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ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞   ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£




      INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE: UPRISINGS OF MUSLIM PATRIOTS
      Telugu title of this book is BHARATHA SWATHANTRADYAMAM : MUSLIM PRAJA PORATALU.
     In this book it is discussed at length on the greatest Struggles went on against British starting from 1763, in
which Muslim Heroes lead the Movements or Struggles, as a part of struggle for India’s Independence.
      These famous struggles are 1. Fakirs-Sanyasis Movement, 2. Wahabi Movement, 3. Farazia Movement, 4.
Mopilla Movement, 5. Kudai-khidmathgar Movement, which were not so popular like Khilafath Movement.
      This Book contains total 178 pages of 1/8th Demmy Size with Multi colour. It was published in 2007. The same
was Published second time in the year November, 2007
ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞   ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£
ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O
=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞
                                            ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O : =Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞
                                            Indian Freedom Movement : Uprisings of Muslim Patriots
                                            ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£
                                            Syed Naseer Ahamed


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     ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£                „Ѩ^äŒè=∞ =Ú„^Œ} : _çÃãO|~ü 2003
      M.Com; LL.B; D.J; D.P.M; D.L.L
         Sahithya Rathna ( Hindi )
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   e-mail : naseerahamed@yahoo.com                                          =∞}˜
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                                               „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ ‰õΩ¡Ñ¨ÎOQÍ q=iOKå#∞.
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                                               1947 =~°‰õΩ ™êy# ѨÅ∞ „Ѩ*Ï áÈ~åÏÅÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ `«=∞^≥·# áê„`« =Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞.
                                               D áÈ~åÏÅxflO˜Ö’ dÖÏѶ¨`üL^Œº=∞O J„QÆÉèÏQÍ# xÅzOk. D L^Œº=∞O
                                               =Úã≤¡O–=Úã≤¡"Õ∞`«~° [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å =∞^茺 SHõº`«‰õΩ, ¿ãflǨxH©, ™ê=∞~°™êºxH˜
                                               „ѨfHõQÍ xez, qMϺuQÍOzOk. *ÏfÜ≥∂^Œº=∞O „Ѩ^äŒ=∂~°÷OÖ’ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ,
                                               ™êfi`«O„`«º áÈ~åÏxˆH `«Å=∂xHõOQÍ xÅz#, dÖÏѶ¨`ü L^Œº=∞O QÆ∞iOz D
                                               „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ „Ѩ™êÎqOK«@OÖË^Œ∞. =∞~˘Hõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ „QÆO^äŒO ~å¿ãÎ `«Ñ¨Ê, P L^Œº=∞
                                               K«i„`«‰õΩ ã¨Ô~·# <åºÜ«∞O [~°QÆ^Œ∞.
                                                   „Ѩã¨∞Î`« „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ S^Œ∞ L^Œº=∂Å QÆ∞iOz „Ѩ™êÎqOKå#∞. Jq Ѷ¨H©~°¡
                                               u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞, =ǨcÅ áÈ~å@O, Ѷ¨~årÅ L^Œº=∞O, "≥∂áê¡Å u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞,
                                               Y∞^•–ÜÕ∞–d^Œ‡`üQÍ~üÅ JÇ≤ÏO™ê L^Œº=∞O. D „Ѩu L^Œº=∞O QÆ∞iOz XHõ
                                               „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ~åÜ«∂eû#O`«QÍ „Ѩ[Å ™êǨÏã¨O, `åºQÆO, P`å‡~°Ê}Å∞ Wq∞_ç
                                               L<åfl~Ú. <å‰õΩ#fl Ѩiq∞`«∞Å "Õ∞~°‰õΩ P q=~åÅ#∞ ˆ~MÏ =∂„`«OQÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl#∞.
ã¨Ü∞« º^£ q∂~å "≥∂Ç≤ÏnÌ<£   ã¨Ü∞« º^£ ca*Ï<£       D J=¸Åº"≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl ѨÙã¨ÎHõ ~°∂ѨOÖ’ g∞ =ÚO^Œ∞OK«QÆeˆQ J=HÍâ◊O
                                               <å‰õΩ ÅaèOz#ѨʘH©, D Hõ$+≤Ö’ ã¨=∂Kå~°O HÀã¨O <Õ#∞ ã¨O„ѨkOz# ѨÅ∞
    z#fl<å@<Õ <å#fl Hõ#∞fl=¸ã≤<å,                 „QÆO^äŒ ~°K«~Ú`«Å, „Ѩ=ÚY∞ŠѨ~ÀHõ∆ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO L#flO^Œ∞#, P =∞ǨÏhÜ«ÚÅO^ŒiH©
     Jhfl `å<≥· #xflO`«˜"å_çfl KÕã≤#             <å „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞. <Õ#∞ HÀ~°QÍ<Õ =ÚO^Œ∞=∂@ ~åã≤zÛ# QÆ∞~°∞`«∞Å∞ºÅ∞,
                                               'PO„^èŒ*’ºu— k#Ѩ„uHõ „Ѩ^è•# ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÅ∞ ÔH. ~å=∞K«O„^Œ=¸iÎ QÍiH˜, ѨiK«Ü«∞
                     J=∞‡‰õΩ.                  "åHõºO ~åã≤# „Ѩ=ÚY ^Œo`« L^Œº=∞HÍ~°∞Å∞, ÉǨï„QÆO^äŒ ~°K«~Ú`« HõuΠѨ^•‡~å=Ù
                                               QÍiH˜, D ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl ^è•~å"åÇ≤ÏHõOQÍ „ѨK«∞iOz# 'w@∞~å~Ú— "å~°Ñ¨„uHõ
                                               ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÅ∞ Ü«∞<£.Ü«∞O. =∞e¡H± QÍiH˜, z`«∞Î „Ѩux K«kq, ѨÅ∞ ã¨∂K«#Å∞ KÕã≤#
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                                               J|∞ÌÖÏ¡ QÍiH˜, ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl JO^ŒOQÍ fiÛkkÌ# =Ú„^Œ PѶπÃãò „Ñ≤O@~üû, q[Ü«∞"å_»
                                               "åiH˜, <å „Ñ¨Ü«∞`åflʼnõΩ Jxfl ã¨=∞Ü«∂ÅÖ’ „¿Ñ~°}QÍ xÅz, „áÈ`«ûÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î#fl <å
                                               rq`« ÉèÏQÆ™êfiq∞ ¿+H± ~°q∞*Ï ÉèÏ#∞‰õΩ <å ^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞.
                                               JáêflѶ¨∞~ü                                            ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£
                                               LO_»=e¡ ÃãO@~ü – 522 501                                          01–12–2003
We are very much grateful to our patrons
       without whose valuable cooperation
     we could not have brought out this book.

Dr. M. EJAJ ALI M.S
                                                                                         q+¨Ü«∞ ã¨∂zHõ
National President :
                                                                       =ÚO^Œ∞=∂@
All India United Muslim Morcha                                         ÔH. ~å=∞K«O„^Œ=¸iÎ
Chief Editor : Sangam Urdu Daily                                       ѨiK«Ü«∞ "åHõºO
PATNA - 800 006, Bihar State.                                          HõuΠѨ^•‡~å=Ù
                                                                 01 „a©+¨~°¡ g∞^Œ `˘e u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ ÉÏ=ÙÏ ZQÆ∞~°"Õã≤# ɡ|∞ƒÅ∞Å∞
                             Dr. UMAR ALISHA         M.D (A.M)
                                                                       ɡOQÍÖò Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡
                                                Peetaadhipathi
                         Sri Viswa Viznana Vidya Aadyathmika           1763 – 1800                                          14–31
                                                     Peetham     02 K≥~°™êÅÅ∞, LiH˘Ü«∞ºÅ‰õΩ "≥~°=Hõ q„Hõq∞Oz#
                                   PITHAPURAM - 533 450                =Ǩc g~°∞Å∞
Sri. REKHA KRISHNARJUNA RAO
                                                                       1820 – 1870                                          32–57
Founder : Bowdha Sangham                                         03 ^ÀÑ≤_ô â◊‰õΩÎÅ QÆ∞O_≥Ö’¡ ÉèíÜ≥∂`åÊ`«O ã¨$+≤ìOz#
MANGALAGIRI - 522 503                                                  Ѷ¨~år Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å∞
Guntur Dist. A.P                                                       1830 – 1900                                          58–77
                                                                 04 ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞ K«i„`«Ö’ HõÅHõÅO ˆ~Ñ≤#
                                                                       "≥∂áê¡ "≥Ú#QÍà◊√§
                          Sri. KOLLI LAKSHMA REDDY                     1800 – 1922                                         78–116
                                      Managing Director
                                  Cake Group of Bakeries
                                                                 05 JÇ≤ÏO™ê =∂~åæ# P`å‡~°Ê}ʼnõΩ ã≤^ŒúѨ_ç#
                                     Kothapet, GUNTUR                  Y∞^•–ÜÕ∞–d^Œ‡`üQÍ~ü g~°∞Å∞
                                                                       1929 – 1948                                       117–158

                     Janab Md. YUSUF
                Chairman : DATA CREATIONS
                                                                             P^ä•~° „QÆO^ä•Å Ѩ˜ìHõ                     159–160
                 Rahaman Street, Arundelpet,                                 ~°K«~Ú`« „QÆO^ä•Å q∂^Œ
                      VIJAYAWADA - 2                                         „Ѩ=ÚY∞Å – Ѩ„uHõÅ ã¨ÊO^Œ#                  161–172
   Azad House of Publications
       Undavalli Centre - 522 501
=ÚO^Œ∞=∂@
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                                        ÔH. ~å=∞K«O„^Œ=¸iÎ                 W<Õflà◊¥§ XˆH K«i„`å, XˆH ÉèÏëê, XˆH ã¨Oã¨$¯f. Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅÖÏQÍ<Õ =Úã≤¡O
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                                           PO„^èŒ*’ºu, k#Ѩ„uHõ            Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ JkèHõ ã¨OMϺ‰õΩÖˇ·#ѨʘH© "åiH©, =Úã≤¡OʼnõÄ, W`«~° JÅÊã¨OMϺHõ =~åæʼnõÄ
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^Œ$+≤ì`À x~°fiK«#O K≥¿ÑÊ"å~°∞<åfl~°∞. D x~°fiK«<åxfl „ѨtflOK«‰õΩO_®            HõÅã≤ g~Àz`«OQÍ áÈ~å_®~°∞.
t~°™ê=Ç≤ÏOz JÅÊã¨OMϺHõ =~åæÅ∞, JkèHõ ã¨OMϺ‰õΩÅ JcèëêìxH˜                             qÉèílOz áêeOKÕ ã≤^•úO`åxfl J=∞Å∞Ѩ~°z# „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞ |∞k÷ѨÓ~°fiHõOQÍ
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rqOKåe. J^Õ =∞# `åuÎfiHõ ѨÙ<åk. J^Õ =∞# ~å*ϺOQÆ x~å‡`«Å                               =∞`« É è Ï =#ʼnõ Ω „áê^è • #ºO ÃÑiyOk. Ç≤ Ï O^Œ ∞ =ÙÅÖ’ =¸_è ® Kå~åÅ∞
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ã¨=∂[OÖ’ ™ê÷#OÖË^Œx, `«=∞#∞ „Ѩ^è•# „ã¨=OuÖ’ HõÅ=x=fi~°h,                   l<åfl =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ^Õâ◊O HÍ"åÅx HÀi#ѨʘH© J<ÕHõ=∞Ok =Úã≤¡O <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞
kfifÜ«∞ „âı}˜ áœ~°∞Å∞QÍ<Õ âßâ◊fi`«OQÍ q∞yeáÈ"åÅh `«ÅáÈ¿ã "≥∞ÿ<åi©           QÍOnè<Õ `«=∞ <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_çQÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜Oz ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~°OÖ’ `åºQÍÅ∞ KÕâß~°∞. qÉèí[##∞
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#=Ú‡H˘x WHõ ¯ _» Ѩ Ù ˜ ì WHõ ¯ _» =∞˜ ì Ö ’ Hõ e ã≤ á ÈÜÕ ∞ "å~° O `å   QÆá¶ê~üMÏ<£, QÍOnè`À =∂Ï¡_»∞`«∂ ' =∞=∞‡efl `À_Õà◊§ áêÅ∞ KÕâß~°∞ — JO@∂ ÉÏ^èŒ#∞
ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÖË##fl „áê^äŒq∞Hõ J=QÍǨÏ# ã¨Ç¨Ïr=# ã≤^•úO`åxH˜ ã¨∂ÊùiÎ.           =ºHõÎO KÕâß_»∞. áêH˜™ê÷<£ U~°Ê_ç# `«~åfi`« ‰õÄ_® HÀÏ¡k =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’
qaè#fl *Ï`«∞Å, ÉèÏ+¨Å, ã¨Oã¨$¯`«∞Å ã¨=∂Ǩ~°"Õ∞ ÉèÏ~°`« *Ïu.                LO_çáÈÜ«∂~°∞. áêH˜™ê÷<£Ö’ HõO>Ë WO_çÜ«∂Ö’<Õ Z‰õΩ¯==∞Ok =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ L<åfl~°∞.
' aè#fl`«fiOÖ’ UHõ`«fiO — =∞# „Ѩ`ÕºHõ`«. =∞#k |Ǩï=Úv#"≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∂[O.          „ѨѨOK«OÖ’ WO_À<Õ+≤Ü«∂ `«~åfi`« J`«ºkèHõ ã¨OYºÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ L#fl ^Õâ◊O ÉèÏ~°`ü.
ѨÓÅ`À@Ö’ Zxfl ~°HÍÅ, Zxfl ~°OQÆ∞ŠѨÓÅ∞ LOÏÜ≥∂ #=ÉèÏ~°`«                   ^Õâ◊"åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ "å~°∞ „QÍ=∂ÅÖ’, Ѩ@ì}ÏÅÖ’ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ"≥∞ÿ áêÅÖ’ hà◊§ÖÏQÍ
|$O^•=#OÖ’#∂ Jxfl ~°HÍÅ, Jxfl ~°OQÆ∞Å, Jxfl ^èÀ~°}∞Å =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞                Hõeã≤áÈ~Ú rqã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ™êfi~°÷úѨ~°∞Öˇ·# H˘O^Œ~°∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞"å^Œ∞Å∂, "åºáê~°∞Å∂
LOÏ~°∞. "≥ÚQÆÅ∞ ™ê„=∂[º x~å‡}O `«~åfi`« =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’            Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅÖ’, =Úã≤¡OÅÖ’ =∞`å"Õâßxfl ~°yeOz `«=∞ ™êfi~°÷, ã¨O‰õΩz`« „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞
ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_çáÈÜ«∂~°∞. WHõ¯_ç r=# „ã¨=OuÖ’ Hõeã≤áÈÜ«∂~°∞. QÆ`« U_»∞            <≥~°"Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ<Õ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ =∞`«HõÅǨÅ∂, =∂~°}Ǩϟ=∂Å∞ [iQÍ~Ú, [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú.
HÍh ™ê^è • ~° } Ç≤ Ï O^Œ ∞ =ÙÅ∂, ™ê^è • ~° } =Úã≤ ¡ O Å∂ âßOuÜ« Ú `« ã¨ Ç ¨ Ï r=#O         Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∂, =Úã≤¡OÅ∂, ã≤‰õΩ¯Å∂, áês≈Å∂, W`«~°∞Å∂ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# áê„`«#∞ JO^Œ~°∂
HÀ~°∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO, J<å~ÀQƺO, x~°Hõ∆~å㨺`«, x~°∞^ÀºQÆO =O˜ „áê^äŒq∞Hõ          J^茺ܫ∞#O KÕÜ«∂e. JѨÙÊ_Õ Ñ¨~°ã¨Ê~° P=QÍǨÏ# ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº w`åÖÏѨ#
ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~åxH˜ HõÅã≤Hõ@∞ìQÍ Hõ$+≤ KÕÜ«∂Åx Ptã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. JO^Œ~°∂ HõÅã≤ „ѨQÆu         JѨã¨fi~°O ÖˉõΩO_® ǨÏ$^ŒºOQÍ ™êQÆ∞`«∞Ok. =ÚYºOQÍ =Úã≤¡O Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å ^Õâ◊ÉèíH˜Îh,
Ѩ^äŒOÖ’ ™êyáÈ"åÅx JaèÅ+≤ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. =∞`À<å‡^Œ∞Å∞ Jxfl =∞`åÅÖ’#∂ L<åfl~°∞.                   nè~À^•`«Î`«#∂ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë P`«‡#∂º#`åÉèÏ=O, JÉèí„^Œ`åÉèÏ=O áÈ~Ú
"å~°∞ â◊H˜Î=OK«#ÖˉõΩO_® q+¨c*ÏÅ∞ <å@∞`«∂<Õ L<åfl~°∞. #~°"Õ∞^è•xH˜ Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞ #∂~°∞`«∂<Õ      P`«‡qâßfiã¨O, Éèí„^Œ`åÉèÏ=O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. D K«i„`«#∞ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ J^茺ܫ∞#O KÕ¿ãÎ
L<åfl~°∞.                                                                                   „a©+π K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ KÕã≤# "≥∂ã¨O Uq∞’ `≥eã≤áÈ`«∞Ok. =∞`À<å‡^Œ∞Å „Ѩɒ^è•ÅÖ’x
            ÉèÏ~°`üÖ’ HÍO„ÔQãπ áêsì, W`«~° Ö∫H˜Hõ áêsìÅ "≥·Ñ¶¨ÅºO HÍ~°}OQÍ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂`«fi      ÿ"≥·=∞#㨺O "≥Å¡_»=Ù`«∞Ok. qâßfiã¨~åÇ≤Ï`«ºO `˘ÅyáÈ`«∞Ok. Ö∫H˜HõÉèÏ"åÅ∞ |ÅѨ_ç#ѨC_Õ
â◊‰õΩÎÅ∞ q[$OaèOKå~Ú. N ÖÏÖò Hõ$+¨‚ J^•fih ™È=∞<å^ä£ #∞Op JÜ≥∂^茺‰õΩ ~°^äŒÜ«∂„`«           „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º =º=ã¨÷ Ѩ˜+¨ìO J=Ù`«∞Ok. D *Ïu Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î Ü«∂=`«∂Î „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º
™êyOK«_»O ^Õâ◊"åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅÖ’ =∞`åaè=∂#O, =Úã≤¡OÅÖ’ JÉèí„^Œ`åÉèÏ=O                  =º=ã¨÷ =∞#∞QÆ_»ÃÑ·<Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç LOk.
ÃÑ~°QÆ_®xH˜ ^•ifã≤Ok. 1992Ö’ ÉÏ„c =∞ã‘^Œ∞ q^èŒfiOã¨O`À "≥∞*Ïi© =∞`«ã¨∞÷Å∞                              D "Õ∞~°‰õΩ J@∞=O˜ x~å‡}Ï`«‡Hõ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂xH˜ ^ÀǨÏ^ŒO KÕ¿ã ~°K«#, q∞„`«∞_»∞
"≥∞ÿ<åi©Å =∞<ÀÉèÏ"åÅ#∞ Ѩ˜ìOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ ~ÀAÅ∞ áÈÜ«∂Ü«∞<Õ Jaè„áêÜ«∞O =Úã≤¡OÅÖ’               ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ ' ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O : =Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞ — J#∞
„Ѩ|eOk. P `«~åfi`« ‰õÄ_® =∞`å"Õâßxfl ZxflHõÅÖ’ „ѨKå~åOâ◊O KÕÜ«∞_»O`À                        D Kåi„`«Hõ „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ =Úã≤¡O [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å∞ „Ѩ^è•# ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO =Ç≤ÏOz# S^Œ∞
Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂`«fi"å^Œ∞Å "ÕkHõ J~Ú# ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ [#`å áêsì „áê|źO qâı+¨OQÍ ÃÑiyOk.                   áÈ~åÏÅ QÆ∞iOz q=iOKå~°∞. 1760 „áêO`«OÖ’ P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# ɡOQÍÖò Ѷ¨H©~°¡
HÍO„ÔQãπ#∞ ^Õfi+≤OKÕ H˘O^Œ~∞ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ ™ê~°^ºŒè OÖ’x H˘xfl Ö∫H˜Hõ áêsìÅ∞ ã¨ÇÏHõiOK«_O`À
                            °                                              ¨        »      u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ #∞Oz ™êfi`«O„`«ºO ã≤kúOKÕO`« =~°‰õÄ ^Õâ◊ q"≥∂K«<À^Œº=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞
a.*ˇ.Ñ≤ ˆHO„^ŒOÖ’ JkèHÍ~°OÖ’H˜ =zÛOk. ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O ^ŒHõ¯QÍ<Õ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂`«fi â◊‰õΩÎÅ∞           ™êyOz# ѨÅ∞ „Ѩ*Ï áÈ~åÏÅ#∞ Hõà◊§‰õΩ Hõ˜ì#@∞ì ~°zOz# ~°K«~Ú`« Jaè#O^ŒhÜ«Ú_»∞.
