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FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
AJD21603 ROTORCRAFT SERVICING,
MAINTENANCE AND ROLE EQUIPMENT
WEEK 10
INSPECTION REQUIREMENT FOR HELICOPTER AFTER
INCIDENTS
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
LESSON OBJECTIVE & OUTCOME
OBJECTIVE:
1. GAIN KNOWLEDGE ON VARIOUS TYPES OF
HELICOPTER INCIDENTS AND ACTIONS TO BE
TAKEN AFTER SUCH INCIDENTS OCCURS.
OUTCOME:
1. EXPLAIN THE MAINTENANCE ACTIONS TO BE
TAKEN AFTER A HELICOPTER IS INVOLVED IN AN
INCIDENT.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
INTRODUCTION
IN THIS LESSON WE WILL DISCUSS THE INSPECTIONS TO
BE CARRIED OUT AFTER A HELICOPTER IS INVOLVED IN
ANY OF THE FOLLOWING INCIDENTS;
1.1. HEAVY LANDINGSHEAVY LANDINGS
2.2. MAIN AND TAIL ROTOR STRIKESMAIN AND TAIL ROTOR STRIKES
3.3. TRANSMISSION OVER-TORQUETRANSMISSION OVER-TORQUE
4.4. SUDDEN MAIN ROTOR STOPPAGESUDDEN MAIN ROTOR STOPPAGE
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
INTRODUCTION (CONT)
Aircraft are designed to withstand flight and landing
loads within specified limits; these limits are calculated
to allow for all normal maneuvers and exercises which
may be undertaken by that aircraft and include safety
factors to allow for unforeseen circumstances.
If design limits are exceeded due to abnormal
occurrences, the integrity of the structure may be
jeopardized and safety impaired.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
INTRODUCTION (CONT)
Any report or evidence on the aircraft which suggests
that the design limits have been exceeded or
equipment damaged should, therefore, be followed
by a careful inspection appropriate to the nature of
the occurrence and in accordance with the
Approved Maintenance Manual.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
HARD LANDING
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
PRELIMINARY STEPS
The appropriate aircraft Maintenance Manual and
other relevant literature, such as Service Bulletins,
should be consulted to ascertain the particular
inspections which are necessary and the areas
where damage has been known to occur in similar
circumstances on aircraft of the same type.
The aircraft should then be viewed for obvious
damage such as distortion or twisting of the main
structure, before carrying out the detailed
inspections applicable to the particular incident.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
HARD/HEAVY LANDING
An aircraft landing gear is designed to withstand
landing at a particular aircraft weight and vertical
descent velocity.
If either of these parameters is exceeded during a
landing, then it is probable that some damage may
be caused to the landing gear or its supporting
structure.
Overstressing may also be caused by landing with
drift or landing in an abnormal attitude, e.g. nose or
tail wheel striking the runway before the main wheels
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
HARD LANDING (CONT)
In all cases of suspected heavy landings, the flight
crew should be consulted for details of aircraft
weight, fuel distribution, landing conditions and
whether any noises indicative of structural failure
were heard.
The damage which may be expected following a
heavy landing would normally be concentrated
around the landing gear, its supporting structure in
the fuselage and the engine mountings.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
HARD LANDING (CONT)
Secondary damage may be found on the fuselage
upper and lower skin and structure and wing skin and
structure, depending on the configuration and
loading of the aircraft.
On some aircraft it is specified that, if no damage is
found in the primary areas, the secondary areas
need not be inspected; but if damage is found in the
primary areas, then the inspection must be
continued
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
INSPECTION AREA – LANDING GEAR
Examine tires for excessive creep, flats, bulges, cuts,
pressure loss, excessive growth and security of
balance weights/patches.
Examine wheels and brakes for cracks, other
damage and fluid leaks.
Examine axles, struts and stays for distortion and
other damage.
Check shock struts for fluid leaks, scoring and
abnormal extension.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
INSPECTION AREA – LANDING GEAR
Examine landing gear attachments for signs of
cracks, damage or movement. In some instances
this may require removal of certain bolts in critical
locations, for a detailed magnetic crack detection
test.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
INSPECTION AREA – LANDING GEAR
Examine structure in the vicinity of the landing gear
attachments for signs of cracks, distortion,
movement of rivets or bolts and fluid leakage.
Examine doors and fairings for damage and
distortion.
