and displaced peasants to cities where they provided a new labor force for factories. The Industrial Revolution then spread to other parts of Europe and North America through the 19th century, aided by inventions, famine and immigration, and expanding railway systems.

1. The Industrial
Revolution
Chapter 23, Lesson 1 & Chapter 24, Lesson 1
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2. The Industrial
Revolution
GUIDING QUESTIONS What was the significance of the Agricultural
Revolution in Great Britain? Why did the Industrial Revolution start in
Great Britain? What factors fed the spread of industrialization in Europe
and North America? What was the social impact of industrialization in
Europe?
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3. Why the Industrial Revolution Began in Britain
Population growth
Agricultural
innovations = Availability of
increased food capital for
production investment
Industrial
Revolution
Availability of natural
resources, such as Access to many
rivers and coal markets, in Britain
and colonies
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4. Industry in Great Britain by 1850
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5. Enclosure Movement of the 1700s
Enclosure laws allowed landowners to fence off land formerly used as
common pasture. The map on the left shows a British farming area in
1700; the shaded areas are common pastures. The map on the right
shows the same area in 1800, with the common pastures eliminated
by fences.
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6. Effects of enclosure laws:
• Landowners fenced in common lands.
• Peasants moved to towns to find work.
• Factories benefitted from new labor supply.
• Remaining farms were larger with increased crop yields.
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7. Cottage Industries
What they are:
Cottage industries are small, home-based businesses
that produce goods for sale. Before the Industrial
Revolution they were common in rural areas, where
farmers augmented their income by producing products
on a part-time basis. Such industries still exist today.
What they produced:
Mostly wool or cotton textiles, clothing, and craft goods.
How they produced:
They used simple hand tools, such as spinning wheels
and wooden looms.
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8. Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
• Puddling
• Produced bar iron without hammering.
• Faster production and better quality.
• Steam engine
• Transformed transportation and agriculture.
• With James Watt’s improvements, enabled to drive
machinery.
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9. Spread of Industrialization
• Spread first to countries whose government were ready
for it: Belgium, France, Germany.
• Spread in America once population moved from farms to
cities.
• Railway system was a key factor both in Europe and the
United States.
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10. Famine and Immigration
• Famine and poverty caused many people in Europe to
move to different countries in search of a better life.
• A potato famine in Ireland killed a million people and
caused a million more to emigrate to the United States.
• Other Europeans emigrated to large cities in other
countries, believing that industrialization brought new
economic opportunities.
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11. Visual Summary
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12. The Growth of Industrial
Prosperity
GUIDING QUESTIONS What were the causes and effects of the Second
Industrial Revolution in Western Europe? How was socialism a response
to industrialization?
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13. Second Industrial Revolution
Inventions Effects
1855: Bessemer process for Stronger frameworks for
making steel for efficiently large buildings and stronger
and cheaply rails for railroad tracks.
Reliable flow of electricity;
1860s: Electric generator by electrical energy convertible
Zénobe-Théophile Gramme to mechanical energy to run
machines.
1870s: Incandescent light
Longer work hours; faster
bulb by Thomas Edison and
communication across
telephone by Alexander
regions.
Graham Bell
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14. Second Industrial Revolution
Inventions Effects
1903: Airplane by Wright Increase in speed of travel
brothers and movement of goods.
1909: Synthetic ammonia by Increase in crop yields by
Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch. use of chemical fertilizers.
Increase in efficient mass
1913: Assembly line production of goods;
pioneered by Henry Ford. reduction in prices of goods
and increase in sales.
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15. Industrialization in Europe by 1914
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16. Karl Marx: process to a classless society
Bourgeoisie (middle class) oppression of proletariat (working class) thought
ownership and control of means of production.
Inequality leading to violent revolution.
Proletariat victory.
Formation of proletariat dictatorship.
Dissolution of economic differences and social classes.
Classless society.
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17. Visual Summary
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