=∞iO`« â◊H˜Î=∞O`«"≥∞ÿ<å~Ú. P q^èŒOQÍ ^Õâ◊OÖ’x Ô~O_»∞ „Ѩ^è•#"≥∞ÿ# =∞`åʼnõΩ K≥Ok#           „a©+¨~°¡ PkèѨ`åºxfl `˘e™êiQÍ =ºuˆ~H˜Oz# =Úã≤¡O Ѷ¨H©~°¡ QÆ∞iOz, P Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂
„Ѩ[ÅÖ’ =∞`å"Õâ◊O ǨÏ^Œ∞Ìg∞iOk. J~Ú`Õ Jk =∞`å"Õâ◊O`À JâßOuQÍ L#fl H˘xfl                      ã¨<åºã¨∞Ö`À Hõeã≤ SHõºOQÍ Ñ¨~°áêʼnõΩÅ g∞^Œ u~°QÆ|_ç# f~°∞ QÆ∞iOz, „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ#∞
                                                                                           ZkiOz áÈ~å_ç# =Ǩc g~°∞Å QÆ∞iOp, áêÅHõ =~åæʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ ^ÀÑ≤_ô â◊‰õΩÎÅ
=~åæňH Ѩiq∞`«O. =∞`åaè=∂#O =∞`À<å‡^ŒOQÍ =∂i`Õ „Ѩ=∂^Œ=∞<Õ J=QÍǨÏ# ÉèÏ~°`«
                                                                                           g∞^Œ HõuÎѨ˜ì# Ѷ¨~år Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å QÆ∞iOp, „a©+¨~°¡ ^ÀÑ≤_ç, [g∞O^•~°¡ ^•+‘ìHÍÅ#∞ ZkiOz
=Úã≤¡OÅÖ’ L#flk.                                                                            xÅ=@"Õ∞ HÍHõ, *ÏfÜ≥∂^Œº=∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=ÚÖˇ· `åºQÍʼnõΩ, P`å‡~°Ê}ʼnõΩ ã≤^ŒúѨ_ç#
            ' ¿ÇÏ`«∞"Õ ¿ã`«∞=ÙQÍ =∞#QÆeˆQ P^èŒ∞xHõ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ „Ѩu =∞`«OÖ’x „Ѩu             =∞ÅÉÏ~°∞ "≥∂áê¡ g~°∞Å QÆ∞iOz =∞#‰õΩ ^˘~°Hõx J~°∞^≥·# ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl #j~ü
ã≤^•úO`«O ¿ÇÏ`«∞ ѨsHõ∆‰õΩ xÅ|_ç qâ◊fi[h#"≥∞ÿ# <åºÜ«∂xH˜ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ L#flѨC_Õ                „QÆO^äŒ~°∂ѨOÖ’ JOkOKå~°∞. ' ã¨iǨÏ^Œ∞Ì QÍOnè — QÍ qMϺ`«∞_≥·# MÏ<£ J|∞ÌÖò QÆá¶ê~ü
qâ◊fi"åºÑ¨Î"≥∞ÿ# P"≥∂^ŒO á⁄O^ŒQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok — Jx =∞Ǩ`å‡QÍOnè K≥Ñ≤Ê# ã¨∂H˜Î Jxfl             MÏ<£ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’x Y∞^•–ÜÕ∞–d^Œ‡`üQÍ~ü JÇ≤ÏO™È^Œº=∂hfl, P `åºQÆ=¸~°∞ÎÅ JѨÓ~°fi
=∞`åʼnõÄ =iÎã¨∞ÎOk. „áê}∞ʼnõÄ, ¢ã‘ÎʼnõÄ, Ñ≤šʼnõÄ ~°Hõ∆} HõeÊOK«_»O W™ê¡"£∞                |e^•<åÅ#∞ ã¨∂ÊùiÎ^•Ü«∞HõOQÍ q=iOKå~°∞. D ѨÙã¨ÎHõ"Õ∞ HÍ^Œ∞, ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`«º
Ѩ~°"≥∂^ÕÌâ◊O. WO^Œ∞‰õΩ aè#flOQÍ W™ê¡O‰õΩ Uq∞ PáêkOz<å Jk HõeÊ`«"Õ∞##fl ã¨û$Ç¨Ï              㨠= ∞~° O Ö’ =Úã≤ ¡ O [#㨠= Ú^•Ü« ∂ Å∞ x~° fi Ç≤ Ï Oz# áê„`« # ∞ q=i㨠∂ Î , P
ÉèÏ~°`« =Úã≤¡OÅÖ’ LOk. Jb ™È^Œ~°∞Å∞, ǨÏã¨<£ JǨχ^£ =∞^•x, JëêÊùY∞ÖÏ¡MÏ<£,                Ü≥∂^è•#∞Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å rq`« K«i„`«Å#∞ ˆ~MÏ=∂„`«OQÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯O@∂, PÜ«∞# ѨÅ∞ "庙êÅ∞
=∞øÖÏ<å J|∞Öò HõÖÏO P*Ï^£, MÏ<£ J|∞ÌÖò QÆá¶ê~ü MÏ<£, *ÏH©~ü Ǩ˙¿ãû<£ =O˜                  ~å™ê~°∞. „á•=∂}˜Hõ K«i„`« „QÆO^ä•Å∞ „ѨK«∞iOKå~°∞. #=ÉèÏ~°`« x~å‡}OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ
J<ÕHõ=∞Ok ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~°Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å x~°O`«~° Hõ$+≤ Ѷ¨e`«OQÍ ÉèÏ~°`« =Úã≤¡OÅÖ’             áê„`«#∞ qaè#fl ^Œ$+≤ìHÀ}ÏÅ #∞Oz „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ `≥e¿Ñ ~°K«#Å∞ KÕâß~°∞, KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ
"åã¨ÎqHõ ^Œ$+≤ì, ã¨Ç¨Ïr=<åaèÖÏ+¨ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞OQÆ`«"≥∞ÿ<å~Ú. Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® J`«ºkè‰õΩÅ∞,   ã¨=∞~°∞÷_≥·# Ѩ„uHÍ ~°K«~Ú`«, <åºÜ«∞"åk Hõ#∞Hõ ã¨∞ÅÉèí„QÍǨϺ"≥∞ÿ# â‹·eÖ’ ã¨`«ºx+¨ì`À
Ö∫H˜Hõ"å^•hfl, ã¨Ç¨Ïr=# ã≤^•úO`åhfl qâ◊fiã≤ã¨∞Î#fl"åˆ~. JO^Œ∞ˆH =∞`«"å^Œ∞Å∞ `å`å¯eHõOQÍ        ~°K«# KÕÜ«∞QÆÅQÆ@O #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ`«. D HÍ~°}OQÍ PÜ«∞# ~°K«#ʼnõΩ
PkèHõºO ã¨OáêkOz<å "åi P@Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯= HÍÅO ™êQÆ_»OÖË^Œ∞. D â◊‰õΩÎÅ P@ Hõ˜ìOz                 qâ◊fiã¨hÜ«∞`« ÃÑiyOk. q∞„`«∞_»∞ #j~ü =∞ixfl Ѩiâ’^èŒ<å`«‡Hõ ~°K«#Å ^•fi~å ™ê=∂#º
^Õâ◊OÖ’x Jxfl =∞`åÅ "å~°∂ ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ JÉèí∞º^ŒÜ«∞ Ѩ^äŒOÖ’ ™êyáÈ"åÅO>Ë XHõi                   [#ÉÏǨïàϺxH˜ JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ ÖËx J<ÕHõ q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ "≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ~å"åÅx
QÆ∞iOz =∞~˘Hõ~°∞ ‰õ∆Ω}‚OQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åe. XHõi<˘Hõ~°∞ Q“~°qOK«_»O <Õ~°∞ÛHÀ"åe.              PHÍOH˜∆ã¨∞Î<åfl#∞.
XHõiѨ@¡ XHõiH˜ ã¨Ç≤Ï+¨µ‚`å, P^Œ~åaè=∂<åÅ∂ LO_®e. ™êfi`«O„`«º áÈ~å@OÖ’
ѨiK«Ü«∞ "åHõºO        thoughtful person from all angles.                     DÜ«∞# ~°K«#Ö’ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂xH˜ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂xH˜
                                               – HõuΠѨ^•‡~å=Ù            =∞^茺 XHõ cò LOk. ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ ã¨OѶ¨∞~°¬}#∞ PÜ«∞# P"åǨÏ# KÕ™êÎ~°∞. K«i„`« K≥|∞`«∂
                                                                           K≥|∞`«∂<Õ `åufi‰õΩ_çQÍ =∂~°`å~°∞. "≥∞^Œ_»∞‰õΩ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂xH˜ J#∞ã¨O^ä•#O ‰õÄ~°∞Û`å~°∞.
                               „Ѩ=ÚYHõq, ~°K«~Ú`«                         K«i„`«Ö’x =¸Å Éèí∂`åOâßÅhfl `å<Õ J#∞Éèí∂`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩx áê„`« ^•fi~å ѨÅ=i™êÎ~°∞.
                          á⁄#∂fl~°∞, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ lÖÏ¡.                        K«i„`«Ö’x HÍÅ=∂<åÅ#∞ ^•˜ r=# =º=ã¨÷efl ^Œ$jºHõiOѨ KÕã≤ =∞x+≤H˜ =∞x+≤H˜,
                                                                           =∞x+≤H˜ =º=ã¨÷H˜ =∞^茺 ^•y# ã¨∞xfl`åOâßÅ#∞ PÜ«∞# iHÍ~°∞¤ KÕ™êÎ~°∞.
             Wk K«i„`« ~°K«# HÍ^Œ∞...K«i„`« x~å‡}O                                     D ~°K«~Ú`« H˘O^ŒiH˜ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å ã¨=ÚKè«ÛùÜ«∞Hõ~°ÎQÍ HõxÊ™êÎ~°∞. =∞i H˘O^Œifl
           ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊ K«i„`«Ö’ „Ѩ^è•# "åÇ≤ÏHõÅ∞ Ô~O_»∞. XHõ˜ =∞#∞"å^Œ   "≥#∞fl g∞^Œ Ñ≤_çH˜e`À QÆ∞kÌ =∞s #_çÑ≤™êÎ~°∞. DÜ«∞# ~°K«#Ö’x P`«‡ Self Respect.
K«i„`«, =∞~˘Hõ˜ *ÏfÜ«∞î"å^Œ K«i„`«. =∞#∞"å^Œ∞Å∞ D Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ· x=ã≤OKÕ       DÜ«∞# K«∂¿ã K«∂ѨÙÖ’ H˘`«Î^•i LOk. XHõ #∂º#`åÉèÏ"åxfl [~ÚOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ DÜ«∞#
„Ѩ[Å#∞ =~°‚, =∞`« ^Œ$HõÊ^ä•Å`À K«∂ã≤ ~å™êÎ~°∞. *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ∞Å∞ D            HõÅO ѨÏì~°∞. ' [#‡Éèí∂q∞ — DÜ«∞# HÍ~°ºˆH∆„`«O. ' =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ — DÜ«∞# x<å^ŒO.
Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ· Ѩ٘ì# "å~°O^Œifl ã¨=∞`«∞źOQÍ ÉèÏqOz ~å™êÎ~°∞. "≥Ú^Œ˜k         =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ∞ÖË HÍ^Œ∞, Éèí~°`«Éèí∂q∞x `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ J=Ú‡‰õΩO@∞#fl â◊‰õΩÎÅÃÑ·
J=∂#="å^Œ K«i„`« J~Ú`Õ, Ô~O_»=k =∂#="å^Œ K«i„`«. K«i„`« ~°K«#              áÈ~å_»∞`«∞#fl ™ê=∂lHõ â◊‰õΩÎÅx x~°∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. PÜ«∞# HõÖÏxH˜ L#fl =∞~À Ѩ^Œ∞#∞
ã¨`«ºx+¨ì`À ‰õÄ_»∞‰õΩ#flk. ™ê=∂lHõ ™êO㨯$uHõ Pi÷Hõ, `åuÎfiHõ JOâßÅ          authenticity. Uk K≥Ñ≤Ê<å, „Ѩ=∂}|^Œ÷OQÍ, K«i„`« xHõëÈѨÅOQÍ K≥|∞`å~°∞.
Ѩ@¡ âß„ã‘ÎÜ«∞ J=QÍǨÏ# ÖËx^Õ K«i„`« ~°K«# ™ê^茺O HÍ^Œ∞.                              PÜ« ∞ # ~° K « < å â‹ · e Ѩ i Ѩ H õ fi "≥ ∞ ÿ # k. `≥ Å ∞QÆ ∞ #∞_ç H Í~° O Ö’x ™⁄|QÆ ∞ ,
           ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£QÍ~°∞ *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞.          ѨÅ∞‰õΩ|_çÖ’x q<åfl}O PÜ«∞# ~°K«#‰õΩ „Ѩ"åǨÏjÅ`«#∞, „Ѩ[fiÅ# â◊H˜Îx `≥zÛOk.
=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ D <ÕÅ a_»¤Åx, *Ïu "å~°ã¨∞Åx, D ã¨Oã¨$¯u ѨÙ<å^Œ∞Å∞                The most irridict writer. *Ï˝#ѨÓ~°fiHõ"∞# PÜ«∞# Hõ^#OÖ’ ™êfi`«O„`«ºã¨=∞~°Ü∂^è∞Å∞
                                                                                                                               ≥ÿ                Œè ä                   ≥ Œ
"åi ™êǨÏ㨠K«~°ºÅ`À xi‡`«"≥∞ÿ#=x, D <ÕÅ "åi „â◊=∞â◊H˜Î ^•fi~å              tÖÏÊHõ$u ^•eÛ =∞# QÆ∞O_≥Å g∞^Œ #_»∞™êÎ~°∞. QÆ∞„~åÅ∞, U#∞QÆ∞Å∞, Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞, HõÏ~°∞¡,
DxO^Œx, D ^Õâ◊ Hõà◊Å∞ "åi =∞Ǩϟ#fl`« B^•~°ºO`À qHõã≤OKåÜ«∞x,               `«∞áê‰õΩÅ∞, Ѷ≤~°OQÆ∞ʼnõΩ Z^Œ∞~°∞ xÅ|_ç *ÏfÜ«∞`«#∞ „ѨHõ˜™êÎ~°∞. PÜ«Ú^èŒO Ѩ@∞ì‰õΩ#fl
D ~å[º=º=ã¨÷ "åi Hõ#∞ã¨#flÖ’¡ ѨiѨ¡qOzO^Œx, D <ÕÅ áÈ~åÏÅÖ’x               "å_»∞ Ѷ¨H©~å ? ã¨<åºã≤Ü«∂ ? J#flk HÍ^Œ∞. PÜ«∞# K«∂Ѩ٠=∂„`«O ^Õâ◊O HÀã¨O
~°HõÎ „ã¨=O`«∞Å∞ "åi ^ÕǨÏO #∞O_ç „ã¨qOz#=x, ™ê~°OQÍ D =∞˜ì               áÈ~å_»∞`«∞<åfl_® ? ÖË^• ? J<Õ. Brilliant insight #j~üÖ’ HõxÊã¨∞ÎOk. ÔQiÖÏ¡ áÈ~å@O
#∞O_ç Ѩ٘ì# "å~°∞, D =∞˜ì HÀã¨O `啺QÆѨÓi`«OQÍ rq`åÅ#∞                 [iy#ѨÙÊ_»∞ PÜ«∞<Õ HõO^ŒHÍÅ∞ fã¨∂Î, PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ ‰õÄ~°∞Û`«∂, ã¨=∂Kå~°O JOkã¨∂Î
^è•~°áÈ™ê~°x PÜ«∞# 㨄Ѩ=∂}OQÍ, ™êkèHÍiHõOQÍ F Ü≥∂^èŒ∞xQÍ                  â◊„`«∞ xˆ~ƒù^Œº"≥∞ÿ# HÀ@Å g∞^Œ ^•_ç KÕã¨∞Î<åfl_® ? JxÊã¨∞ÎOk. It's not just writing.
x~°∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î "≥à◊`å~°∞.                                                      It's deep involvement. #j~ü QÍix <Õ#∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ K«^Œ=ÖËHõ áÈÜ«∂#∞. D ÉèÏ~°`«
            rq`åxfl, ™ê=∂lHõ K«i„`«#∞ ã¨=∞#fi~ÚOKÕ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ #j~ü             ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O : =Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞ ZÅ¡_»ÖÏ ##∞fl XHõ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_çQÍ =∂iÛ"Õã≤Ok.
QÍ~°∞ <Õ˜q©H˜ PÜ«Ú=Ù áÈ™êÎ~°∞. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ =O^Œ‰õΩ                <Õ#∞ KåÖÏ™ê~°∞¡ TÑ≤~°∞¡ Ñ‘ÖÏÛ#∞. Ñ≤_çH˜à◊√§ ayOKå#∞. ^•ã¨º q=ÚH˜Î áÈ~å@ g~°∞Ö’¡
=O^Œáêà◊√§ D ^Õâ◊"åã¨∞ÖË##flk PÜ«∞# ã≤^•úO`«O. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’x              =∞#efl `å^•`«‡O KÕÜ«∞QÆey# XHõ Q˘Ñ¨Ê ~°K«<å „Hõ=∞O, tÅÊ <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO WO^Œ∞Ö’
„Ѩu áÈ~å@O "åi ~°∞kè~° `«~°Ê}ÖËHõ [~°QÆÖË^Œx PÜ«∞# "å^ŒO.                 =∞#‰õΩ HõxÊã¨∞ÎOk. D ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’x Ѷ¨H©~ü Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å =∞Ǩ¿ã<åx =∞Efl ëê Ѷ¨H©~ü J~Ú<å,
ÉèÏ~°fÜ«Ú_»O>Ë Z=~°∞ ? ^ÕâßxH˜, ^Õâ◊ ~°Hõ∆}‰õΩ, ^Õâ◊ Éèíq`«"åºxH˜          Ѷ≤~°OwÜ«ÚÅ g∞^Œ u~°QÆ|_»¤ =Ǩa ѨÙe g∞~ü x™êû~ü Jb J~Ú<å, Ѷ¨~ål L^Œº=∞ <Õ`«
Jã¨∞=ÙÅ∞ JiÊOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ Z=~°∞ "≥#∞HÍ_»~À "åˆ~ Jx K≥¿ÑÊ@ѨÙÊ_»∞,             ^Œ∂^Œ∞ q∞Ü«∂ HÍx, â◊`åÉÏÌxH˜ ÃÑ·QÍ =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ g∞^Œ áÈ~å_ç# =∞ÅÉÏ~°∞ "≥∂áê¡Å
1770 „áêO`«OÖ’ „a©+π `«∞áêH˜ QÆ∞O_»¡‰õΩ XˆH™êi „áê}ÏÅiÊOz#                „Ѩuxkè =∞øbfi Jb =Úã¨ûeÜ«∂~ü QÍx, JÇ≤ÏO™êÜ«Ú^èŒO`À „a©+¨~°¡#∞ `«iq∞H˘˜ì#
150 =∞Ok ɡOQÍÖò =Úã≤¡O Ѷ¨H©~°¡ L^ŒO`åxfl =∞# =ÚO^Œ∞Oz,                    Ѩ~îå<£ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_»∞ MÏ<£ J|∞ÌÖò QÆá¶ê~ü MÏ<£ HÍx =∞#efl P=Ç≤Ï™êÎ~°∞. P áÈ~åÏÅÖ’x
WѨÙÊ_»∞ K≥ѨÊO_ç, Z=~°∞ x["≥∞ÿ# ^Õâ◊Éèí‰õΩÎÖ’ Jx J_»∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. It     Ü≥∂^èŒ∞ÅO`å, `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ =∞# "≥∞^Œà◊§‰õΩ Ѩ˜ì# `«∞ѨÙÊ#∞ "åi HõuÎ Ñ≤_»∞Å`À =^ŒÅQ˘˜ì
is true. It is relevant. D ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâßxfl Pf‡Ü«∞O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl                =∞#efl QÆ∞é]Ѩٙêfii KÕ~Ú™êÎ~°∞. Pf‡Ü«∞`« HÀã¨O, =ºH˜Î`«fiO HÀã¨O, *ÏfÜ«∞`« HÀã¨O,
"åiÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ "≥Ú^Œ˜ ™ê÷#OÖ’H˜ =™êÎ~°∞. D Ô~O_»= „Ѩâ◊fl #j~ü             =∂`«$`«fiO HÀã¨O, =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ HÀã¨O =∞#efl Ü«Ú^èŒÌ ã¨#fl^Œ∞úÅ#∞ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. P<å˜
„ѨuÉèí‰õΩ w@∞~å~Ú. ~°K«~Ú`« QÆ∞O_≥Ö’¡ ^•y=Ù#fl Jyæ =∞O@‰õΩ W^˘Hõ           „a©+π ™ê„=∂[º"å^Œ∞Å g∞^Œ áÈ~å_ç# `åºQÍÅ #∞O_ç Ѩ٘ì# =∞#O D<å˜ ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞
L^•Ç¨Ï~°} =∂„`«"Õ∞.                                                        ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO g∞^Œ áÈ~å_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ <≥·uHõâ◊H˜Î x™êÎ~°∞. We are not just soldiers,
           ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊ K«i„`« ZO`À `«"åfieûOk, ZO`À ѨÓ_®Ûeû=ÙO^Œ#fl         we are warriors and liberators also.