Jack the aircraft and carry out retraction and nose-
wheel steering tests in accordance with the
approved Maintenance Manual; check for correct
operation of locks and warning lights, clearances in
wheel bays, fit of doors and signs of fluid leaks.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUSELAGE AREA
Check that the inertia switches for the fire
extinguishers, emergency lights, etc., have not
tripped.
Check instruments and instrument panels for
damage and security..
Examine for evidence of strike damage from the
main rotor blades and if damage is found check for
cracks, security and symmetry.
Check ducts and system pipes for damage, security
and fluid leaks.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUSELAGE AREA
Examine fuselage skin for wrinkling or other
damage, particularly at skin joints and adjacent to
landing gear attachments and centre section.
Examine pressure bulkheads for distortion and
cracks.
Examine, for distortion and cracks, the supporting
structure for heavy components such as galley
modules, batteries, water tanks, fire extinguishers,
auxiliary power units, etc.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUSELAGE (CONTINUE)
Check fit of access doors, emergency exits, etc.
and surrounding areas for distortion and cracks.
Check loading and unloading operation of cargo
containers and condition of cargo restraint system.
Check gyroscopic instruments for erection time,
precession and unusual noises
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
ENGINE
Check engine controls for full and free movement.
Examine engine mountings and pylons for damage
and distortion.
Tubular members should be checked for bow
greater than prescribed limits and cracks at welds.
Mounting bolts and attachments should be
checked for damage and evidence of movement.
On turbine engines check freedom of rotating
assemblies.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
ENGINE – N1
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
ENGINE – N2
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
ENGINE
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
ENGINE
Examine engine cowlings for wrinkling and distortion
and integrity of fasteners.
Check for oil, fuel and hydraulic fluid leaks.
Check oil system filters/chip detectors.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
ENGINE RUNS
Provided that no major structural distortion has
been found, engine runs should be carried out in
accordance with the appropriate Maintenance
Manual, in order to establish the satisfactory
operation of all systems and controls.
A general check for system leaks should be carried
out while the engines are running and on turbine
engines the run-down time should be checked..
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
MAIN ROTOR BLADES
Remove the rotor blades and examine them for
twisting and distortion. Check the surface for
cracks, wrinkles, or other damage and check the
security of the skin attachment rivets or structural
bonding.
If the main rotor blades are badly damaged
through impact with the tail boom or ground,
certain components in the transmission may be
shock-loaded and it is sometimes specified that, for
example, the main rotor shaft, pitch change rods
and main gearbox mounting bolts, should also be
removed for inspection.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
MAIN ROTOR BLADES
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
MAIN ROTOR HEAD
Disconnect pitch change rods and dampers and
check that the flapping hinges, drag hinges and
blade sleeves move freely, without signs of binding
or roughness.
Examine the rotor head and blade stops for cracks
or other damage and the dampers for signs of fluid
leaks.
Damage in this area may be an indication of further
damage inside the main gearbox.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
MAIN ROTOR HEAD
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
TAIL ROTOR
Examine the blades for damage and security and
the coning stops for evidence of damage.
Damage to the tail rotor blades which is beyond
limits, will normally entail either inspection or
replacement of the hub, pitch change links, tail
rotor gearbox and drive shaft.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
SKID TYPE LANDING GEAR
With the helicopter jacked clear of the ground,
check cross tubes for excessive bowing, fasteners
for integrity and security and abrasion plates for
wear.
Where Float Gear is fitted, check for leaks, fabric
scuffing and integrity of attachment straps.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
MAIN & TAIL ROTOR STRIKES
IMPACT DEFINITION
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
SEVERITY OF IMPACT
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
INSPECTION REQUIREMENT AS355
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
INSPECTION REQUIREMENT – AS355
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
TRANSMISSION OVERTORQUE
CASE STUDY
ON
AS355
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
SUDDEN MAIN ROTOR STOPPAGE
IN GENERAL, THE INSPECTION REQUIREMENT FOR
SUDDEN MAIN ROTOR STOPPAGE IS SIMILAR TO THE
INSPECTION AFTER MAIN ROTOR STRIKES.
SUDDEN MAIN ROTOR STOPPAGE IS USUALLY DUE TO
ABRUPT APPLICATION OF MAIN ROTOR BRAKE.