=∂@ x[O. ~°K«~Ú`« D Ѩxx ã¨=∞~°÷=O`«OQÍ KÕâß~°∞ HÍ|>Ëì PÜ«∞#                          #j~ü =∞# Éèí∞*ÏÅÃÑ· Ô~O_»∞ KÕ`«∞Å∞ "Õã≤ TѨÙ`«∞#fl@∞ì JxÊã¨∞ÎOk. =∞#
P^èŒ∞xHõ ÉèÏ~°`« K«i„`«HÍ~°∞_çQÍ =∞# =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ =KåÛ~°∞. He is a
Ô~·`«∞Å#∞ Ñ‘_çOz#, =∞# ‰õΩÅ, KÕu =$uÎ^•~°∞Å#∞ ǨÏiOz#, =∞# Éèí∂=ÚÅ#∞
P„Hõq∞Oz#, =∞# „ã‘ÎÅ#∞ J==∂#ѨiÛ# „a©+π ™ê„=∂[º"å^Œ∞Å g∞^Œ P<å_»∞ =∞#
=Úã≤¡O áÈ~å@Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å ™êyOz# áÈ~åÏÅ L^ŒO`åÅ#∞ Hõà◊§‰õΩ Hõ˜ì#@∞ì q=iã¨∂Î,
                                                                                                     1
D<å˜ ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞ ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ PkèѨ`åºxH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ „Ѩ*Ï™ê=∞º Ö∫H˜Hõ ^Œ$HõÊ^äŒO`À                            „a©+¨~°¡ g∞^Œ `˘e u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ ÉÏ=ÙÏ ZQÆ∞~°"Õã≤# ɡ|∞ƒÅ∞Å∞
=∞#O áÈ~å_®eû# ÉÏ^茺`« ÖË^•? JO@∂ =∞~°‡OQÍ „Ѩtfl™êÎ~°∞. <å˜ K«i„`« *Ï˝Ñ¨HÍÅ`À
<Õ ˜ ã¨=∂*Ïxfl ‰õΩ^Œ∞ѨÙ`«∂ PÜ«∞# #_»∞™êÎ~°∞. XHõ¯=∂@Ö’ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë Alex Haily
~åã≤# ROOTS ‰õΩ L#fl â◊H˜Î DÜ«∞# ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O : =Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞
                                                                                                                          ɡOQÍÖò Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡
‰õΩ LOk. D ѨÙ㨨ÎHÍxˆH HÍ^Œ∞, PÜ«∞# ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ                                                              1763–1800
ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl ^Œ$jºHõiã¨∂Î =∞#HõOkOz# „Ѩu ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’ J â◊H˜Î #~°‡QÆ~°ƒù"≥∞ÿOk.
PÜ«∞# P"Õ^Œ#, PÜ«∞# ã¨OѶ¨∞~°¬} PÜ«∂ ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅÖ’Oz, =∞#efl ѨÅHõiOKÕ áê„`«Ö’¡Oz
=∞#‰õΩ qxÊ™êÎ~°∞.
                 PÜ«∞# x[rq`«OÖ’H˜ =¿ãÎ, PÜ«∞# Ѩ٘ì# <å˜ #∞O_Õ ã¨OѶ¨∞i¬`«∞_»∞. PÜ«∞#
J^茺ܫ∞#O, PÜ«∞# ~°K«#, ^Œ$jºHõ~°}, ã¨=∂*Ïxfl á¶È’ fÜ«∞_»O ^ŒQÆæ~° #∞O_ç ZH±ûˆ~
fã≤ ™ê¯xOQ∑ KÕ¿ã ^•HÍ ZkyOk. PÜ«∞# „Ѩu JHõ∆~°O "≥#∞Hõ XHõ Ѷ‘eOQ∑ò LOk.
P"Õ^Œ# LOk. D ã¨=∂*Ïxfl ѨÙ#ifli‡OKÕ „Hõ=∞OÖ’<Õ K≥|∞`å~åÜ«∞#. <Õ#∞ PÜ«∞##∞
K«i„`« ~°K«~Ú`«QÍ K«∂_»ÖËHõáÈ`«∞<åfl#∞. D ã¨=∂*Ïxfl ѨÙ#i‡OKÕ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_»∞ HÍ"åe.
=∞ǨÏ`å‡ Ñ¶¨ÓÖË, ã¨~ü ã¨Ü«∞º^£ JǨÏ=∞‡^£, _®Hõì~ü JOÉË^Œ¯~ü, ÃÑiÜ«∂~ü, g~°O^Œ~°∂ K«i„`«
~°K«~Ú`«ÖË HÍ^Œ∞, K«i„`«#∞ ѨÙ#ifli‡Oz# "å~°∞ ‰õÄ_®.
                 =∞`«O =ºH˜Îx xi‡ã¨∞ÎOk, K«i„`« *Ïux xi‡ã¨∞ÎOk. =∞`«O ¿Ñ~°∞`À *Ïux
J}˜z"Õã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. PO^Œ∞HÍÜ«∞# Zxfl ~å„`«∞Å∞ x„^ŒáÈÖË^À ! Zxfl "Õ^Œ#Å∞ PÜ«∞#
QÆ∞O_≥Å#∞ `˘eKåÜ≥∂ ! =∞# Hõà◊§ =ÚO^Õ Zxfl Hõ@ì_®Å∞ ‰õÄeáÈ`«∞<åfl~Ú ! ZO`«
K«i„`« ÉèíQÆfl=∞ø`ÀOk ! Now it is irrelevant JOÏ~åÜ«∞#. To built and to
rebuilt JOÏ~°∞. ' <Õ#∞ ~°K«~Ú`«<Õ HÍ^Œ∞. Ü«Ú^Œú Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_çfl ‰õÄ_®. <å *Ïu Ѩ@¡,
<å^Õâ◊O Ѩ@¡, <å „Ñ¨[ŠѨ@¡ <Õ#∞ „¿Ñq∞‰õΩ_çfl, QÍ_è» „¿Ñq∞‰õΩ_çfl. P „Ѩ*ÏhHõO q=ÚH˜Î
HÀã¨O <Õ#∞ HõÅO Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_çfl J=Ù`«∞<åfl#∞ — Jx x#kã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. PÜ«∞# HõÅO ~åeÛ#
WO‰õΩ K«∞Hõ¯Å‰õΩ, ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâßxfl Ѩ~å~Ú áêʼnõΩÅ Hõ|O^èŒ Ç¨Ï™êÎÅ #∞O_ç =∂`«$^Õâßxfl
q=ÚHõÎO KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ áÈ~°∞ÉÏ@ #_çz, PyflÜ«ÚQÍxH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ "Õã≤# =∞Efl ëê Ѷ¨H©~ü,                                  WO_çÜ«∂      g∞^Œ „w‰õΩÅ∞, â߉õΩºÅ∞, Ü«∞=#∞Å∞, ‰õΩëê}∞Å∞, Ǩ˙}∞Å∞,
g∞~ü x™êû~ü Jb, ^Œ∂^Œ∞ q∞Ü«∂, =∞øbfi Jb =Úã¨ûeÜ«∂~ü `«k`«~°∞Å∞ ~åeÛ# ~°HõÎѨ٠                      `«k`«~°∞Å∞ ^ŒO_»Ü«∂„`«Å∞ KÕ™ê~°∞. D QÆ_»¤#∞ [~ÚOz# q*Ë`«ÅÖ’ J`«ºkè‰õΩÅ∞,
K«∞Hõ¯Å‰õΩ U=∂„`«O `Õ_® ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œin ¿ãfiKèåÛù–™êfi`«O„`åºÅ HÀã¨O ™êy# q=ÚH˜Î                       ™ê÷x‰õΩÅ`À Hõeã≤áÈ~Ú<å ѨÅ∞=Ù~°∞ uiy `«=∞ ã¨fi^ÕâßʼnõΩ "≥o§áÈÜ«∂~°∞. JÖÏ
áÈ~å@"Õ∞. ' D ^Õâßxfl `åHõ@∞ì ÃÑ>Ëì â◊‰õΩÎÅ ÃÑ·<å <å ѨÓsfi‰õΩÖÏ¡ áÈ~å_»∞`å#∞. P                     "≥o§áÈ~Ú#"å~°∞ D Éèí∂q∞x ã¨fiã¨÷ÅOQÍ ÉèÏqOK«ÖË^Œ∞. D <ÕÅ#∞ ÔQÅ∞K«∞‰õΩ#fl Éèí∂q∞QÍ<Õ
HõxfiHõ¬<£ <å‰õΩOk — JOÏ~åÜ«∞#.                                                                    ÉèÏqOz# HÍ~°}OQÍ WHõ¯_ç ã¨OѨ^Œ, ™œÉèÏQͺxfl JOk#O`« ^ÀK«∞‰õΩx áÈÜ«∂~°∞.
                 x[O K≥ѨÊ=∞OÏ~å ? D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO K«^Œ∞=Ù`«∞#flO`« ¿ãѨ٠<Õ<˘Hõ ™êfi`«O„`«º                      P `«~°∞"å`« =∞^茺 Ü«ÚQÍÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜OK«|_»∞`«∞#fl HÍÅOÖ’ =Úã≤¡O áêʼnõΩÅ∞
㨨=∞~° Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_çÖÏ ™êfis KÕâß#∞. <Õ<˘Hõ *Ï˝# *’ºuQÍ "≥Å∞Q˘O^•#∞. <Õ<˘Hõ K«i„`«                     D <ÕÅ g∞^Œ J_»∞QÆ∞ÃÑÏì~°∞. ѨÅ∞ q[Ü«∂Å∞ ™êkèOKåHõ WHõ¯_Õ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_®¤~°∞. D <ÕÅ#∞
x~å‡`«QÍ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ Hõ^Œ∞Å∞`«∞<åfl#∞. g∞~°∂ <å`À #_»∞™êÎ~å ? ~°O_ç. =∞# =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞x                 `«=∞ ã¨fiO`«QÆ_»¤QÍ ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. ã¨∞=∂~°∞ "≥~Úº ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ áêÅ# KÕã≤# áêʼnõΩÅ
~° H ˜ ∆ O K« ∞ ‰õ Ω O^•O. =∞~À ™êfi`« O „`« º áÈ~åÏxH˜ ˆ H Hõ " Õ ã ¨ ∂ Î # fl ã¨ Ü « ∞ º^£ #j~ü   J<ÕHõ =OâßÅ∞ D =∞˜ìÖ’ Ѩ٘ì, D =∞˜ìÖ’ ÃÑiy, D =∞˜ìÖ’ Hõeã≤áÈÜ«∂~Ú.
PǨÏ=∞‡^£`Àáê@∞QÍ...<Õ#∞....g∞~°∞.....=∞#O.                                                        „a©+¨~°¡ Mˇ·nQÍ, ~°OQÆ∂<£ *ˇ·Å∞Ö’ QÆ_çÑ≤# z=i "≥ÚQÆÖò K«„Hõ=iÎ |Ǩï^Œ∂Ì~ü ëê [Ѷ¨~ü,
                                                                                                   D ÉèÏ=##∞ `«# Hõq`«Ö’ =ºHõÎOKÕ™ê_»∞. '... [Ѷ¨~ü h"≥O`« ^Œ∞~°^Œ$+¨ì=O`«∞_çq~å !
15                                ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞             ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£                                                                             16
#∞"≥fiO`«QÍ<À „¿Ñq∞Oz# =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞Ö’ h ã¨=∂kè HÀã¨O Hõhã¨O Ô~O_»∞ QÆ*ÏÅ <ÕÖˇ·<å                Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑh J#∞ã¨iOK«@O „áê~°OaèOzOk. ‰õΩÅ=$`«∞ÎÅ∞, KÕu=$`«∞ÎÅ∞,
q∞QÆÅÖË^∞ h‰õΩ ...—. ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ∂#∂, `å#∂ Ѩ٘ì ÃÑiy# D =∞˜Ö’ HõÅã≤áÈ"åÅ#∞‰õΩ#fl
           Œ                                                        ì                         =º=™êÜ«∞‰õÄbÅ r=#O f„= ã¨OH∆ÀÉèÏxH˜ QÆ∞Ô~·Ok. HõOÃÑh J#∞ã¨iã¨∞Î#fl ZQÆ∞=∞u –
|Å"≥∞ÿ# HÀiHõ fˆ~ J=HÍâ◊O ÖËHõáÈ=@O`À |Ǩï^Œ∂Ì~ü ëê [Ѷ¨~ü D "Õ∞~°‰õΩ `«#                     kQÆ∞=∞u q^è•<åÅ∞ ^ÕjÜ«∞ =~°ÎHõ–"å}˜*ϺʼnõΩ Q˘_»¤eÃÑ@∞ìQÍ `«Ü«∂~°Ü«∂º~Ú. D
ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂"Õ^Œ##∞ =ºH©ÎHõiOKå_»∞.                                                              Éè í Ü « ∞ OHõ ~ ° Ѩ i ã≤ ÷ ` « ∞ ʼnõ Ω `À_» ∞ QÍ =_ô ¤ "åºáê~° ∞ Å∞ J`« º kè H õ =_ô ¤ Å `À „Ѩ [ Å#∞
               =~°ÎHõO ¿Ñi@ D <ÕÅ g∞^Œ HÍÅ∞Ãјì# „a©+¨~°∞¡, ™ê÷xHõ „ѨÉèí∞=ÙÅ#∞             ^ÀK«∞HÀ™êQÍ~°∞. „QÍg∞} =º=ã¨÷ Z^Œ∞~˘¯O@∞#fl ^Œ∞~°ƒù~° Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ U=∂„`«O
„Hõ=∞„Hõ=∞OQÍ Ñ¨~å[Ü«∞O áêÖË˚ã¨∂Î, D Éèí∂ÉèÏQÍxfl ǨÏã¨ÎQÆ`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. ã¨∞=∂~°∞         ѨiQÆ}#Ö’xH˜ fã¨∞HÀ‰õΩO_® JOk#O`« Ô~q#∂º ~å|@∞ìHÀ"åÅ#fl UÔH·Hõ ^Œ$+≤ì`À HõOÃÑh
Ô~O_»∞ =O^ŒÅ UO_»∞¡ áêÅ# ™êyOz#ѨʘH©, D <ÕÅ#∞ `«=∞ ^Õâ◊OQÍ „a©+¨~°∞¡                       JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ „‰õÄ~°OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOK«™êQÍ~°∞. J`«ºkèHõ Ô~q#∂º#∞ =ã¨∂Å∞KÕã≤ ÃÑ>Ëì #∂`«#
U<å_»∞ ÉèÏqOK«ÖË^Œ∞. D QÆ_»¤#∞ =Å㨠HÍÅhQÍ =∂„`«"Õ∞ ѨiQÆ}˜OKå~°∞. D ^Õâ◊O                    [g∞O^•~°∞Å#∞ xÜ«∞q∞Oz, PkèHõ Ô~q#∂º =ã¨∂à◊§‰õΩ =∞ixfl J=HÍâßÅ∞, JkèHÍ~åÅ∞
`«=∞k HÍ^Œ∞ Hõ#∞Hõ, WHõ¯_» #∞O_ç JOk#O`« `«~°eOK«∞‰õΩáÈ=@O „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞.                    HõeÊOz „Ѩ[Å g∞^Œ‰õΩ ѨÙiH˘ÖÏÊ~°∞.
Éèí∂ã¨OѨ^Œ`Àáê@∞ Éèí∂q∞ Ѩل`«∞Å ™œÉèÏQͺxfl ‰õÄ_® ѨÅ∞ =∂~åæÅ ^•fi~å ^ÀK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.                          D Ѩiã≤`∞ʼnõΩ `À_»∞QÍ P<å_»∞ ^è•i‡Hõ „ѨKå~°OQÍqã¨∂Î ^Õâ=∞O`«Ï u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂
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Éèí∂q∞ P^è•~°OQÍ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# D ^ÀÑ≤_ô Jxfl ~°OQÍʼnõΩ Jxfl =~åæʼnõΩ „Ѩ[Å =~°‰õΩ              QÆ_ç¿Ñ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞ʼnõΩ ѨÓ~°fiѨ٠áêʼnõΩÅ∞ HõeÊOz# Lz`« Éèí∂q∞ ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂Å#∞,
™êyOk.                                                                                        „ѨKå~° ™œHõ~åºÅ#∞ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ ǨÏiOz"ÕÜ«∞@O „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. ã¨fi^Õj „ѨÉèí∞=ÙÅ∞
             „a©+¨~°∞¡ ~åHõ=ÚO^Œ∞ "≥ÚQÆÖò Ô~q#∂º Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å „ѨHÍ~°O Éèí∂q∞H˜ Ô~·`«∞ P™êq∞.   ã¨O„Hõq∞OѨ KÕã≤# Éèí∂=ÚÅ#∞ uiy ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞HÀ=@OQÍh, ÖË^• P`«ºkèHõ Ô~q#∂º
~°Hõ∆} HõeÊã¨∞Î#flO^Œ∞# ѨO@Ö’ ÉèÏQÍxfl Ô~·`«∞Å∞ áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ ã¨=∞iÊOKÕ"å~°∞. ~å[ÉèÏQÆO           Hõ@ì=∞xQÍh "ÕkèOK«™êQÍ~°∞. P<å˜ áêʼnõΩÅ Éèí∂iq~åàÏÖ`À, Éèí∂=ÚÅ ^•fi~å ÅaèOKÕ
K≥e¡ã¨∞Î#flO`« HÍÅO Ô~·`«∞#∞ Éèí∂q∞ #∞O_ç `˘ÅyOKÕ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯ ~åA‰õÄ LO_Õk HÍ^Œ∞. D                P^•Ü«∞O`À ^è•i‡Hõ „ѨKå~°O KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂, U~åÊ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl ^è•i‡Hõ =º=ã¨÷Å =∞#∞QÆ_»‰õΩ
q+¨Ü∂xfl Mr. Narahari Kaviraj `«# Wahabi and Farazi Rebels of Bengal „QO^äOÖ’
      «                                                                               Æ Œ     HõOÃÑh KÕѨ˜ì# =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ #+¨ª^•Ü«∞Hõ=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. D K«~°ºÅ∞ ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞–Ѷ¨H©~°¡
D q^èOQÍ ¿Ñ~˘fl<åfl~°∞. ' ...remuneration of sovereignty or returns for the care
        Œ                                                                                     P„QÆǨ"ÕâßʼnõΩ HÍ~°}=∞Ü«∂º~Ú.
of royalty i.e, the protection the king was to give to the life and security of the
raiyat. So the king was supposed to posses no rights of property in land be-
                                                                                              ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~° H∆Í=∞O
yond a definite share of its produce....—.                                                                     1769–70Ö’ ɡOQÍÖò `«k`«~° „áêO`åÅÖ’ =zÛ# ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~°õ H∆Í=∞O [#
                                                                                              rq`åÅ#∞ J`«ÖωõΩ`«ÅO KÕã≤Ok. PHõe^ŒÑ¨CʼnõΩ `åà◊ÖËHõ ÉèÏs ã¨OYºÖ’ „Ѩ[Å∞ W`«~°
                                             ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ J#∞=ÙQÍ Ô~q#∂º q^è•<åÅ∞                 „áêO`åʼnõΩ =Å㨠"≥àϧ~°∞. Pã≤Îáêã¨∞ÎÅ#∞ J=Ú‡HÀ=@"Õ∞HÍHõ =∞#∞+¨µÅ#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOK«@O
          „a©+¨~°∞¡ D Ô~q#∂º =º=ã¨÷#∞ `«=∞ ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ =∂~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.              ‰õÄ_® [iyOk. =∞#∞+¨µÖË =∞#∞+¨µÅ#∞ Ñ‘‰õΩ¯u<Õ ^•~°∞} Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∞ U~°Ê_®¤~Ú.
áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ, Ô~·`«∞‰õΩ =∞^茺# ~å[ÉèÏQÆO =ã¨∂Å∞KÕ¿ã =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞, â◊‰õΩÎÅ#∞ ~°OQƄѨ"Õâ◊O         =¸_À=O`«∞ „Ѩ[Å∞ „áê}ÏÅ∞ q_çKå~°∞. P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ ‰õÄ_® HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞,
KÕ~ÚOKå~°∞. `«=∞ KÕ`«∞ʼnõΩ =∞˜ì JO@‰õΩO_® Ô~·`«∞ Hõëêìxfl Ѩ˜ìOK«∞HÀ‰õΩO_® JOk#O`«           [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞ Ô~·`«∞ʼnõΩ Ô~q#∂º =ã¨∂à◊§ q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ U=∂„`«O q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨÙÅ∞
`«~°eOK«∞‰õΩx áÈ"åÅ#fl ^èÀ~°}˜`À =∞^茺=iÎH˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKå~°∞. ~å[ÉèÏQÆO                    W=fiHõáÈQÍ =∞iO`« ^•~°∞}OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKå~°∞. POˆQ¡Ü«∞ JkèHÍi W.W. Hunter
=ã¨∂Å∞ Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å#∞ „Hõ=∞OQÍ =∂~°∞Û`«∂, Ô~·`«∞‰õΩ Éèí∂q∞ g∞^Œ QÆŠǨωõΩ¯Å#∞                   `«# „QÆO^äŒO The Annals of Rural Bengal (1770-1771) Ö’, P<å˜ ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~°
ǨÏiOz"Õã¨∂Î, HÀi#O`« Ô~q#∂º ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°ÛQÆÅ [g∞O^•~°∞ʼnõΩ P ǨωõΩ¯Å#∞ ^è•~å^Œ`«ÎO             Ѩ i ã≤ ÷ ` « ∞ Å#∞ q=iOKå~° ∞ . '...Hõ ~ ° ∞ =٠Ѩ i ã≤ ÷ u „Ѩ [ Å#∞ Jxfl ~° H ÍÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨  ˜ ì
KÕâß~°∞. 1765Ö’ ɡOQÍÖò ' k"åh — Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑh ǨÏã¨ÎQÆ`«"≥∞ÿ# `«~°∞"å`«,               Ñ‘_çã¨∞Î#fl ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ 35 âß`«O „Ѩ[Å∞, 50 âß`«O Ô~·`«∞Å∞ <åâ◊#"≥∞ÿáÈQÍ,
D Ѩiã≤÷u =∞iO`« L^èŒ$`«"≥∞ÿOk. Ô~·`«∞ K≥e¡OKåeû# Ô~q#∂º#∞ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞                    HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ =∂„`«O `«yæOKåeû# Ô~q#∂º#∞, 5 âß`«O ‰õÄ_® `«yæOK«HõáÈQÍ
J#∂ǨϺOQÍ ÃÑOKå~°∞. ( "...It is now generally recognised that main thrust of the                                                   ..—
                                                                                              10 âß`«O ÃÑOK«@O [iyO^Œ...— x PÜ«∞# ¿Ñ~˘¯#_®xfl |˜ì JO`«˜ ÉèíÜ«∂#Hõ
East India Company particularly after assumption of diwani in 1765 was to                     Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® „a©+¨~°∞¡ ZO`« ~åHõ∆ã¨OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKå~À J~°÷=∞ø`«∞Ok. D
enhance the land revenue of the province..." - Regional Economy in Eastern
                                                                                              Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ J=HÍâ◊OQÍ KÕã¨∞‰õΩx =∞Ǩ[#∞Å∞ ( =_ô¤ "åºáê~°∞Å∞) , [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞,
India - II. by B. Choudary)
                                                                                              JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ „a©+π =~°Î‰õΩÅ∞, Ô~·`«∞Å#∞, „Ѩ[Å#∞ Ñ‘eÛ Ñ≤Ñ≤Ê KÕÜ«∞™êQÍ~°∞.
           D Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∞ „QÍg∞} „áêO`åʼnõΩ „áê}ÏO`«Hõ=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. Ô~·`«∞ rq`«O                                     P Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∞ Ѷ¨H©~°¡ – ã¨<åºã¨∞Å áÈ~åÏʼnõΩ TÑ≤i áÈâß~Ú. Ñ‘_»#‰õΩ
^Œ∞~°ƒù~°OQÍ =∂iOk. „QÍg∞} PiúHõ=º=ã¨÷#∞ zè<åflaè#flO KÕ¿ã "å}˜[º Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å#∞                   =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ „Ѩ[Å Jã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î, Jã¨Ç¨Ï#O, P„QÆǨÏO #∞O_ç u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞¡ ~°QÆ∞Å∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú.
17                           ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞              ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£                                                          18
„a©+¨~°¡ÃÑ· `˘e u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞QÍ MϺuQÍOz# D L^Œº=∞O 1761Ö’ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞                     ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞Û‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°#fl <≥ѨO`À HõOÃÑh |ÅQÍÅ∞ ^•_ç [iÑ≤, L`«û=OÖ’ HÍÅ∞ÊÅ∞
ÉÏ=ÙÏ ZQÆ∞~°"Õã≤Ok. D áÈ~å@OÖ’ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞, =Úã≤¡O Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ KÕ`«∞Å∞              [iáê~°∞. D HÍÅ∞ÊÅÖ’ 150=∞Ok Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ =∞~°}˜OKå~°∞.
HõeÑ≤ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅÃÑ· ^èŒfi["≥∞`åÎ~°∞. ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞Hõ"≥∞ÿ# PÜ«Ú^è•Å`À „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ                 D ã¨OѶ¨∞@# ~°yeÛ# P„QÆǨÏ*ÏfiÅÅ #∞O_ç ѨÙ@∞ìH˘KåÛ~°∞, Ѷ¨H©~°¡ =∞Ǩ¿ã<åx
P^èŒ∞xHõ PÜ«Ú^è•Å#∞ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞ÛH˘x „a©+π `˘`«∞ÎÖˇ·# [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞, JkèHÍ~°∞Å#∞             =∞Efl ëê Ѷ¨H©~ü. JѨʘˆH „a©+¨~°¡ K«~°ºÅ‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å_»∞`«∞#fl Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡
ã¨"åÖò KÕâß~°∞. „Ѩ[Å g∞^Œ Ñ‘_»# ZHõ¯_≥·`Õ ÃÑiyO^À JHõ¯_»ÖÏ¡ „Ѩ`«ºHõ∆=∞ø`«∂ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡,   „ѨfH͈~K«Ûù`À =∞Ǩã¨O„QÍ=∂xH˜ PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ KÕ`« ѨÏì~°∞. „Ѩ[Å#∞, ѨÓ~°fiѨÙ
ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞ „Ѩ[Å =∞#fl# á⁄O^Œ™êQÍ~°∞. D u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@¡Ö’ „Ѩ[Å∞ J`«ºkèHõOQÍ                   [g∞O^•~°∞Å#∞ ‰õÄ_»QÆ@ì@O P~°OaèOKå~°∞. ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ ÖËYÅ∞ ~å™ê~°∞.
áêÖÁæ#@O`À D u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞¡ HÍ™êÎ „Ѩ*Ï áÈ~åÏÅ∞QÍ =∂iáÈÜ«∂~Ú.                              =∞`«O`À, =∞`« ^Œ$HõÊ^èŒO`À „Ѩ"Õ∞Ü«∞O ÖˉõΩO_® ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩŠѨ@¡ Q“~°"åxfl
                                                  áÈ~å@ g~°∞_»∞ =∞Efl ëê Ѷ¨H©~ü           „ѨHõ˜OKå~°∞. '...QÆ`« ã¨O=`«û~°O xëê¯~°}OQÍ 150 Ѷ¨H©~°¡#∞ |e fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞
             D áÈ~å@OÖ’ Ѷ¨H©~°¡‰õΩ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO =Ç≤ÏOz# =∞Ǩ¿ã<åx =∞Efl ëê Ѷ¨H©~ü.       ...—,
                                                                                          ... JO@∂ P <å˜ ÉèíÜ«∂#Hõ ã¨OѶ¨∞@##∞ Éèí"åx =∞Ǩ~å}˜H˜ q=iã¨∂Î, 1772 Ö’
PÜ«∞##∞ =∞OEëê Jx ‰õÄ_® „Ѩ[Å∞ Ñ≤Å∞K«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. ɡOQÍÖò Ѩ~Q}ÏÅÖ’x HÍ#∂Ê~°∞
                                                                  °Æ                      ~åã≤# ÖËYÖ’ =∞Efl ëê P"≥∞ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~åÅ∞ HÀ~å~°∞. ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞–Ѷ¨H©~°¡ áÈ~å@O
ã¨g∞áê#QÆÅ =∂Y<£Ñ¨Ó~ü „QÍ=∞ x"åã≤. „a©+¨~°¡#∞ `˘_»Q˘˜ì ã¨"åÖòKÕã≤ ѨÅ∞=∂~°∞¡            1761Ö’ Pq~°ƒùqOz#ѨʘH©, P <å˜ „QÍg∞} „Ѩ[Å Ô~·`«∞Å W`«~° =~åæÅ „Ѩ[Å
Ѩ~ål`«∞Å#∞ KÕã≤ HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞Å QÆ∞O_≥Ö’¡ QÆ∞|∞Å∞ Ѩ٘ìOz# =∞Efl ëê, ^è•i‡Hõ            r=# ã≤úuQÆ`«∞Å#∞ áêʼnõΩÅ∞ q+¨=∞Ü«∞O KÕã≤# f~°∞, ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~° H∆Í=∞OÖ’ ‰õÄ_®
=º=™ê÷Ѩ~°OQÍ K«∂¿ãÎ ' =∞^•i — ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∂xH˜ K≥Ok# Ѷ¨H©~ü. =∞^•i `≥QÆÖ’                 JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ Hõ~°¯â◊OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOz# f~°∞`≥#∞flÅ∞, Ѷ¨H©~°¡#∞ |e fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl H˜~å`«Hõ
Ñ‘~ü–=Ús^£ ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ „Ѩ^è•#O. ' Ñ‘~ü— JO>Ë QÆ∞~°∞=Ù. ''=Ús^£— JO>Ë t+¨µº_»∞.
                                                             =Ús^£                        ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∞ J@∞ Ѷ¨H©~°¡#∞, W@∞ ã¨<åºã¨∞Å#∞, ѨÅ∞ =~åæÅ „Ѩ[Å#∞, ѨÓ~°fiѨÙ
Ñ‘~ü–=Ús^£Å ã¨O|O^èŒO JO>Ë QÆ∞~°∞– t+¨µºÅ ã¨O|O^èŒ=∞#fl=∂@. D ã¨O|O^èŒO                    [g∞O^•~°∞Å#∞ UHõO KÕ™ê~Ú. =∂`«$^Õâ◊O #∞O_ç Ѷ≤~°OwÅ#∞ `«iq∞"ÕÜ«∞@O ^•fi~å
^è•i‡Hõ"≥∞ÿ#k Hõ#∞Hõ KåÖÏ |Å"≥∞ÿOk. QÆ∞~°∞=Ù P^Õt¿ãÎ `«=∞ ^èŒ# =∂# „áê}ÏÅ#∞               =∂„`«"Õ∞ `«=∞ WHõ¯@∞¡ `˘ÅQÆ∞`åÜ«∞x, ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ Ѩiëê¯~°O HÍQÆÅ=x „Ѩ[Å∞
JiÊOK«_®xH˜ t+¨µºÅ∞ ã¨~°fi^• ã≤^ŒúOQÍ LOÏ~°∞. ^è•i‡Hõ QÆ∞~°∞=ÙÖˇ·# Ñ‘~ü Ѩ@¡              ÉèÏqOKå~°∞.
=Ús^Œ∞Å∞ J`«ºO`« ÉèíH˜ÎÉèÏ=O Hõey LOÏ~°∞. QÆ∞~°∞=ÙÅ =∂@ t+¨µºÅ‰õΩ t~À^è•~°ºO.            [q∂~°∞nÌ<£ ^Œ¿Ñ¶^•~ü ~°K«#
QÆ∞~°∞=ÙÅ ã≤÷~° x"å㨠„áêO`åÅ∞ t+¨µºÅ‰õΩ Ѩ~°=∞ ѨÙ}ºˆH∆„`åÅ∞. „Ѩu ã¨O=`«û~°O                        Ѷ¨H©~°¡ <Õ`« =∞Efl ëê#∞ áÈ~å@ kâ◊QÍ #_çÑ≤Oz# "å`å=~°}Ïxfl c~üÉèí∂O
xˆ~Ìt`« ã¨=∞Ü«∂xH˜ „ѨѨOK«OÖ’ U „áêO`å# L#flѨʘH©, ZÖÏO˜ Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’ L#flѨʘH©        ( BIRBHUM ) ‰õΩ K≥Ok# „Ѩ=ÚY ɡOQÍb Hõq [q∂~°∞nÌ<£ ^Œ¿Ñ^•~ü ( JAMIRUDDIN¶
=Ús^£Å∞ `«=∞ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ`À ã¨Ç¨ D ˆH∆„`åʼnõΩ qKÕÛã≤ L`«û"åÅÖ’ ÉèíH˜ÎÉèÏ=#`À                DEFEDAR ) , 1887 ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ ~åã≤# Majnu Shaher Hakikat J#∞
áêÖÁæOÏ~°∞. QÆ∞~°∞=ÙÅ Pjã¨∞ûÅ∞ á⁄Ok. ѨÅ∞ ~ÀAÅ áê@∞ QÆ∞~°∞=Ù ã¨xflkèÖ’ QÆ_çÑ≤             Ѩ^ŒºHÍ=ºOÖ’ q=iOKå~°∞. D Ѩ^ŒºHÍ=fiO „ѨHÍ~°O, XHõ™êi =∞Efl ëê Ѷ¨H©~ü `«#
`«=∞ „áêO`åʼnõΩ uiy "≥o§áÈ`å~°∞. D L`«û"åÅ∞ ^è•i‡Hõ q+¨Ü«∂Å =~°ˆH Ѩiq∞`«"≥∞ÿ             QÆ∞~°∞=Ù ^Œˆ~fi+π ǨÏg∞^£ =^ŒÌ‰õΩ "≥à◊§QÍ, P<å˜ ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~° Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ ^Œˆ~fi+π D
™êˆQq. HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ ^•+‘ìHÍÅ∞ ÃÑK«∞Û ÃÑiy# `«~°∞"å`«, D ˆH∆„`åÅ#∞ HõOÃÑh                q^èŒOQÍ q=iOKå~°∞.
áêʼnõΩÅÃÑ· u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@¡#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ ˆHO„^•Å∞QÍ „Ѩ[Å∞ =∂~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. áÈ~å@                          '....ÅHõ∆ÖÏk „Ѩ*ÏhHõO Hõ~°∞=Ù =Å# =∞~°}˜ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. "åà◊§ rq`åÅ#∞
=ӺǨÅ#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ, PÜ«Ú^è•Å ã¨g∞Hõ~°}‰õΩ, áÈ~å@ g~°∞Å#∞                HÍáê_»∞. HõOÃÑh U[O@∞¡, JkèHÍ~°∞¡ JkèHõ Ô~q#∂º HÀã¨O Ô~·`«∞Å#∞, KÕu=$`«∞ÎÅ
ZOÑ≤HKã∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ, tHõ} WKÕÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ LѨÜ∂yOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. D Ѩiã≤`∞Å#∞ ѨãH#
       õ Õ ¨             ∆                     ≥                     ÷ «       ≤ õ ì˜     "åix, „Ѩ[Å#∞ Ç≤ÏOã≤ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. „Ѩ[Å∞ „QÍ=∂Å∞ =^Œe "≥o§áÈ`«∞<åfl~°∞...—
HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ Ѷ¨H©~°¡ g∞^Œ `«QÆ∞ K«~°ºÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞‰õΩx, J#∞"≥·#                  D Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å ^Œ$ëêìº „Ѩ[Å ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å#∞ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ QÆ∞~°∞=Ù
Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å HÀã¨O Z^Œ∞~°∞K«∂_»™êQÍ~°∞.                                                     P^ÕâßÅ "Õ∞~°‰õΩ =∞Efl ëê ѨÅ∞ „áêO`åÅ#∞ ã¨O^Œi≈OKå~°∞. „Ѩ[Å Hõ+¨ª ã¨∞MÏÅ#∞
                                                                                          WHõ¯@¡#∞ QÆ=∞xOKå~°∞. Ѷ≤~°OwÅ∞, Ѷ≤~°OwÅ `åÉË^•~°∞Öˇ·# [g∞O^•~°∞Å „‰õÄ~°`«fiO,
                                              #∂@Ü«∂Éèˇ· =∞Ok Ѷ¨H©~°¡ |e^•#O             =_ô¤ "åºáê~°∞Å ^ÀÑ≤_ô K«„Hõ|O^èŒOÖ’ qÅqÅÖÏ_»∞`«∞#fl JÉèÏQÆ∞ºÅ#∞, P^Œ∞‰õΩ<Õ <å^äŒ∞_»∞
          „Ѩu U_®kÖψQ 1771Ö’ ‰õÄ_® Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ ɡOQÍÖò „áêO`«OÖ’ [iy# L`«û"åxH˜           ÖËHõ JÖÏ¡_»∞`«∞#fl „Ѩ[Å#∞ K«∂™ê~°∞. D Ѩ~°º@#Ö’ =∞Efl ëê =∂`«$^Õâßxfl Ѷ≤~°OwÅ
ÃÑ^ŒÌ ã¨OYºÖ’ Ǩ[~°Ü«∂º~°∞. HõOÃÑh |ÅQÍÅ g∞^Œ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞¡ KÕã¨∂Î, Ô~q#∂º                #∞O_ç q=ÚHõÎO KÕÜ«∂eû# J=ã¨~åxfl ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ QÆ∞iÎOz „ѨHõ˜OKå~°∞. HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ
=ã¨∂à◊§‰õΩ P@OHÍÅ∞ Hõeyã¨∞Î#fl Ѷ¨H©~°¡ g∞^Œ Hõã≤ f~°∞Û‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ Z^Œ∞~°∞K«∂ã¨∞Î#fl       K« ~ ° º Å#∞ ã¨ Ç ≤ Ï OK« Ö Ë x „Ѩ [ Å∞ PÜ« ∞ # "≥ O @ #_ç K Õ O ^Œ ∞ ‰õ Ω ã≤ ^ Œ ú = ∞Ü« ∂ º~° ∞ . D
HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ D L`«û=O =∞Oz J=HÍâ◊O HõeÊOzOk. Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞                     t+¨º|$O^ŒO`À HõÅã≤ =∞Efl ëê QÆ∞~°∞=Ù =^ŒÌ‰õΩ =KåÛ~°∞. „Ѩ[Å ^Œ∞~°ƒù~° Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å#∞
19                                ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞               ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£                                                    20
q=iOKå~°∞. „Ѩ[Å "≥`«Å#∞ q#fl ^Œˆ~fi+π f„=OQÍ =º^èŒ K≥O^•~°∞. Ѷ≤~°OwÅ g∞^Œ                        YzÛù`«OQÍ J=∞Å∞ Ѩˆ~ÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ qq^èŒ Hõq∞©Å#∞ U~åÊ@∞ KÕâß~°∞. D Hõq∞©ÅÖ’
P„QÆ Ç ¨ Ï O =ºHõ Î O KÕ ™ ê~° ∞ . z=~° ‰ õ Ω , '...<åQÍ ã¨ < åºã¨ ∞ Å`À Hõ Å ã≤ PÜ« Ú ^è • Å∞   XH˘¯Hõ¯iH˜ XH˘¯Hõ¯ ÉÏ^茺`«#∞ JѨÊyOKå~°∞. Pi÷Hõ =#~°∞Å ¿ãHõ~°}, áÈ~å@ ^ŒàÏÅ
KÕѨ@ìO_ç. PǨ~° Ѩ^•~åúÅ#∞, ѨO@Å#∞ ^•zÃјì# y_»¤OQÆ∞Å g∞^Œ ^•_»∞Å∞                           ã¨g∞Hõ~°}, QÆ∂_è»K«~°º ^Œà◊O U~åÊ@∞, PǨ~°O, PÜ«Ú^è•Å ã¨g∞Hõ~°} – ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å,
[~°Ñ¨O_ç. PHõe`À PÅ=∞˜ã¨∞Î#fl „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ ѨOK«O_ç. Ѷ≤~°OwÅ#∞ `«iq∞"ÕÜ«∞O_ç                        „Ѩ[Å ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~°O `«k`«~° =º=Ǩ~åÅ HÀã¨O „Ѩ`ÕºHõ qÉèÏQÍÅ∞ U~°Ê_®¤~Ú.