(APPLICATION OF ROTOR BRAKE AT HIGH RPM)

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Inspection requirements for helicopter after incidents 1

  • 1. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology AJD21603 ROTORCRAFT SERVICING, MAINTENANCE AND ROLE EQUIPMENT WEEK 10 INSPECTION REQUIREMENT FOR HELICOPTER AFTER INCIDENTS
  • 2. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology LESSON OBJECTIVE & OUTCOME OBJECTIVE: 1. GAIN KNOWLEDGE ON VARIOUS TYPES OF HELICOPTER INCIDENTS AND ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN AFTER SUCH INCIDENTS OCCURS. OUTCOME: 1. EXPLAIN THE MAINTENANCE ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN AFTER A HELICOPTER IS INVOLVED IN AN INCIDENT.
  • 3. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology INTRODUCTION IN THIS LESSON WE WILL DISCUSS THE INSPECTIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT AFTER A HELICOPTER IS INVOLVED IN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING INCIDENTS; 1.1. HEAVY LANDINGSHEAVY LANDINGS 2.2. MAIN AND TAIL ROTOR STRIKESMAIN AND TAIL ROTOR STRIKES 3.3. TRANSMISSION OVER-TORQUETRANSMISSION OVER-TORQUE 4.4. SUDDEN MAIN ROTOR STOPPAGESUDDEN MAIN ROTOR STOPPAGE
  • 4. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology INTRODUCTION (CONT) Aircraft are designed to withstand flight and landing loads within specified limits; these limits are calculated to allow for all normal maneuvers and exercises which may be undertaken by that aircraft and include safety factors to allow for unforeseen circumstances. If design limits are exceeded due to abnormal occurrences, the integrity of the structure may be jeopardized and safety impaired.
  • 5. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology INTRODUCTION (CONT) Any report or evidence on the aircraft which suggests that the design limits have been exceeded or equipment damaged should, therefore, be followed by a careful inspection appropriate to the nature of the occurrence and in accordance with the Approved Maintenance Manual.
  • 6. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology HARD LANDING
  • 7. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology PRELIMINARY STEPS The appropriate aircraft Maintenance Manual and other relevant literature, such as Service Bulletins, should be consulted to ascertain the particular inspections which are necessary and the areas where damage has been known to occur in similar circumstances on aircraft of the same type. The aircraft should then be viewed for obvious damage such as distortion or twisting of the main structure, before carrying out the detailed inspections applicable to the particular incident.
  • 8. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology HARD/HEAVY LANDING An aircraft landing gear is designed to withstand landing at a particular aircraft weight and vertical descent velocity. If either of these parameters is exceeded during a landing, then it is probable that some damage may be caused to the landing gear or its supporting structure. Overstressing may also be caused by landing with drift or landing in an abnormal attitude, e.g. nose or tail wheel striking the runway before the main wheels
  • 9. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology HARD LANDING (CONT) In all cases of suspected heavy landings, the flight crew should be consulted for details of aircraft weight, fuel distribution, landing conditions and whether any noises indicative of structural failure were heard. The damage which may be expected following a heavy landing would normally be concentrated around the landing gear, its supporting structure in the fuselage and the engine mountings.
  • 10. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology HARD LANDING (CONT) Secondary damage may be found on the fuselage upper and lower skin and structure and wing skin and structure, depending on the configuration and loading of the aircraft. On some aircraft it is specified that, if no damage is found in the primary areas, the secondary areas need not be inspected; but if damage is found in the primary areas, then the inspection must be continued
  • 11. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology INSPECTION AREA – LANDING GEAR Examine tires for excessive creep, flats, bulges, cuts, pressure loss, excessive growth and security of balance weights/patches. Examine wheels and brakes for cracks, other damage and fluid leaks. Examine axles, struts and stays for distortion and other damage. Check shock struts for fluid leaks, scoring and abnormal extension.
  • 12. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology INSPECTION AREA – LANDING GEAR Examine landing gear attachments for signs of cracks, damage or movement. In some instances this may require removal of certain bolts in critical locations, for a detailed magnetic crack detection test.
  • 13. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology INSPECTION AREA – LANDING GEAR Examine structure in the vicinity of the landing gear attachments for signs of cracks, distortion, movement of rivets or bolts and fluid leakage. Examine doors and fairings for damage and distortion. Jack the aircraft and carry out retraction and nose- wheel steering tests in accordance with the approved Maintenance Manual; check for correct operation of locks and warning lights, clearances in wheel bays, fit of doors and signs of fluid leaks.