JO`« H õ O >Ë =∞~À „Ѩ ` åº=∂flÜ« ∞ O ÖË ^ Œ ∞ . PÜ« Ú ^è • Å∞ KÕ Ñ ¨ @ ì O _ç . =ÚO^Œ ∞ ‰õ Ω     ÔQiÖÏ¡ áÈ~å@O
™êQÆO_ç...— JO@∂ =∞Efl ëê#∞ HÀ~å~°∞.                                                                         Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡, ã¨<åºã¨∞Å áÈ~åÏÅ∞ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ ÔQiÖÏ¡ Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ ™êQÍ~Ú. â◊„`«∞=Ù
                                        Ѷ≤~°OwÅ#∞ `«iq∞H˘@ì=∞x QÆ∞~°∞=Ù P^Õâ◊O                  |ÅOQÍ L#flѨC_»∞ "≥#H˜¯ `«QÆæ@O. â◊„`«∞=Ù P^Œ=∞~°z L#flѨC_»∞ ^•_»∞Å∞ KÕ¿ã
             QÆ∞~°∞=Ù P^ÕâßÅO^Œ∞‰õΩ#fl =∞Efl ëê `«# áÈ~åÏxfl L^èŒ$`«O KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ                  Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å#∞ J#∞ã¨iOKå~°∞. â◊„`«∞=Ù`À =ÚMÏ=Úd Z^Œ∞~À¯Hõ `«Ñ¨Ê#ѨC_»∞ „áê}ÏʼnõΩ
ã≤^Œú=∞Ü«∂º~°∞. „Ѩ[Å∞, Ô~·`«∞Å∞, ‰õΩÅ=$`«∞ÎÅ, KÕu=$`«∞ÎÅ HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞, PÜ«∞#‰õΩ `À_»∞QÍ          `≥yOz áÈ~°∞ ã¨ÅÊ@O Ѷ¨H©~°¡ áÈ~å@ q^è•<åÅ∞. 1761 _çÃãO|~°∞Ö’ |~°^•fi<£‰õΩ
xeKÕ O ^Œ ∞ ‰õ Ω =ÚO^Œ ∞ ‰õ Ω =KåÛ~° ∞ . =∞Efl ëê `« # ^Œ O @∂ XHõ „Ѩ ` Õ º Hõ ^Œ à Ïxfl          K≥Ok# áê`« [g∞O^•~°∞`À Hõeã≤ HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ^ŒàÏÅ g∞^Œ `˘e™êiQÍ u~°QÆ|_ç
xi‡OK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. QÆ∞~°∞=Ù ^•fi~å „¿Ñ~°} á⁄Ok# =∞Efl ëê, áÈ~åÏxH˜ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO                     `«=∞ ã¨∞n~°… áÈ~°∞‰õΩ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ NHÍ~°O K«∞Ïì~°∞. JѨʘ #∞O_ç Ѷ¨H©~°¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å áÈ~å@O
=Ç≤ÏOz q^ÕjÜ«ÚÖˇ·# Ѷ≤~°OwÅ#∞ `«iq∞"ÕÜ«∞ÏxH˜ Hõ^Œe ~°=∞‡x ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ#∞                      ™êy# <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ HÍÅOÖ’ „Ѩu ã¨O=`«û~°O HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ XHõ˜, Ô~O_»∞
JÉèíºiúOKå~°∞. =∞`« ^èŒ~å‡Å‰õΩ Jf`«OQÍ „Ѩ[Å áÈ~åÏʼnõΩ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO =Ç≤ÏOK«=∞x                   „Ѩ^è•# áÈ~åÏÅ#∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯Hõ `«Ñ¨Êx Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ HõeÊOKå~°∞. „Ѩu „Ѩ^è•#
HÀ~°@O ^•fi~å =∞Efl ëê P<å˜ ~å[^è~å‡xfl Q“~°qOKå~°∞. =∂`«$^ÕâO #∞O_ç Ѷ~OwÅ#∞
                                            Œ                            ◊            ≤°         áÈ~å@OÖ’ Hõhã¨O 500 =∞Ok Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ áêÖÁæ#@O qâı+¨O. Ѷ¨H©~°¡ ¿ã<åx =∞Efl ëê
`«iq∞"ÕÜ«∂Åx, ÉÏ^è•ã¨~°Ê„^Œ+¨µìÖˇ·# „Ѩ[Å#∞ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ ^ÀÑ≤_ô, ^•+‘ìHÍÅ #∞O_ç                Ñ≤Å∞ѨÙx¿ãÎ, Ju `«‰õΩ¯= ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ 50 "ÕÅ =∞Ok `«~°e =KÕÛ Ñ¨iã≤÷`«∞Å∞
q=ÚHõÎO KÕÜ«∂Å#fl ÅHõ∆º™ê^èŒ# HÀã¨O, P áÈ~å@ g~°∞Å∞ =∞`åʼnõΩ Jf`«OQÍ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº                    <≥ÅH˘<åflÜ«∞x HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞ÖË `«=∞ x"ÕkHõÖ’ ~åã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
áÈ~å@O ™êyOKå~°∞.                                                                                           [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞, =∞Ǩ[#∞Å∞, HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞, JkèHÍ~°∞Å g∞^Œ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡
             D áÈ~å@OÖ’ Ѷ ¨ H © ~ ° ¡ ‰ õ Ω <åQÍ ã¨ < åºã¨ ∞ Å ¿ãflǨ Ï Ç¨ Ï ã¨ Î O Åaè O zOk.   ^•_» ∞ Å∞ ™êyOKå~° ∞ . [g∞O^•~° ∞ ʼnõ Ω =ÚO^Œ ∞ QÍ `≥ e Ü« ∞ *Ë ã ≤ ^•_» ∞ Å∞ KÕ ã ≤ #
Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞ Hõeã≤ Ѷ≤~°OwÅ g∞^Œ ^•_»∞Å∞ KÕã≤ J<ÕHõ q[Ü«∂Å∞ ™êkèOKå~°∞.                  ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∞<åfl~Ú. JHõ$`åºÅ‰õΩ ã¨fiã≤ΠѨÅHõ=∞x, |Å=O`«Ñ¨Ù Ô~q#∂ºÅ#∞ PѨ=∞x
XHõKÀ@ ã¨<åºã¨∞ʼnõΩ ѶH~∞¡ <åÜ«∞Hõ`fiO =Ç≤Ï¿ã,Î =∞~ÀKÀ@ ѶH~‰Ω ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞ <åÜ«∞Hõ`fiO
                         ¨©°            «                       ¨ © ¡° õ                    «    HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ#∞, [g∞O^•~°∞Å#∞ ÃÇÏK«ÛiOz, P `«~°∞"å`« ^•_»∞Å#∞ [i¿Ñ"å~°∞.
=Ç≤ÏOz Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑh |ÅQÍÅ#∞ =∞˜ì HõiÑ≤Oz K«i„`«#∞ ã¨$+≤ìOKå~°∞. „Ѩ=ÚY                   D q+¨Ü«∞O HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ `≥eã≤ |ÅQÍÅ`À `«~°e =KÕÛÖ’QÍ „Ѩ*Ï QÆ∂_è»Kåi
K«i„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ Dr. Santimoy Roy KÕ, '... Against this ruthless invador (British)                 ^Œà◊O #∞O_ç ã¨=∂Kå~°O JO^Œ∞‰õΩx Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ x~å@OHõOQÍ ^•_»∞Å∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz, ˆH∆=∞OQÍ
first flag of revolt was unfurled by Majnu Shah, the leader of a band of fakirs... —             "≥o§áÈÜÕ∞"å~°∞. Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ ^•_çKÕ™êÎ~°x ÉèíÜ«∞O L#fl [g∞O^•~°∞¡ HõOÃÑh ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O HÀ~°∞`«∂
QÍ H©iÎOK«|_ç# =∞Efl ëê „a©+¨~°¡ g∞^Œ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ Ѩ`åHÍxfl `˘e™êiQÍ ÉˇOQÍÖò                      ÖËYÅ∞ ~åã≤# ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÅ∞ J<ÕHõO L<åfl~Ú. [g∞O^•~°∞Å q#u "Õ∞~°‰õΩ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞
QÆ_»¤ g∞^Œ #∞O_ç ZQÆ∞~°"Õ™ê~°∞.                                                                  '..^•_»∞Å∞ =∂#=∞x, ÖˉõΩO>Ë Hõiî#OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKåeû =ã¨∞ÎO^Œx..— =∞Efl
            PÜ«Ú^èŒ|ÅO, JOQÆ|ÅO QÆÅ â◊`«$=ÙÃÑ· áÈ~å@O, ™ê=∂#º q+¨Ü«∞O HÍ^Œx                      ëê‰õΩ ÃÇÏK«Ûi‰õÅ∞ KÕã≤<å U =∂„`«O MÏ`«~°∞ KÕÜ«∞‰õΩO_® xˆ~ÌtOz# ã¨=∞Ü«∂xH˜
„QÆÇ≤ÏOz# =∞Efl ëê „Ñ¨[Å JO_»^ŒO_»Å`À |Å"≥∞ÿ# „Ѩ*Ï áÈ~åÏxH˜ ã≤^Œú=∞Ü«∂º~°∞.                     QÆ=∞ºO KÕ~°∞‰õΩx, HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ^ŒàÏÅ#∞ xÅ∞=iOz, Ѩxx ѨÓiÎ KÕã¨∞‰õΩx K«_ô
„Ѩ[Å ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO`À Ѩ˜+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# áÈ~å@ =º=ã¨÷#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ Hõ$+≤ KÕ™ê~°∞.                K«Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∂ ÖˉõΩO_® áÈ~å@ ^ŒàÏÅ∞ x„+¨¯q∞OKÕq. HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ^ŒàÏÅ Hõ^ŒeHõÅ∞
Ѷ¨H©~°¡ „áê|źO QÆÅ „áêO`åÅ`À „áê~°OaèOz, W`«~° „Ѩ^ÕâßÅ ÉÏkè`«∞Å#∞ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº                   Ju "ÕQÆOQÍ =∞Efl ëê‰õΩ ZÖÏ JO^Œ∞`«∞<åflÜ≥∂ J~°úOHÍHõ JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ JÜ≥∂=∞Ü«∞OÖ’
Ѩˆ~ÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ѩܫ∞uflOKå~°∞. ѨÅ∞ „áêO`åÅÖ’ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ KèåÜ«∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_®                        Ѩ_Õ"å~°∞. Ѷ¨H©~°¡ QÆ∞iOz `«Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ã¨=∂Kå~°O JOkOz HõOÃÑh ^ŒàÏÅ#∞ =∂~°æO
HõxÑ≤OK«‰õΩO_® KÕã≤, PÜ«∂ „QÍ=∂Å „Ѩ[Å r=<åxH˜ U =∂„`«O W|ƒOk ÖˉõΩO_®                           =∞o§Oz, QÆ=∞ºO KÕ~°∞HÀx=fi‰õΩO_® KÕã≤ |ÅQÍÅ#∞ „Ѩ[Å∞ zH͉õΩ Ѩˆ~Û"å~°∞. =∞Efl
„QÍ=∞ Hõq∞©Å∞ U~åÊ@∞KÕã≤ „QÍ=∞ áêÅ# ã¨*Ï=ÙQÍ ™êˆQ@∞¡ K«~°ºÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
                                                                                                 ëê QÆ∂_è»Kå~°∞Å∞ Z=fi~À HÍ^Œ∞ PÜ«∂ „QÍ=∂Å „Ѩ[Å∞. Ѩã≤Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ ‰õÄ_® QÆ∂_è»Kå~°∞Å∞QÍ
=∞Efl ëê Ѷ¨H©~°¡‰õΩ u~°∞QÆ∞ÖËx <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_≥·#ѨʘH©, áÈ~°∞ÉÏ@ KåÖÏ „Ѩ=∂^ŒHõ~°O Hõ#∞Hõ
ã¨=∞+≤ìQÍ PÖ’zOzOK«@O, Ѩ^äŒHÍÅ#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«@O, ~°∂á⁄OkOz# Ѩ^äŒHÍÅ#∞                            ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOKå~°∞. Ѷ¨H©~°¡‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOKÕ „QÍg∞}∞ʼnõΩ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ tHõ∆} W=fi@O ^•fi~å QÆ∂_è»Kåi
                                                                                                 =º=ã¨÷#∞ =∞Efl ëê Ѩ˜+¨ìOQÍ U~åÊ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. =∞Efl ëê ^ŒàÏÅ∞ =O^ŒÅ
21                                  ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞                 ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£                                                          22
ã¨OYºÖ’ Ѷ¨ÖÏ<å KÀ@∞# ã¨=∂"Õâ◊O JÜ«∂º~°x, |Ǩïâß Ñ¶¨ÖÏ<å „áêO`«O g∞^Œ                                HõOÃÑhH˜ Ô~q#∂º K≥e¡OK« =^ŒÌx q[˝Ñ≤Î KÕã≤ "≥o§áÈÜÕ∞"å~°∞. D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ „Ѩ[Å
^•_»∞Å∞ [~°∞ѨQÆÅ~°x ™êúxHõ JkèHÍ~°∞Å #∞O_ç YzÛ`«"≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∂Kå~°O JOk# `«~°∞"å`«                      #∞O_ç =ã¨∂KÕã≤# Ô~q#∂º, Ѷ¨H©~°¡ áêÅ∞H͉õΩO_® HÍáê_»∞‰õΩ<ÕÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ `«=∞ JkèHÍ~°∞Å#∞,
‰õÄ_® HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ^ŒàÏÅ∞ =∞Efl ëê ^ŒàÏÅ#∞ KÕ~°∞HÀÖËHõáÈÜÕ∞q. Ѩ˜+¨ì"≥∞ÿ#                         QÆ∞=∞™êÎÅ#∞, [g∞O^•~°∞Å#∞ HõKÕÛsÅ #∞O_ç áêiá⁄=∞‡x ‰õÄ_® áêʼnõΩÅ∞ ã¨ÅǨezÛ#
=ӺǨ Ï O`À POˆ Q ¡ Ü « ∞ Jkè H Í~° ∞ Å∞ ™êÜ« Ú ^è Œ |ÅQÍÅ`À Ѷ ¨ H © ~ ° ¡ 㨠= ∂"Õ â ◊ ã ¨ ú e x   ã¨OѶ¨∞@Å#∞ |˜ì, HõKÕÛsÅ g∞^Œ Ѷ¨H©~°¡ ^•_ç ZO`« |ÅOQÍ LO_Õ^À TÇ≤ÏOK«=K«∞Û.
KÕ~°∞‰õΩ<ÕѨʘH©, JѨʘˆH Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ P „áêO`«O #∞O_ç "≥o§áÈÜÕ∞"å~°∞. ã¨OMϺ|ÅO ZO`«                 HõOÃÑh xÜ«∞q∞Oz# [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞ J`«ºO`« „‰õÄ~°OQÍ =fi=ǨÏiã¨∞Î#flO^Œ∞# „ѨfHÍ~°
L<åfl Hõ∆}OÖ’ QÆ=∞ºO KÕ~°∞HÀ=@O, =∞~°∞Hõ∆}Ï# ÅH∆ͺxfl ™êkèOK«∞‰õΩx x„+¨¯q∞OK«@O                        K«~°ºQÍ Ñ¶¨H©~°∞¡ [g∞O^•~°∞ŠѨ@¡ U =∂„`«O HõxHõ~°O K«∂¿Ñ"å~°∞ HÍ~°∞. z=~°‰õΩ ÉèÏs
Ѷ¨H©~°¡‰õΩ H˘˜ì# Ñ≤O_çQÍ =∂iOk. QÆ∞„~åÅ∞, XO>ˇÅ g∞^Œ ã¨OK«iOKÕ ^ŒàÏÅ`À áê@∞QÍ                      |ÅQÍÅ`À Éèí„^Œ`«#∞ U~åÊ@∞KÕã≤# HõOÃÑh Hõ~å‡QÍ~åÅ g∞^Œ ‰õÄ_® ^è≥·~°º™êǨϙêÅ`À
HÍŃÅO ‰õÄ_® POˆQ¡Ü«∞ |ÅQÍʼnõΩ JO^Œ#O`« ^Œ∂~°O "≥o§áÈ=@O ZÖÏ [iˆQ^À                                  =∞Efl ëê ^ŒàÏÅ∞ ^•_»∞Å∞ [iÑ≤ q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOz K«i„`« ã¨$+≤ìOKå~Ú.
J~°úOHÍHõ, HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ U q^èŒOQÍ ã¨O*Ï~Ú+‘ WK«∞ÛHÀ"åÖ’ `≥eÜ«∞Hõ JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞
㨠` « = ∞`« = ∞ÜÕ ∞ º"å~° ∞ . „Ѩ u „Ѩ ^ è • # áÈ~å@OÖ’ 500 =∞Ok =~° ‰ õ Ω Ѷ ¨ H © ~ ° ¡ # ∞      â◊„`«∞=ÙŠѨ@¡ =∂„`«"Õ∞ HÍiî#ºO
ã¨g∞HõiOK«@O, ѨHõ_»ƒOnQÍ Ñ¨^èŒHõ ~°K«# [~°QÆ@O, =ӺǨ`«‡HõOQÍ â◊`«$=Ù g∞^Œ ^•_ç                               ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞, =$^Œ∞úÅ∞, Ñ≤Å¡ÅѨ@¡ ZO`À Q“~°=OQÍ Ñ¶¨H©~°∞¡ „Ѩ=iÎOKÕ"å~°x HõOÃÑh
KÕÜ«∞@O, „Hõ=∞tHõ∆}`À P Ѩ^äŒHÍxfl J=∞Å∞ [~°Ñ¨@O QÆ=∞x¿ãÎ, Ѷ¨H©~ü Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å Ü«Ú^Œú                    JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ ~åã¨∞‰õΩ#fl _≥·sÅ ^•fi~å `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. ^•_»∞Å ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞,
HõàÏKå`«∞~°ºO, ™êǨÏã¨O, =∞Efl ëê ÖÏO˜ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ ™ê=∞~°÷ºO J~°ú=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.                            #∂`«# [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞, QÆ∞=∞™êÎÅ∞, HõOÃÑh ã≤|ƒOk J_»∞¤Ñ¨_ç, ™êÜ«Ú^èŒOQÍ „ѨuѶ¨∞˜Oz`Õ
              Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ HõOÃÑh HõKÕÛsÅ∞, HõOÃÑh Hõ~å‡QÍ~åÅ∞, HõOÃÑh `˘`«∞ÎÅ               `«Ñ¨Ê =∞Efl ëê ^ŒàÏÅ∞ PÜ«Ú^è•Å‰õΩ Ѩx HõeÊOKÕq HÍ=Ù. D ^•_»∞ÅÖ’ ™ê=∂#º
„áê™ê^•Å∞, HÀ@Å g∞^Œ ^•_»∞Å∞ [iáê~°∞. „Ѩ[Å #∞O_ç |Å=O`«OQÍ =ã¨∂Å∞                                   „Ѩ*ÏhHÍxH˜ Z@∞=O˜ W|ƒOk, Hõ+¨ì#ëêìÅ∞ HõÅ∞QƉõΩO_® *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. D
KÕã≤# Ô~q#∂º#∞ =¸@QƘì HõOÃÑhH˜ KÕ~°"ÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åflÜ«∞#fl                       "Õ∞~°‰õΩ ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ^ŒàÏʼnõΩ `«y# ÃÇÏK«ÛiHõÅ#∞ *ÏsKÕÜ«∞@"Õ∞HÍHõ, P^ÕâßÅ LÅ¡OѶ¨∞#
ã¨=∂Kå~°O JO^ŒQÍ<Õ P „áêO`«O g∞^Œ ^•_ç [iˆQk. P „áêO`«OÖ’ „Ѩ[Å∞, Ô~·`«∞Å                            [iy`Õ ZO`«˜ ã¨xflÇ≤Ï`«∞_çÔH·<å tHõ∆ `«¿ÑÊkHÍ^Œ∞. „Ѩ[Å #∞O_ç q~åàÏÅ∞ PtOK«=^ŒÌx
#∞O_ç =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕã≤# Ô~q#∂º "≥Ú`åÎÅ#∞ ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞‰õΩx „Ѩ[Å J=ã¨~åÅ∞ fiÛ,                            PÜ«∞# ÃÇÏK«ÛiOKå~°∞. ^èŒxHõ ã¨OѨ#fl =~åæÅ #∞O_ç =∂„`«"Õ∞ q~åàÏÅ∞ ¿ãHõiOKåÅx,
ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩi+¨¯iOz Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ =∞@∞=∂Ü«∞O JÜÕ∞º"å~°∞. D ã¨OѶ¨∞@#ÅÖ’ K«OѨ@O,                           „Ѩ[Å#∞ Z@∞=O˜ =uÎ_çH˜ QÆ∞iKÕÜ«∞~å^Œx P^ÕâßÅ#∞ *ÏsKÕã≤ ÉÏkè`« =~åæʼnõΩ
QÍÜ«∞Ѩ~°Û@O ÖÏO˜q [iˆQq HÍ=Ù. â◊`«$=Ù #∞O_ç „Ñ¨uѶ¨∞@# Z^Œ∞Ô~·`Õ =∂„`«O                            #+¨ìO HõÅQƉõΩO_® `«y# *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÅ∞ fã¨∞H˘x Jq YzÛ`«OQÍ J=∞Å∞ [iˆQÖÏ K«∂™ê~°∞.
^ŒÜ«∂^•H˜∆}ϺÅ∞ K«∂¿Ñ"å~°∞ HÍ~°∞. D Ç≤ÏO㨉õΩ ã¨fiѨ~° ÉèË^•Å∞ =ÙO_Õq HÍ=Ù. =∞`«O                                Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ – ã¨<åºã¨∞Å#∞ ^ÀÑ≤_ô ^˘OQÆÅ∞QÍ, HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ =Ú„^Œ"Õ™ê~°∞.
Pã¨~å`À `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞HÀK«∂ã≤# HõOÃÑhH˜ K≥Ok# =Úã≤¡O JkèHÍ~°∞Å#∞ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ q_çz
                                                                                                     POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ iHÍ~°∞¤Åxfl˜Ö’ ^Œ∞O_»wÅ∞QÍ<Õ J@∞ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡QÍh, W@∞ ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞QÍh
ÃÑ@ì‰õΩO_® „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ â◊`«$"å? HÍ^•? J<Õ „áêuѨkHõ# ã¨OǨÏiOz# tH˜∆Oz#
                                                                                                     HõxÊ™êÎ~°∞. J~Ú`Õ „Ѩ[Å∞ =∂„`«O HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ Ñ‘_»# #∞O_ç `«=∞#∞ ~°H˜∆OK«_®xH˜
ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∞ L<åfl~Ú. JkèHÍ~°∞Å =º=Ǩ~°ã¨~°o XHõ¯>Ë `«=∞ K«~°ºÅ‰õΩ „áêuѨkHõ
`«Ñ¨Ê, =∞`«O, ‰õΩÅO, „áêO`«O Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å L^Œº=∞OÖ’ *’HõºO KÕã¨∞HÀ_®xH˜                       =zÛ# PѨ^•ƒO^èŒ=ÙÅ∞QÍ Ñ¶¨H©~°¡#∞–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å#∞ P^ŒiOKå~°∞, P^Œ∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. Hõ^Œ#
gÅ∞ÖˉõΩO_® K«~°ºÅ∞ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O qâı+¨O.                                                               ~°OQÍxH˜ "≥O@ #_çKå~°∞. Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ =O^ŒÅ "≥∞ÿà◊√§ qã¨ÎiOz# „áêO`«OÖ’ 40
              JkèHõ =_ô¤x QÆ∞OA`«∞#fl =_ô¤"åºáê~°ã¨∞ΊѨ@¡ =∞Efl ëê x~åÌH˜∆}ºOQÍ                      ã¨O=`«û~åÅáê@∞ `«=∞ Wëêì~å[ºO ™êyOKå~°O>Ë P „áêO`«Ñ¨Ù „Ѩ[Å K«∞~°∞ÔH·#
=º=ǨÏiOKå~°∞. „Ѩ[Å #∞O_ç, QÆ∂_è»Kåi ^ŒŒà◊O #∞O_ç ã¨=∂Kå~°O JO^ŒQÍ<Õ                                ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO ÖˉõΩO>Ë ™ê^茺=∞ÜÕ∞ºkHÍ^Œ∞. Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ ™ê=∂#º ¿Ñ^Œ =~åæÅ#∞ WHõ¯@∞¡
^•_»∞Å#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«_»O, ÅaèOz# #QÆ^Œ∞#∞ ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞HÀ=@O, |∞∞} Ѩ„`åÅ#∞,                           Ãјì#@∞ì, „Ѩ[Å #∞O_ç Hõh㨠P~ÀѨ}Å∞ ~åHõáÈ=@O, POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ iHÍ~°∞¤ÅÖ’<≥·<å
Ô~·`«∞Å Éèí∂=ÚÅ `«#MÏѨ„`åÅ#∞, Éèí∂™êfinè# Ѩ„`åÅ#∞ `«QÆ∞Åɡ>Ëìã≤, Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’                      #"≥∂^Œ∞HÍHõ áÈ=@O qâı+¨O. ¿Ñ^ŒÅ#∞ Ñ‘_çOKÕ HõOÃÑh `˘`«∞ÎÖˇ·# ^èŒxHõ ã¨OѨ#fl =~åæÅ
Z=fi~°∂ ‰õÄ_® Z@∞=O˜ |HÍ~ÚÅ#∞ =∞Ǩ[#∞ʼnõΩ K≥e¡OKåeû# J=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œx                                  Ѩ@¡ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞ Hõiî#OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKå~°∞. P<å_»∞ ã¨fi^Õj =~°ÎHõ–"å}˜*Ϻxfl
„ѨHõ˜Oz, =∞Ǩ[#∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® Z@∞=O˜ =ã¨∂à◊¥§ KÕÜ«∞~å^Œx âßã≤Oz Ѷ¨H©~°¡ ^ŒàÏÅ∞                       <åâ◊#O KÕã¨∞Î#fl HõOÃÑh =~°Î‰õΩÅ∞, "åi `˘`«∞ÎÖˇ·# =~°ÎHõ–"å}˜[º =~åæÅ g∞^Œ ^•_»∞Å∞
J^Œ$â◊º=∞ÜÕ∞ºq. HõOÃÑh Ô~q#∂º =ã¨∂à◊¡#∞ J<ÕHõ Ô~@∞¡ ÃÑOz x~åÌH˜∆}ºOQÍ =ã¨∂Å∞                         [~°∞ѨÙ`«∞#fl ã¨<åºã¨∞Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ N Éèí"åx áê^äŒH±`À Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ ã¨`«ûO|O^è•Å#∞
KÕã¨∞Î#flO^Œ∞# `«y#O`« ™⁄=Ú‡ =ÙO^Œx `≥eÜ«∞QÍ<Õ =∞Efl ëê P „áêO`«Ñ¨Ù HõKÕÛi                             ™êyOKå~°∞. ã¨<åºã¨∞Å`À HõÅã≤ Ѷ¨H©~°¡ ^ŒàÏÅ∞, ѨÅ∞ ^•_»∞ÅÖ’ áêÖÁæ<åfl~Ú. =∞`«O`À
g∞^Œ ^•_ç KÕã≤ ™⁄=Ú‡#∞ ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞H˘x, Ô~q#∂º iHÍ~°∞¤Å#∞ `«QÆ∞Åɡ˜ì „Ѩ[Å#∞                       „Ѩ"Õ∞Ü«∞O ÖˉõΩO_® ™êy# D áÈ~åÏÅÖ’ ã¨<åºã¨∞Å ^ŒàÏxH˜ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO
23                             ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞            ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£                                                             24
=Ç≤ÏOz# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∞<åfl~Ú. ã¨<åºã¨∞Å ^ŒàÏxH˜ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ =∞Efl ëê <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO                 Ѷ¨H©~°¡ ~å[^è•x =∞™êÎ<£ Ѷ¨∞~ü
=Ç≤ÏOz# ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÅ∞<åfl~Ú. HõOÃÑh |ÅQÍÅÃÑ· [iy# J<ÕHõ ÉèÏs ^•_»∞ÅÖ’ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡,                        <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ áê@∞ q~å=∞"≥∞~°∞QÆHõ ™êy# Ѷ¨H©~°¡ áÈ~åÏxH˜ =∞™êÎ<£
ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞ Hõeã≤ áêÖÁæ<åfl~°x, JkèHÍ~°∞Å x"ÕkHõÅ∞ |Ç≤Ï~°æ`«O KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú.                  Ѷ¨∞~ü „áêO`«O ˆHO„^Œ ™ê÷#"≥∞ÿ ^ÕnѨº=∂#OQÍ "≥eyOk. =∞™êÎ<£ Ñ‘~ü Q“~°"å~°÷O U~åÊ@∞
            Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑh áêÅ##∞ ã¨"åÖò KÕã¨∂Î ™êy# u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ÅÖ’ HõOÃÑh           KÕã≤# =∞™êÎ<£ ^Œ~åæ, =Ús^Œ∞Öˇ·# Ѷ¨H©~°¡‰õΩ ѨÙ}ºˆH∆„`«OQÍ =∂iOk. JO^Œ∞=Å# D
™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ^ŒàÏÅ L#fl`åkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ [#~°Öò "≥∞HõOr, ÖˇÑ¶≤ì<≥Oò >ˇÿÅ~ü, ÖˇÑ¶≤ì<≥Oò „a"å<£û,    „áêO`åxfl =∞Efl ëê Ѷ¨H©~°¡ ~å[^è•xQÍ fiÛk^•Ì~°∞. Ѷ¨H©~°¡‰õΩ =∞™êÎ<£ Ѷ¨∞~ü ÃÑ@ìx
Hõ=∂O_»~ü ÔHx`ü, ÔHѨì<£ ~å@<£, "Õ∞[~ü |∞K«Û<£, ~å|~üìã¨<£ `«k`«~°∞Å#∞, ѨÅ∞=Ù~°∞         HÀ@QÍ `«Ü«∂Ô~·Ok. „Ѩu ã¨O=`«û~°O D „áêO`åxH˜ Jã¨OMϺHõOQÍ Ñ¶¨H©~°∞¡ =KÕÛ"å~°∞.
„áêOfÜ«∞ HõÅHõì~°¡#∞ =∞Efl ëê Ѩ~ål`«∞Å#∞ KÕ™ê~°∞. 1769Ö’ [iy# áÈ~å@OÖ’                    ã¨O=`«û~°=∞O`å x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«=Åã≤# HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å∞, ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞ÛHÀ"åeû# PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞,
Hõ=∂O_»~ü ÔHx`ü ǨÏ`«=∞Ü«∂º_»∞. HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ^ŒàÏÅ∞ ѨÖÏÜ«∞#O z`«ÎyOK«@O               áÈ~å@ g~°∞ʼnõΩ tHõ∆} `«k`«~° HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å#∞ WHõ¯_Õ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞H˘#_»O [iˆQk.
ã¨~°fi™ê^è•~°}"≥∞ÿOk. z=~°‰õΩ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÖË `«=∞ |ÅQÍÅ#∞ áêiáÈ~Ú „áê}ÏÅ∞                 1776 „áêO`«OÖ’ =∞Efl ëê Ѷ¨H©~ü WHõ¯_» |e+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# HÀ@#∞ xi‡OKå~°∞.
^ŒH˜¯OK«∞HÀ=∞x HÀi# qz„`« ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∂ L<åfl~Ú.                                                        D „áêO`«O#∞OKÕ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ#∞ Ѩ~ål`«∞Å#∞ KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ `«=∞`À
            HõOÃÑh Ô~q#∂º =ã¨∂à◊§‰õΩ ÉèÏs #+¨ìO HõeyOK«@"Õ∞HÍHõ, ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ |ÅQÍʼnõΩ        KÕ`«∞Å∞ HõÅáêeûOkQÍ <å’~ü =∞Ǩ~å}˜ Éèí"åxH˜ PÜ«∞# ÖËY ~å™ê~°∞. J~Ú`Õ
f~°x „áê}#+¨ìO HõeyOz# =∞Efl ëê#∞ |OkèOK«_®xH˜ ZO`«QÍ „Ѩܫ∞uflOz<å                         ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ #∞O_ç Z@∞=O˜ J#∞‰õÄÅ ã¨ÊO^Œ# ÅaèOK«ÖË^Œ∞. ( "...He even sent
HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOK«ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~°∞. „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ Zxfl Pâ◊Å∞ K«∂Ñ≤<å,                   an urgent appeal to Rani-Bhabani of Natore to make common cause to drive
Ç≤ÏOã¨Å∞ Ãјì<å, [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞ ZO`«QÍ „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ KÕã≤<å XHõ Hõ@ì_ç`À ™êy#                 away the firings. But it evoked no response..." Freedom Movement and
Ѷ¨H©~°¡#∞ QÍx, "åiH˜ Hõ=K«OÖÏ xÅ|_ç# „QÍg∞} „Ѩ[Å#∞ QÍx pÅÛ@O HõOÃÑh                     Indian Muslims, - Dr. Santimoy Ray ). „Ѩu‰õÄŠѨiã≤÷`«∞Å∞<åfl, ã¨fi^ÕjáêʼnõΩÅ
áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ ™ê^茺O HÍÖË^Œ∞. PÜ«Ú^èŒ|ÅO, JOQÆ|ÅO Hõey# Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑhH˜               #∞O_ç Z@∞=O˜ KÕÜ«¸`« ÅaèOK«‰õΩ<åfl =∞Efl ëê z=i =~°‰õÄ Ñ¶≤~°OwʼnõΩ
P<å_»∞ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞ ÃÑ#∞ ã¨"åÅ∞QÍ =∂i =ÚѨÊuѨÊÅ∞ Ãјì K«i„`« ã¨$+≤ìOK«@O        =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å@O H˘#™êyOKå~°∞.
JѨÓ~°fi"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞O. „Ѩ[Å „Ѩ^è•# ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO`À Ѩ˜+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# x~å‡} Z`«∞ÎQÆ_»Å#∞        K«i„`« ã¨$+≤ìOz# áÈ~°∞
J=ÅOaOK«_»O =Å# Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ#∞ ã¨"åÖò KÕÜ«∞QÆeQÍ~°x „a©+π QÆ=~°fl~ü                       Ѷ¨H©~°¡ L^Œº=∞O 1776 #=O|~°∞ =∂ã¨OÖ’ =∞~˘Hõ K«i„`« ã¨$+≤ìOzOk.
[#~°Öò "åÔ~<£ ¿ÇÏã≤ìOQ∑ ‰õÄ_® JOwHõiOKå_»∞.                                               ÉÁ„QÍ =^ŒÌ q„âßOu fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞#fl =∞Efl ëê J#∞K«~°∞Å#∞ ÖˇÑ¶≤ì<≥Oò ~å|~üìã¨<£
                                                              qã¨ÎiOz# áÈ~å@O             <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ |ÅQÍÅ∞ K«∞@∞ì=ÚÏì~Ú. PHõã≤‡HõOQÍ â◊„`«∞=Ù =zÛ
           Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞, áêʼnõΩÅ `åÉË^•~°∞¡, =∞Ǩ[#∞Å                    Ѩ_»@O`À q[Ü«∞"≥∂–g~°ã¨fi~°æ"≥∂#O@∂ Ѷ≤~°OwÅ ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ |ÅQÍÅ#∞ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡
                                                                                          Z^Œ∞~˘¯<åfl~°∞. g~°qǨ~°O KÕã¨∞Î#fl Ѷ¨H©~°¡ „Ѩ`åѨO =ÚO^Œ∞ ~å|~üìã¨<£ ^ŒàÏÅ∞ xÅ∞=ÖËHõ
^Œ∞+¨$¯`åºÅ∞, =∞Efl ëê ÖÏO˜ ã¨=∞~°∞÷Öˇ·# <Õ`«Å ™ê~°^茺OÖ’ ™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl ~årÖËx              áÈÜ«∂~Ú. Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ áÈ~°∞‰õΩ ã≤^ŒÌOQÍ ÖË#O^Œ∞# áÈ~å@O KÕã¨∂Î<Õ "≥#H˜¯ `«yæ J@g
áÈ~å@O, Ѷ¨H©~°¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å SHõ=∞`«ºO Ѷ¨e`«OQÍ ÉˇOQÍÖò, cǨ~ü, J™êûO, „Ѩã¨∞Î`«          „áêO`«OÖ’H˜ „Hõ=∞„Hõ=∞OQÍ x„+¨¯q∞OKå~°∞. P^èŒ∞xHõ PÜ«Ú^è•Å#∞ HõeyÜ«Ú#fl HõOÃÑh
Éèí∂Ï<£, <ÕáêÖò, |OQÍ¡^Õâò `«k`«~° „áêO`åʼnõΩ "åºÑ≤OzOk. „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ "Õ∞"£∞ ã≤OQ∑,        |ÅQÍʼnõΩ Ju KÕ~°∞=QÍ =ÙO_ç ‰õÄ_® Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞, HõÏ~°∞¡ÖÏO˜ ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞Hõ PÜ«Ú^è•Å`À
^èŒHͯ, ~°OQÍѨÓ~ü, ÉÁ„QÍ, ~å*ÏëêÇ≤Ï, c<å*ò ѨÓ~ü, =∂ÖÏÌ, HÀKü cǨ~ü, =Ú+‘~åÉÏ^£.        â◊„`«∞=Ù#∞ ^ŒiKÕ~°h‰õΩO_® x~ÀkèOK«_»OÖ’ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOz# ã¨OѶ¨∞@# HõOÃÑh
|~°^•fi<£, c~°OѨÓ~ü ÖÏO˜ „Ѩ^è•# lÖÏ¡Ö’¡ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ ã¨=∂O`«~° „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ#∞ #_çáê~°∞.     áêʼnõΩÅÖ’ HõÅ=~°O HõeyOzOk.
D „áêO`åÅÖ’ #∂`«# [g∞O^•~°¡ ™ê÷#OÖ’ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ „Ѩ[Å #∞O_ç ã¨fiK«ÛùO^ŒOQÍ q~åàÏÅ∞                       D ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Ö’ =∞Efl ëê â◊„`«∞=Ù#∞ x~Àkèã¨∂Î, HõOÃÑh |ÅQÍÅ#∞
¿ãHõiOKå~°∞. HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ |ÅQÍÅ #∞O_ç, =_ô¤ "åºáê~°∞Å #∞O_ç, HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞Å          ǨÏ`«=∂~°∞Û`«∂ `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°x ÖˇÑ≤ì<≥Oò ~å|~üìã¨<£, „á¶êxûãπ QÍ¡_çfi<£‰õΩ ~åã≤# ÖËYÖ’
#∞O_ç „Ñ¨[ʼnõΩ ~°Hõ∆} HõeÊOKå~°∞. Ѷ¨H©~°¡‰õΩ Åaèã¨∞Î#fl P^Œ~°}, ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl „Ѩ*Ï|ÅO,   ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞. D Kåi„`«Hõ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Ö’ =O^ŒÖÏk HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ∞Å∞ ǨÏ`«=∞Ü«∂º~°x
HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞ŠѨ~å[Ü«∂ŠѨ~°OѨ~° =Å# HõOÃÑhKÕ xÜ«∞q∞`«∞Öˇ·# [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞,              ÖˇÑ¶≤ì<≥Oò ~å|~üì ã¨<£ ÉÁ„QÍ HõÅHõì~ü‰õΩ 1776 #=O|~°∞ 14# ~åã≤# ÖËYÖ’ q=iOKå_»x
„|uH˜ LO>Ë |Å∞™ê‰õΩ ux „|`«Hõ=K«Ûx, [g∞O^•sÅ#∞ =^Œ∞Å∞‰õΩx =Å㨠"≥àϧeû#                   N âßOu"≥∂Üü∞ ~åÜü∞ `«# ' „Ѷ‘_»O =¸"£"≥∞Oò JO_£ WO_çÜ«∞<£ =Úã≤¡"£∞û— J#∞
Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å L^Œº=∞O HõeÊOzOk.                                        „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ q=iOKå~°∞. D ã¨OѶ¨∞@#`À HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ |ÅQÍÅ∞ YOQÆ∞u#QÍ,
                                                                                          Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ =∂„`«O kfiQÆ∞}©Hõ$`« L`åûǨÏO`À HõOÃÑh |ÅQÍÅ g∞^Œ q~°∞K«∞‰õΩѨ_®¤~°∞.
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu
06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu

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06.bharatha swathantrodyamam muslim prajaporatalu

  • 1. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE: UPRISINGS OF MUSLIM PATRIOTS Telugu title of this book is BHARATHA SWATHANTRADYAMAM : MUSLIM PRAJA PORATALU. In this book it is discussed at length on the greatest Struggles went on against British starting from 1763, in which Muslim Heroes lead the Movements or Struggles, as a part of struggle for India’s Independence. These famous struggles are 1. Fakirs-Sanyasis Movement, 2. Wahabi Movement, 3. Farazia Movement, 4. Mopilla Movement, 5. Kudai-khidmathgar Movement, which were not so popular like Khilafath Movement. This Book contains total 178 pages of 1/8th Demmy Size with Multi colour. It was published in 2007. The same was Published second time in the year November, 2007
  • 3. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O =Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞ ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O : =Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞ Indian Freedom Movement : Uprisings of Muslim Patriots ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ Syed Naseer Ahamed „ѨK«∞~°} ã¨OYº : 6 ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ „Ѩ^äŒè=∞ =Ú„^Œ} : _çÃãO|~ü 2003 M.Com; LL.B; D.J; D.P.M; D.L.L Sahithya Rathna ( Hindi ) "≥Å : ~°∞. 50-00 =Ú„^Œ} : =Ú„^Œ PѶπÃãò „Ñ≤O@~üû, q[Ü«∞"å_» =ÚYѨ„`åÅOHõ~°} : J|∞ÌÖÏ¡, q[Ü«∞"å_» ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ : P*Ï^£ ǨÏ∫ãπ PѶπ Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û P*Ï^£ ǨÏ∫ãπ PѶπ Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û 3–506, JáêflѶ¨∞~ü, LO_»=e¡ ÃãO@~ü – 522 501, 3–506, JáêflѶ¨∞~ü, LO_»=e¡ ÃãO@~ü–522501, `å_ÕѨe¡ =∞O_»ÅO, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ lÖÏ¡. `å_ÕѨe¡ =∞O_»ÅO, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ lÖÏ¡. =∞iÜ« Ú 08645–272940, 9440241727 „Ѩ*Ïâ◊H˜Î, "≥∞ÿ„u, qâßÖÏO„^èŒ, #"À^ŒÜ«∞, e-mail : naseerahamed@yahoo.com =∞}˜ kâ◊, ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°, `«Hõ∆tÅ, =∞} `«k`«~° Jxfl „Ѩ=ÚY ѨÙã¨ÎHõ q„HõÜ«∞ ˆHO„^•ÅÖ’ ÅÉèíºO.