  • 14. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology FUSELAGE AREA Check that the inertia switches for the fire extinguishers, emergency lights, etc., have not tripped. Check instruments and instrument panels for damage and security.. Examine for evidence of strike damage from the main rotor blades and if damage is found check for cracks, security and symmetry. Check ducts and system pipes for damage, security and fluid leaks.
  • 15. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology FUSELAGE AREA Examine fuselage skin for wrinkling or other damage, particularly at skin joints and adjacent to landing gear attachments and centre section. Examine pressure bulkheads for distortion and cracks. Examine, for distortion and cracks, the supporting structure for heavy components such as galley modules, batteries, water tanks, fire extinguishers, auxiliary power units, etc.
  • 16. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology FUSELAGE (CONTINUE) Check fit of access doors, emergency exits, etc. and surrounding areas for distortion and cracks. Check loading and unloading operation of cargo containers and condition of cargo restraint system. Check gyroscopic instruments for erection time, precession and unusual noises
  • 17. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology ENGINE Check engine controls for full and free movement. Examine engine mountings and pylons for damage and distortion. Tubular members should be checked for bow greater than prescribed limits and cracks at welds. Mounting bolts and attachments should be checked for damage and evidence of movement. On turbine engines check freedom of rotating assemblies.
  • 18. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology ENGINE – N1
  • 19. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology ENGINE – N2
  • 20. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology ENGINE
  • 21. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology ENGINE Examine engine cowlings for wrinkling and distortion and integrity of fasteners. Check for oil, fuel and hydraulic fluid leaks. Check oil system filters/chip detectors.
  • 22. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology ENGINE RUNS Provided that no major structural distortion has been found, engine runs should be carried out in accordance with the appropriate Maintenance Manual, in order to establish the satisfactory operation of all systems and controls. A general check for system leaks should be carried out while the engines are running and on turbine engines the run-down time should be checked..
  • 23. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology MAIN ROTOR BLADES Remove the rotor blades and examine them for twisting and distortion. Check the surface for cracks, wrinkles, or other damage and check the security of the skin attachment rivets or structural bonding. If the main rotor blades are badly damaged through impact with the tail boom or ground, certain components in the transmission may be shock-loaded and it is sometimes specified that, for example, the main rotor shaft, pitch change rods and main gearbox mounting bolts, should also be removed for inspection.
  • 24. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology MAIN ROTOR BLADES
  • 25. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology MAIN ROTOR HEAD Disconnect pitch change rods and dampers and check that the flapping hinges, drag hinges and blade sleeves move freely, without signs of binding or roughness. Examine the rotor head and blade stops for cracks or other damage and the dampers for signs of fluid leaks. Damage in this area may be an indication of further damage inside the main gearbox.
  • 26. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology MAIN ROTOR HEAD
  • 27. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology TAIL ROTOR Examine the blades for damage and security and the coning stops for evidence of damage. Damage to the tail rotor blades which is beyond limits, will normally entail either inspection or replacement of the hub, pitch change links, tail rotor gearbox and drive shaft.
  • 28. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology SKID TYPE LANDING GEAR With the helicopter jacked clear of the ground, check cross tubes for excessive bowing, fasteners for integrity and security and abrasion plates for wear. Where Float Gear is fitted, check for leaks, fabric scuffing and integrity of attachment straps.
  • 29. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology MAIN & TAIL ROTOR STRIKES IMPACT DEFINITION
  • 30. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology SEVERITY OF IMPACT
  • 31. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology INSPECTION REQUIREMENT AS355
  • 32. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology INSPECTION REQUIREMENT – AS355
  • 33. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
  • 34. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology TRANSMISSION OVERTORQUE CASE STUDY ON AS355
  • 35. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
  • 36. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
  • 37. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
  • 38. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
  • 39. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
  • 40. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
  • 41. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology SUDDEN MAIN ROTOR STOPPAGE IN GENERAL, THE INSPECTION REQUIREMENT FOR SUDDEN MAIN ROTOR STOPPAGE IS SIMILAR TO THE INSPECTION AFTER MAIN ROTOR STRIKES. SUDDEN MAIN ROTOR STOPPAGE IS USUALLY DUE TO ABRUPT APPLICATION OF MAIN ROTOR BRAKE. (APPLICATION OF ROTOR BRAKE AT HIGH RPM)