  • 4. <å=∂@ „ѨѨOK« K«i„`«Ö’ JѨÓ~°fiO J#^Œy# suÖ’ ™êy# ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# áê„`«#∞ q=iã¨∂Î ~åã¨∞Î#fl ѨÙã¨ÎHÍʼnõΩ áê~î°‰õΩÅ∞, „Ѩ[Å∞, Ѩ„uHõÅ #∞O_ç ÅaèOz# P^Œ~°}, „áÈ`åûǨÏO`À ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ, D <ÕÅ`«e¡ a_»¤Öˇ·# =Úã≤¡OÅ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO`À ™êy# „Ѩ^è•# L^Œº=∂Å#∞ D „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ ‰õΩ¡Ñ¨ÎOQÍ q=iOKå#∞. JOH˜`«O Éèí~°`«QÆ_»¤ g∞^Œ „a©+¨~°∞¡ |ÅѨ_»∞`«∞#fl ã¨=∞Ü«∂#,1763 „áêO`«OÖ’ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ 1947 =~°‰õΩ ™êy# ѨÅ∞ „Ѩ*Ï áÈ~åÏÅÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ `«=∞^≥·# áê„`« =Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞. D áÈ~åÏÅxflO˜Ö’ dÖÏѶ¨`üL^Œº=∞O J„QÆÉèÏQÍ# xÅzOk. D L^Œº=∞O =Úã≤¡O–=Úã≤¡"Õ∞`«~° [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å =∞^茺 SHõº`«‰õΩ, ¿ãflǨxH©, ™ê=∞~°™êºxH˜ „ѨfHõQÍ xez, qMϺuQÍOzOk. *ÏfÜ≥∂^Œº=∞O „Ѩ^äŒ=∂~°÷OÖ’ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ, ™êfi`«O„`«º áÈ~åÏxˆH `«Å=∂xHõOQÍ xÅz#, dÖÏѶ¨`ü L^Œº=∞O QÆ∞iOz D „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ „Ѩ™êÎqOK«@OÖË^Œ∞. =∞~˘Hõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ „QÆO^äŒO ~å¿ãÎ `«Ñ¨Ê, P L^Œº=∞ K«i„`«‰õΩ ã¨Ô~·# <åºÜ«∞O [~°QÆ^Œ∞. „Ѩã¨∞Î`« „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ S^Œ∞ L^Œº=∂Å QÆ∞iOz „Ѩ™êÎqOKå#∞. Jq Ѷ¨H©~°¡ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞, =ǨcÅ áÈ~å@O, Ѷ¨~årÅ L^Œº=∞O, "≥∂áê¡Å u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞, Y∞^•–ÜÕ∞–d^Œ‡`üQÍ~üÅ JÇ≤ÏO™ê L^Œº=∞O. D „Ѩu L^Œº=∞O QÆ∞iOz XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ~åÜ«∂eû#O`«QÍ „Ѩ[Å ™êǨÏã¨O, `åºQÆO, P`å‡~°Ê}Å∞ Wq∞_ç L<åfl~Ú. <å‰õΩ#fl Ѩiq∞`«∞Å "Õ∞~°‰õΩ P q=~åÅ#∞ ˆ~MÏ =∂„`«OQÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl#∞. ã¨Ü∞« º^£ q∂~å "≥∂Ç≤ÏnÌ<£ ã¨Ü∞« º^£ ca*Ï<£ D J=¸Åº"≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl ѨÙã¨ÎHõ ~°∂ѨOÖ’ g∞ =ÚO^Œ∞OK«QÆeˆQ J=HÍâ◊O <å‰õΩ ÅaèOz#ѨʘH©, D Hõ$+≤Ö’ ã¨=∂Kå~°O HÀã¨O <Õ#∞ ã¨O„ѨkOz# ѨÅ∞ z#fl<å@<Õ <å#fl Hõ#∞fl=¸ã≤<å, „QÆO^äŒ ~°K«~Ú`«Å, „Ѩ=ÚY∞ŠѨ~ÀHõ∆ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO L#flO^Œ∞#, P =∞ǨÏhÜ«ÚÅO^ŒiH© Jhfl `å<≥· #xflO`«˜"å_çfl KÕã≤# <å „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞. <Õ#∞ HÀ~°QÍ<Õ =ÚO^Œ∞=∂@ ~åã≤zÛ# QÆ∞~°∞`«∞Å∞ºÅ∞, 'PO„^èŒ*’ºu— k#Ѩ„uHõ „Ѩ^è•# ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÅ∞ ÔH. ~å=∞K«O„^Œ=¸iÎ QÍiH˜, ѨiK«Ü«∞ J=∞‡‰õΩ. "åHõºO ~åã≤# „Ѩ=ÚY ^Œo`« L^Œº=∞HÍ~°∞Å∞, ÉǨï„QÆO^äŒ ~°K«~Ú`« HõuΠѨ^•‡~å=Ù QÍiH˜, D ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl ^è•~å"åÇ≤ÏHõOQÍ „ѨK«∞iOz# 'w@∞~å~Ú— "å~°Ñ¨„uHõ ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÅ∞ Ü«∞<£.Ü«∞O. =∞e¡H± QÍiH˜, z`«∞Î „Ѩux K«kq, ѨÅ∞ ã¨∂K«#Å∞ KÕã≤# „Ѩ=ÚY ™êÇ≤Ïf"Õ`«Î H˘`«ÎѨe¡ ~°q ÉÏ|∞ QÍiH˜, Hõ=~ü _ç*ˇ·<£ KÕã≤# „Ѩ=ÚY z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ J|∞ÌÖÏ¡ QÍiH˜, ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl JO^ŒOQÍ fiÛkkÌ# =Ú„^Œ PѶπÃãò „Ñ≤O@~üû, q[Ü«∞"å_» "åiH˜, <å „Ñ¨Ü«∞`åflʼnõΩ Jxfl ã¨=∞Ü«∂ÅÖ’ „¿Ñ~°}QÍ xÅz, „áÈ`«ûÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î#fl <å rq`« ÉèÏQÆ™êfiq∞ ¿+H± ~°q∞*Ï ÉèÏ#∞‰õΩ <å ^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞. JáêflѶ¨∞~ü ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ LO_»=e¡ ÃãO@~ü – 522 501 01–12–2003
  • 5. We are very much grateful to our patrons without whose valuable cooperation we could not have brought out this book. Dr. M. EJAJ ALI M.S q+¨Ü«∞ ã¨∂zHõ National President : =ÚO^Œ∞=∂@ All India United Muslim Morcha ÔH. ~å=∞K«O„^Œ=¸iÎ Chief Editor : Sangam Urdu Daily ѨiK«Ü«∞ "åHõºO PATNA - 800 006, Bihar State. HõuΠѨ^•‡~å=Ù 01 „a©+¨~°¡ g∞^Œ `˘e u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ ÉÏ=ÙÏ ZQÆ∞~°"Õã≤# ɡ|∞ƒÅ∞Å∞ Dr. UMAR ALISHA M.D (A.M) ɡOQÍÖò Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ Peetaadhipathi Sri Viswa Viznana Vidya Aadyathmika 1763 – 1800 14–31 Peetham 02 K≥~°™êÅÅ∞, LiH˘Ü«∞ºÅ‰õΩ "≥~°=Hõ q„Hõq∞Oz# PITHAPURAM - 533 450 =Ǩc g~°∞Å∞ Sri. REKHA KRISHNARJUNA RAO 1820 – 1870 32–57 Founder : Bowdha Sangham 03 ^ÀÑ≤_ô â◊‰õΩÎÅ QÆ∞O_≥Ö’¡ ÉèíÜ≥∂`åÊ`«O ã¨$+≤ìOz# MANGALAGIRI - 522 503 Ѷ¨~år Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å∞ Guntur Dist. A.P 1830 – 1900 58–77 04 ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞ K«i„`«Ö’ HõÅHõÅO ˆ~Ñ≤# "≥∂áê¡ "≥Ú#QÍà◊√§ Sri. KOLLI LAKSHMA REDDY 1800 – 1922 78–116 Managing Director Cake Group of Bakeries 05 JÇ≤ÏO™ê =∂~åæ# P`å‡~°Ê}ʼnõΩ ã≤^ŒúѨ_ç# Kothapet, GUNTUR Y∞^•–ÜÕ∞–d^Œ‡`üQÍ~ü g~°∞Å∞ 1929 – 1948 117–158 Janab Md. YUSUF Chairman : DATA CREATIONS P^ä•~° „QÆO^ä•Å Ѩ˜ìHõ 159–160 Rahaman Street, Arundelpet, ~°K«~Ú`« „QÆO^ä•Å q∂^Œ VIJAYAWADA - 2 „Ѩ=ÚY∞Å – Ѩ„uHõÅ ã¨ÊO^Œ# 161–172 Azad House of Publications Undavalli Centre - 522 501
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  • 8. ѨiK«Ü«∞ "åHõºO thoughtful person from all angles. DÜ«∞# ~°K«#Ö’ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂xH˜ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂xH˜ – HõuΠѨ^•‡~å=Ù =∞^茺 XHõ cò LOk. ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ ã¨OѶ¨∞~°¬}#∞ PÜ«∞# P"åǨÏ# KÕ™êÎ~°∞. K«i„`« K≥|∞`«∂ K≥|∞`«∂<Õ `åufi‰õΩ_çQÍ =∂~°`å~°∞. "≥∞^Œ_»∞‰õΩ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂xH˜ J#∞ã¨O^ä•#O ‰õÄ~°∞Û`å~°∞. „Ѩ=ÚYHõq, ~°K«~Ú`« K«i„`«Ö’x =¸Å Éèí∂`åOâßÅhfl `å<Õ J#∞Éèí∂`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩx áê„`« ^•fi~å ѨÅ=i™êÎ~°∞. á⁄#∂fl~°∞, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ lÖÏ¡. K«i„`«Ö’x HÍÅ=∂<åÅ#∞ ^•˜ r=# =º=ã¨÷efl ^Œ$jºHõiOѨ KÕã≤ =∞x+≤H˜ =∞x+≤H˜, =∞x+≤H˜ =º=ã¨÷H˜ =∞^茺 ^•y# ã¨∞xfl`åOâßÅ#∞ PÜ«∞# iHÍ~°∞¤ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. Wk K«i„`« ~°K«# HÍ^Œ∞...K«i„`« x~å‡}O D ~°K«~Ú`« H˘O^ŒiH˜ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å ã¨=ÚKè«ÛùÜ«∞Hõ~°ÎQÍ HõxÊ™êÎ~°∞. =∞i H˘O^Œifl ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊ K«i„`«Ö’ „Ѩ^è•# "åÇ≤ÏHõÅ∞ Ô~O_»∞. XHõ˜ =∞#∞"å^Œ "≥#∞fl g∞^Œ Ñ≤_çH˜e`À QÆ∞kÌ =∞s #_çÑ≤™êÎ~°∞. DÜ«∞# ~°K«#Ö’x P`«‡ Self Respect. K«i„`«, =∞~˘Hõ˜ *ÏfÜ«∞î"å^Œ K«i„`«. =∞#∞"å^Œ∞Å∞ D Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ· x=ã≤OKÕ DÜ«∞# K«∂¿ã K«∂ѨÙÖ’ H˘`«Î^•i LOk. XHõ #∂º#`åÉèÏ"åxfl [~ÚOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ DÜ«∞# „Ѩ[Å#∞ =~°‚, =∞`« ^Œ$HõÊ^ä•Å`À K«∂ã≤ ~å™êÎ~°∞. *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ∞Å∞ D HõÅO ѨÏì~°∞. ' [#‡Éèí∂q∞ — DÜ«∞# HÍ~°ºˆH∆„`«O. ' =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ — DÜ«∞# x<å^ŒO. Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ· Ѩ٘ì# "å~°O^Œifl ã¨=∞`«∞źOQÍ ÉèÏqOz ~å™êÎ~°∞. "≥Ú^Œ˜k =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ∞ÖË HÍ^Œ∞, Éèí~°`«Éèí∂q∞x `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ J=Ú‡‰õΩO@∞#fl â◊‰õΩÎÅÃÑ· J=∂#="å^Œ K«i„`« J~Ú`Õ, Ô~O_»=k =∂#="å^Œ K«i„`«. K«i„`« ~°K«# áÈ~å_»∞`«∞#fl ™ê=∂lHõ â◊‰õΩÎÅx x~°∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. PÜ«∞# HõÖÏxH˜ L#fl =∞~À Ѩ^Œ∞#∞ ã¨`«ºx+¨ì`À ‰õÄ_»∞‰õΩ#flk. ™ê=∂lHõ ™êO㨯$uHõ Pi÷Hõ, `åuÎfiHõ JOâßÅ authenticity. Uk K≥Ñ≤Ê<å, „Ѩ=∂}|^Œ÷OQÍ, K«i„`« xHõëÈѨÅOQÍ K≥|∞`å~°∞. Ѩ@¡ âß„ã‘ÎÜ«∞ J=QÍǨÏ# ÖËx^Õ K«i„`« ~°K«# ™ê^茺O HÍ^Œ∞. PÜ« ∞ # ~° K « < å â‹ · e Ѩ i Ѩ H õ fi "≥ ∞ ÿ # k. `≥ Å ∞QÆ ∞ #∞_ç H Í~° O Ö’x ™⁄|QÆ ∞ , ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£QÍ~°∞ *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞. ѨÅ∞‰õΩ|_çÖ’x q<åfl}O PÜ«∞# ~°K«#‰õΩ „Ѩ"åǨÏjÅ`«#∞, „Ѩ[fiÅ# â◊H˜Îx `≥zÛOk. =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ D <ÕÅ a_»¤Åx, *Ïu "å~°ã¨∞Åx, D ã¨Oã¨$¯u ѨÙ<å^Œ∞Å∞ The most irridict writer. *Ï˝#ѨÓ~°fiHõ"∞# PÜ«∞# Hõ^#OÖ’ ™êfi`«O„`«ºã¨=∞~°Ü∂^è∞Å∞ ≥ÿ Œè ä ≥ Œ "åi ™êǨÏ㨠K«~°ºÅ`À xi‡`«"≥∞ÿ#=x, D <ÕÅ "åi „â◊=∞â◊H˜Î ^•fi~å tÖÏÊHõ$u ^•eÛ =∞# QÆ∞O_≥Å g∞^Œ #_»∞™êÎ~°∞. QÆ∞„~åÅ∞, U#∞QÆ∞Å∞, Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞, HõÏ~°∞¡, DxO^Œx, D ^Õâ◊ Hõà◊Å∞ "åi =∞Ǩϟ#fl`« B^•~°ºO`À qHõã≤OKåÜ«∞x, `«∞áê‰õΩÅ∞, Ѷ≤~°OQÆ∞ʼnõΩ Z^Œ∞~°∞ xÅ|_ç *ÏfÜ«∞`«#∞ „ѨHõ˜™êÎ~°∞. PÜ«Ú^èŒO Ѩ@∞ì‰õΩ#fl D ~å[º=º=ã¨÷ "åi Hõ#∞ã¨#flÖ’¡ ѨiѨ¡qOzO^Œx, D <ÕÅ áÈ~åÏÅÖ’x "å_»∞ Ѷ¨H©~å ? ã¨<åºã≤Ü«∂ ? J#flk HÍ^Œ∞. PÜ«∞# K«∂Ѩ٠=∂„`«O ^Õâ◊O HÀã¨O ~°HõÎ „ã¨=O`«∞Å∞ "åi ^ÕǨÏO #∞O_ç „ã¨qOz#=x, ™ê~°OQÍ D =∞˜ì áÈ~å_»∞`«∞<åfl_® ? ÖË^• ? J<Õ. Brilliant insight #j~üÖ’ HõxÊã¨∞ÎOk. ÔQiÖÏ¡ áÈ~å@O #∞O_ç Ѩ٘ì# "å~°∞, D =∞˜ì HÀã¨O `啺QÆѨÓi`«OQÍ rq`åÅ#∞ [iy#ѨÙÊ_»∞ PÜ«∞<Õ HõO^ŒHÍÅ∞ fã¨∂Î, PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ ‰õÄ~°∞Û`«∂, ã¨=∂Kå~°O JOkã¨∂Î ^è•~°áÈ™ê~°x PÜ«∞# 㨄Ѩ=∂}OQÍ, ™êkèHÍiHõOQÍ F Ü≥∂^èŒ∞xQÍ â◊„`«∞ xˆ~ƒù^Œº"≥∞ÿ# HÀ@Å g∞^Œ ^•_ç KÕã¨∞Î<åfl_® ? JxÊã¨∞ÎOk. It's not just writing. x~°∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î "≥à◊`å~°∞. It's deep involvement. #j~ü QÍix <Õ#∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ K«^Œ=ÖËHõ áÈÜ«∂#∞. D ÉèÏ~°`« rq`åxfl, ™ê=∂lHõ K«i„`«#∞ ã¨=∞#fi~ÚOKÕ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ #j~ü ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O : =Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞ ZÅ¡_»ÖÏ ##∞fl XHõ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_çQÍ =∂iÛ"Õã≤Ok. QÍ~°∞ <Õ˜q©H˜ PÜ«Ú=Ù áÈ™êÎ~°∞. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ =O^Œ‰õΩ <Õ#∞ KåÖÏ™ê~°∞¡ TÑ≤~°∞¡ Ñ‘ÖÏÛ#∞. Ñ≤_çH˜à◊√§ ayOKå#∞. ^•ã¨º q=ÚH˜Î áÈ~å@ g~°∞Ö’¡ =O^Œáêà◊√§ D ^Õâ◊"åã¨∞ÖË##flk PÜ«∞# ã≤^•úO`«O. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’x =∞#efl `å^•`«‡O KÕÜ«∞QÆey# XHõ Q˘Ñ¨Ê ~°K«<å „Hõ=∞O, tÅÊ <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO WO^Œ∞Ö’ „Ѩu áÈ~å@O "åi ~°∞kè~° `«~°Ê}ÖËHõ [~°QÆÖË^Œx PÜ«∞# "å^ŒO. =∞#‰õΩ HõxÊã¨∞ÎOk. D ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’x Ѷ¨H©~ü Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å =∞Ǩ¿ã<åx =∞Efl ëê Ѷ¨H©~ü J~Ú<å, ÉèÏ~°fÜ«Ú_»O>Ë Z=~°∞ ? ^ÕâßxH˜, ^Õâ◊ ~°Hõ∆}‰õΩ, ^Õâ◊ Éèíq`«"åºxH˜ Ѷ≤~°OwÜ«ÚÅ g∞^Œ u~°QÆ|_»¤ =Ǩa ѨÙe g∞~ü x™êû~ü Jb J~Ú<å, Ѷ¨~ål L^Œº=∞ <Õ`« Jã¨∞=ÙÅ∞ JiÊOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ Z=~°∞ "≥#∞HÍ_»~À "åˆ~ Jx K≥¿ÑÊ@ѨÙÊ_»∞, ^Œ∂^Œ∞ q∞Ü«∂ HÍx, â◊`åÉÏÌxH˜ ÃÑ·QÍ =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ g∞^Œ áÈ~å_ç# =∞ÅÉÏ~°∞ "≥∂áê¡Å 1770 „áêO`«OÖ’ „a©+π `«∞áêH˜ QÆ∞O_»¡‰õΩ XˆH™êi „áê}ÏÅiÊOz# „Ѩuxkè =∞øbfi Jb =Úã¨ûeÜ«∂~ü QÍx, JÇ≤ÏO™êÜ«Ú^èŒO`À „a©+¨~°¡#∞ `«iq∞H˘˜ì# 150 =∞Ok ɡOQÍÖò =Úã≤¡O Ѷ¨H©~°¡ L^ŒO`åxfl =∞# =ÚO^Œ∞Oz, Ѩ~îå<£ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_»∞ MÏ<£ J|∞ÌÖò QÆá¶ê~ü MÏ<£ HÍx =∞#efl P=Ç≤Ï™êÎ~°∞. P áÈ~åÏÅÖ’x WѨÙÊ_»∞ K≥ѨÊO_ç, Z=~°∞ x["≥∞ÿ# ^Õâ◊Éèí‰õΩÎÖ’ Jx J_»∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. It Ü≥∂^èŒ∞ÅO`å, `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ =∞# "≥∞^Œà◊§‰õΩ Ѩ˜ì# `«∞ѨÙÊ#∞ "åi HõuÎ Ñ≤_»∞Å`À =^ŒÅQ˘˜ì is true. It is relevant. D ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâßxfl Pf‡Ü«∞O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl =∞#efl QÆ∞é]Ѩٙêfii KÕ~Ú™êÎ~°∞. Pf‡Ü«∞`« HÀã¨O, =ºH˜Î`«fiO HÀã¨O, *ÏfÜ«∞`« HÀã¨O, "åiÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ "≥Ú^Œ˜ ™ê÷#OÖ’H˜ =™êÎ~°∞. D Ô~O_»= „Ѩâ◊fl #j~ü =∂`«$`«fiO HÀã¨O, =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ HÀã¨O =∞#efl Ü«Ú^èŒÌ ã¨#fl^Œ∞úÅ#∞ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. P<å˜ „ѨuÉèí‰õΩ w@∞~å~Ú. ~°K«~Ú`« QÆ∞O_≥Ö’¡ ^•y=Ù#fl Jyæ =∞O@‰õΩ W^˘Hõ „a©+π ™ê„=∂[º"å^Œ∞Å g∞^Œ áÈ~å_ç# `åºQÍÅ #∞O_ç Ѩ٘ì# =∞#O D<å˜ ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞ L^•Ç¨Ï~°} =∂„`«"Õ∞. ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO g∞^Œ áÈ~å_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ <≥·uHõâ◊H˜Î x™êÎ~°∞. We are not just soldiers, ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊ K«i„`« ZO`À `«"åfieûOk, ZO`À ѨÓ_®Ûeû=ÙO^Œ#fl we are warriors and liberators also. =∂@ x[O. ~°K«~Ú`« D Ѩxx ã¨=∞~°÷=O`«OQÍ KÕâß~°∞ HÍ|>Ëì PÜ«∞# #j~ü =∞# Éèí∞*ÏÅÃÑ· Ô~O_»∞ KÕ`«∞Å∞ "Õã≤ TѨÙ`«∞#fl@∞ì JxÊã¨∞ÎOk. =∞# P^èŒ∞xHõ ÉèÏ~°`« K«i„`«HÍ~°∞_çQÍ =∞# =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ =KåÛ~°∞. He is a
  • 9. Ô~·`«∞Å#∞ Ñ‘_çOz#, =∞# ‰õΩÅ, KÕu =$uÎ^•~°∞Å#∞ ǨÏiOz#, =∞# Éèí∂=ÚÅ#∞ P„Hõq∞Oz#, =∞# „ã‘ÎÅ#∞ J==∂#ѨiÛ# „a©+π ™ê„=∂[º"å^Œ∞Å g∞^Œ P<å_»∞ =∞# =Úã≤¡O áÈ~å@Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å ™êyOz# áÈ~åÏÅ L^ŒO`åÅ#∞ Hõà◊§‰õΩ Hõ˜ì#@∞ì q=iã¨∂Î, 1 D<å˜ ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞ ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ PkèѨ`åºxH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ „Ѩ*Ï™ê=∞º Ö∫H˜Hõ ^Œ$HõÊ^äŒO`À „a©+¨~°¡ g∞^Œ `˘e u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ ÉÏ=ÙÏ ZQÆ∞~°"Õã≤# ɡ|∞ƒÅ∞Å∞ =∞#O áÈ~å_®eû# ÉÏ^茺`« ÖË^•? JO@∂ =∞~°‡OQÍ „Ѩtfl™êÎ~°∞. <å˜ K«i„`« *Ï˝Ñ¨HÍÅ`À <Õ ˜ ã¨=∂*Ïxfl ‰õΩ^Œ∞ѨÙ`«∂ PÜ«∞# #_»∞™êÎ~°∞. XHõ¯=∂@Ö’ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë Alex Haily ~åã≤# ROOTS ‰õΩ L#fl â◊H˜Î DÜ«∞# ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O : =Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞ ɡOQÍÖò Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ ‰õΩ LOk. D ѨÙ㨨ÎHÍxˆH HÍ^Œ∞, PÜ«∞# ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ 1763–1800 ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl ^Œ$jºHõiã¨∂Î =∞#HõOkOz# „Ѩu ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’ J â◊H˜Î #~°‡QÆ~°ƒù"≥∞ÿOk. PÜ«∞# P"Õ^Œ#, PÜ«∞# ã¨OѶ¨∞~°¬} PÜ«∂ ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅÖ’Oz, =∞#efl ѨÅHõiOKÕ áê„`«Ö’¡Oz =∞#‰õΩ qxÊ™êÎ~°∞. PÜ«∞# x[rq`«OÖ’H˜ =¿ãÎ, PÜ«∞# Ѩ٘ì# <å˜ #∞O_Õ ã¨OѶ¨∞i¬`«∞_»∞. PÜ«∞# J^茺ܫ∞#O, PÜ«∞# ~°K«#, ^Œ$jºHõ~°}, ã¨=∂*Ïxfl á¶È’ fÜ«∞_»O ^ŒQÆæ~° #∞O_ç ZH±ûˆ~ fã≤ ™ê¯xOQ∑ KÕ¿ã ^•HÍ ZkyOk. PÜ«∞# „Ѩu JHõ∆~°O "≥#∞Hõ XHõ Ѷ‘eOQ∑ò LOk. P"Õ^Œ# LOk. D ã¨=∂*Ïxfl ѨÙ#ifli‡OKÕ „Hõ=∞OÖ’<Õ K≥|∞`å~åÜ«∞#. <Õ#∞ PÜ«∞##∞ K«i„`« ~°K«~Ú`«QÍ K«∂_»ÖËHõáÈ`«∞<åfl#∞. D ã¨=∂*Ïxfl ѨÙ#i‡OKÕ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_»∞ HÍ"åe. =∞ǨÏ`å‡ Ñ¶¨ÓÖË, ã¨~ü ã¨Ü«∞º^£ JǨÏ=∞‡^£, _®Hõì~ü JOÉË^Œ¯~ü, ÃÑiÜ«∂~ü, g~°O^Œ~°∂ K«i„`« ~°K«~Ú`«ÖË HÍ^Œ∞, K«i„`«#∞ ѨÙ#ifli‡Oz# "å~°∞ ‰õÄ_®. =∞`«O =ºH˜Îx xi‡ã¨∞ÎOk, K«i„`« *Ïux xi‡ã¨∞ÎOk. =∞`«O ¿Ñ~°∞`À *Ïux J}˜z"Õã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. PO^Œ∞HÍÜ«∞# Zxfl ~å„`«∞Å∞ x„^ŒáÈÖË^À ! Zxfl "Õ^Œ#Å∞ PÜ«∞# QÆ∞O_≥Å#∞ `˘eKåÜ≥∂ ! =∞# Hõà◊§ =ÚO^Õ Zxfl Hõ@ì_®Å∞ ‰õÄeáÈ`«∞<åfl~Ú ! ZO`« K«i„`« ÉèíQÆfl=∞ø`ÀOk ! Now it is irrelevant JOÏ~åÜ«∞#. To built and to rebuilt JOÏ~°∞. ' <Õ#∞ ~°K«~Ú`«<Õ HÍ^Œ∞. Ü«Ú^Œú Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_çfl ‰õÄ_®. <å *Ïu Ѩ@¡, <å^Õâ◊O Ѩ@¡, <å „Ñ¨[ŠѨ@¡ <Õ#∞ „¿Ñq∞‰õΩ_çfl, QÍ_è» „¿Ñq∞‰õΩ_çfl. P „Ѩ*ÏhHõO q=ÚH˜Î HÀã¨O <Õ#∞ HõÅO Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_çfl J=Ù`«∞<åfl#∞ — Jx x#kã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. PÜ«∞# HõÅO ~åeÛ# WO‰õΩ K«∞Hõ¯Å‰õΩ, ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâßxfl Ѩ~å~Ú áêʼnõΩÅ Hõ|O^èŒ Ç¨Ï™êÎÅ #∞O_ç =∂`«$^Õâßxfl q=ÚHõÎO KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ áÈ~°∞ÉÏ@ #_çz, PyflÜ«ÚQÍxH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ "Õã≤# =∞Efl ëê Ѷ¨H©~ü, WO_çÜ«∂ g∞^Œ „w‰õΩÅ∞, â߉õΩºÅ∞, Ü«∞=#∞Å∞, ‰õΩëê}∞Å∞, Ǩ˙}∞Å∞, g∞~ü x™êû~ü Jb, ^Œ∂^Œ∞ q∞Ü«∂, =∞øbfi Jb =Úã¨ûeÜ«∂~ü `«k`«~°∞Å∞ ~åeÛ# ~°HõÎѨ٠`«k`«~°∞Å∞ ^ŒO_»Ü«∂„`«Å∞ KÕ™ê~°∞. D QÆ_»¤#∞ [~ÚOz# q*Ë`«ÅÖ’ J`«ºkè‰õΩÅ∞, K«∞Hõ¯Å‰õΩ U=∂„`«O `Õ_® ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œin ¿ãfiKèåÛù–™êfi`«O„`åºÅ HÀã¨O ™êy# q=ÚH˜Î ™ê÷x‰õΩÅ`À Hõeã≤áÈ~Ú<å ѨÅ∞=Ù~°∞ uiy `«=∞ ã¨fi^ÕâßʼnõΩ "≥o§áÈÜ«∂~°∞. JÖÏ áÈ~å@"Õ∞. ' D ^Õâßxfl `åHõ@∞ì ÃÑ>Ëì â◊‰õΩÎÅ ÃÑ·<å <å ѨÓsfi‰õΩÖÏ¡ áÈ~å_»∞`å#∞. P "≥o§áÈ~Ú#"å~°∞ D Éèí∂q∞x ã¨fiã¨÷ÅOQÍ ÉèÏqOK«ÖË^Œ∞. D <ÕÅ#∞ ÔQÅ∞K«∞‰õΩ#fl Éèí∂q∞QÍ<Õ HõxfiHõ¬<£ <å‰õΩOk — JOÏ~åÜ«∞#. ÉèÏqOz# HÍ~°}OQÍ WHõ¯_ç ã¨OѨ^Œ, ™œÉèÏQͺxfl JOk#O`« ^ÀK«∞‰õΩx áÈÜ«∂~°∞. x[O K≥ѨÊ=∞OÏ~å ? D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO K«^Œ∞=Ù`«∞#flO`« ¿ãѨ٠<Õ<˘Hõ ™êfi`«O„`«º P `«~°∞"å`« =∞^茺 Ü«ÚQÍÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜OK«|_»∞`«∞#fl HÍÅOÖ’ =Úã≤¡O áêʼnõΩÅ∞ 㨨=∞~° Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_çÖÏ ™êfis KÕâß#∞. <Õ<˘Hõ *Ï˝# *’ºuQÍ "≥Å∞Q˘O^•#∞. <Õ<˘Hõ K«i„`« D <ÕÅ g∞^Œ J_»∞QÆ∞ÃÑÏì~°∞. ѨÅ∞ q[Ü«∂Å∞ ™êkèOKåHõ WHõ¯_Õ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_®¤~°∞. D <ÕÅ#∞ x~å‡`«QÍ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ Hõ^Œ∞Å∞`«∞<åfl#∞. g∞~°∂ <å`À #_»∞™êÎ~å ? ~°O_ç. =∞# =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞x `«=∞ ã¨fiO`«QÆ_»¤QÍ ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. ã¨∞=∂~°∞ "≥~Úº ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ áêÅ# KÕã≤# áêʼnõΩÅ ~° H ˜ ∆ O K« ∞ ‰õ Ω O^•O. =∞~À ™êfi`« O „`« º áÈ~åÏxH˜ ˆ H Hõ " Õ ã ¨ ∂ Î # fl ã¨ Ü « ∞ º^£ #j~ü J<ÕHõ =OâßÅ∞ D =∞˜ìÖ’ Ѩ٘ì, D =∞˜ìÖ’ ÃÑiy, D =∞˜ìÖ’ Hõeã≤áÈÜ«∂~Ú. PǨÏ=∞‡^£`Àáê@∞QÍ...<Õ#∞....g∞~°∞.....=∞#O. „a©+¨~°¡ Mˇ·nQÍ, ~°OQÆ∂<£ *ˇ·Å∞Ö’ QÆ_çÑ≤# z=i "≥ÚQÆÖò K«„Hõ=iÎ |Ǩï^Œ∂Ì~ü ëê [Ѷ¨~ü, D ÉèÏ=##∞ `«# Hõq`«Ö’ =ºHõÎOKÕ™ê_»∞. '... [Ѷ¨~ü h"≥O`« ^Œ∞~°^Œ$+¨ì=O`«∞_çq~å !
  • 10. 15 ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ 16 #∞"≥fiO`«QÍ<À „¿Ñq∞Oz# =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞Ö’ h ã¨=∂kè HÀã¨O Hõhã¨O Ô~O_»∞ QÆ*ÏÅ <ÕÖˇ·<å Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑh J#∞ã¨iOK«@O „áê~°OaèOzOk. ‰õΩÅ=$`«∞ÎÅ∞, KÕu=$`«∞ÎÅ∞, q∞QÆÅÖË^∞ h‰õΩ ...—. ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ∂#∂, `å#∂ Ѩ٘ì ÃÑiy# D =∞˜Ö’ HõÅã≤áÈ"åÅ#∞‰õΩ#fl Œ ì =º=™êÜ«∞‰õÄbÅ r=#O f„= ã¨OH∆ÀÉèÏxH˜ QÆ∞Ô~·Ok. HõOÃÑh J#∞ã¨iã¨∞Î#fl ZQÆ∞=∞u – |Å"≥∞ÿ# HÀiHõ fˆ~ J=HÍâ◊O ÖËHõáÈ=@O`À |Ǩï^Œ∂Ì~ü ëê [Ѷ¨~ü D "Õ∞~°‰õΩ `«# kQÆ∞=∞u q^è•<åÅ∞ ^ÕjÜ«∞ =~°ÎHõ–"å}˜*ϺʼnõΩ Q˘_»¤eÃÑ@∞ìQÍ `«Ü«∂~°Ü«∂º~Ú. D ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂"Õ^Œ##∞ =ºH©ÎHõiOKå_»∞. Éè í Ü « ∞ OHõ ~ ° Ѩ i ã≤ ÷ ` « ∞ ʼnõ Ω `À_» ∞ QÍ =_ô ¤ "åºáê~° ∞ Å∞ J`« º kè H õ =_ô ¤ Å `À „Ѩ [ Å#∞ =~°ÎHõO ¿Ñi@ D <ÕÅ g∞^Œ HÍÅ∞Ãјì# „a©+¨~°∞¡, ™ê÷xHõ „ѨÉèí∞=ÙÅ#∞ ^ÀK«∞HÀ™êQÍ~°∞. „QÍg∞} =º=ã¨÷ Z^Œ∞~˘¯O@∞#fl ^Œ∞~°ƒù~° Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ U=∂„`«O „Hõ=∞„Hõ=∞OQÍ Ñ¨~å[Ü«∞O áêÖË˚ã¨∂Î, D Éèí∂ÉèÏQÍxfl ǨÏã¨ÎQÆ`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. ã¨∞=∂~°∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’xH˜ fã¨∞HÀ‰õΩO_® JOk#O`« Ô~q#∂º ~å|@∞ìHÀ"åÅ#fl UÔH·Hõ ^Œ$+≤ì`À HõOÃÑh Ô~O_»∞ =O^ŒÅ UO_»∞¡ áêÅ# ™êyOz#ѨʘH©, D <ÕÅ#∞ `«=∞ ^Õâ◊OQÍ „a©+¨~°∞¡ JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ „‰õÄ~°OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOK«™êQÍ~°∞. J`«ºkèHõ Ô~q#∂º#∞ =ã¨∂Å∞KÕã≤ ÃÑ>Ëì #∂`«# U<å_»∞ ÉèÏqOK«ÖË^Œ∞. D QÆ_»¤#∞ =Å㨠HÍÅhQÍ =∂„`«"Õ∞ ѨiQÆ}˜OKå~°∞. D ^Õâ◊O [g∞O^•~°∞Å#∞ xÜ«∞q∞Oz, PkèHõ Ô~q#∂º =ã¨∂à◊§‰õΩ =∞ixfl J=HÍâßÅ∞, JkèHÍ~åÅ∞ `«=∞k HÍ^Œ∞ Hõ#∞Hõ, WHõ¯_» #∞O_ç JOk#O`« `«~°eOK«∞‰õΩáÈ=@O „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. HõeÊOz „Ѩ[Å g∞^Œ‰õΩ ѨÙiH˘ÖÏÊ~°∞. Éèí∂ã¨OѨ^Œ`Àáê@∞ Éèí∂q∞ Ѩل`«∞Å ™œÉèÏQͺxfl ‰õÄ_® ѨÅ∞ =∂~åæÅ ^•fi~å ^ÀK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. D Ѩiã≤`∞ʼnõΩ `À_»∞QÍ P<å_»∞ ^è•i‡Hõ „ѨKå~°OQÍqã¨∂Î ^Õâ=∞O`«Ï u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ ÷ « ◊ Éèí∂q∞ P^è•~°OQÍ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# D ^ÀÑ≤_ô Jxfl ~°OQÍʼnõΩ Jxfl =~åæʼnõΩ „Ѩ[Å =~°‰õΩ QÆ_ç¿Ñ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞ʼnõΩ ѨÓ~°fiѨ٠áêʼnõΩÅ∞ HõeÊOz# Lz`« Éèí∂q∞ ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂Å#∞, ™êyOk. „ѨKå~° ™œHõ~åºÅ#∞ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ ǨÏiOz"ÕÜ«∞@O „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. ã¨fi^Õj „ѨÉèí∞=ÙÅ∞ „a©+¨~°∞¡ ~åHõ=ÚO^Œ∞ "≥ÚQÆÖò Ô~q#∂º Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å „ѨHÍ~°O Éèí∂q∞H˜ Ô~·`«∞ P™êq∞. ã¨O„Hõq∞OѨ KÕã≤# Éèí∂=ÚÅ#∞ uiy ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞HÀ=@OQÍh, ÖË^• P`«ºkèHõ Ô~q#∂º ~°Hõ∆} HõeÊã¨∞Î#flO^Œ∞# ѨO@Ö’ ÉèÏQÍxfl Ô~·`«∞Å∞ áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ ã¨=∞iÊOKÕ"å~°∞. ~å[ÉèÏQÆO Hõ@ì=∞xQÍh "ÕkèOK«™êQÍ~°∞. P<å˜ áêʼnõΩÅ Éèí∂iq~åàÏÖ`À, Éèí∂=ÚÅ ^•fi~å ÅaèOKÕ K≥e¡ã¨∞Î#flO`« HÍÅO Ô~·`«∞#∞ Éèí∂q∞ #∞O_ç `˘ÅyOKÕ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯ ~åA‰õÄ LO_Õk HÍ^Œ∞. D P^•Ü«∞O`À ^è•i‡Hõ „ѨKå~°O KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂, U~åÊ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl ^è•i‡Hõ =º=ã¨÷Å =∞#∞QÆ_»‰õΩ q+¨Ü∂xfl Mr. Narahari Kaviraj `«# Wahabi and Farazi Rebels of Bengal „QO^äOÖ’ « Æ Œ HõOÃÑh KÕѨ˜ì# =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ #+¨ª^•Ü«∞Hõ=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. D K«~°ºÅ∞ ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞–Ѷ¨H©~°¡ D q^èOQÍ ¿Ñ~˘fl<åfl~°∞. ' ...remuneration of sovereignty or returns for the care Œ P„QÆǨ"ÕâßʼnõΩ HÍ~°}=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. of royalty i.e, the protection the king was to give to the life and security of the raiyat. So the king was supposed to posses no rights of property in land be- ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~° H∆Í=∞O yond a definite share of its produce....—. 1769–70Ö’ ɡOQÍÖò `«k`«~° „áêO`åÅÖ’ =zÛ# ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~°õ H∆Í=∞O [# rq`åÅ#∞ J`«ÖωõΩ`«ÅO KÕã≤Ok. PHõe^ŒÑ¨CʼnõΩ `åà◊ÖËHõ ÉèÏs ã¨OYºÖ’ „Ѩ[Å∞ W`«~° ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ J#∞=ÙQÍ Ô~q#∂º q^è•<åÅ∞ „áêO`åʼnõΩ =Å㨠"≥àϧ~°∞. Pã≤Îáêã¨∞ÎÅ#∞ J=Ú‡HÀ=@"Õ∞HÍHõ =∞#∞+¨µÅ#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOK«@O „a©+¨~°∞¡ D Ô~q#∂º =º=ã¨÷#∞ `«=∞ ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ =∂~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. ‰õÄ_® [iyOk. =∞#∞+¨µÖË =∞#∞+¨µÅ#∞ Ñ‘‰õΩ¯u<Õ ^•~°∞} Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∞ U~°Ê_®¤~Ú. áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ, Ô~·`«∞‰õΩ =∞^茺# ~å[ÉèÏQÆO =ã¨∂Å∞KÕ¿ã =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞, â◊‰õΩÎÅ#∞ ~°OQƄѨ"Õâ◊O =¸_À=O`«∞ „Ѩ[Å∞ „áê}ÏÅ∞ q_çKå~°∞. P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ ‰õÄ_® HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞, KÕ~ÚOKå~°∞. `«=∞ KÕ`«∞ʼnõΩ =∞˜ì JO@‰õΩO_® Ô~·`«∞ Hõëêìxfl Ѩ˜ìOK«∞HÀ‰õΩO_® JOk#O`« [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞ Ô~·`«∞ʼnõΩ Ô~q#∂º =ã¨∂à◊§ q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ U=∂„`«O q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨÙÅ∞ `«~°eOK«∞‰õΩx áÈ"åÅ#fl ^èÀ~°}˜`À =∞^茺=iÎH˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKå~°∞. ~å[ÉèÏQÆO W=fiHõáÈQÍ =∞iO`« ^•~°∞}OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKå~°∞. POˆQ¡Ü«∞ JkèHÍi W.W. Hunter =ã¨∂Å∞ Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å#∞ „Hõ=∞OQÍ =∂~°∞Û`«∂, Ô~·`«∞‰õΩ Éèí∂q∞ g∞^Œ QÆŠǨωõΩ¯Å#∞ `«# „QÆO^äŒO The Annals of Rural Bengal (1770-1771) Ö’, P<å˜ ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~° ǨÏiOz"Õã¨∂Î, HÀi#O`« Ô~q#∂º ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°ÛQÆÅ [g∞O^•~°∞ʼnõΩ P ǨωõΩ¯Å#∞ ^è•~å^Œ`«ÎO Ѩ i ã≤ ÷ ` « ∞ Å#∞ q=iOKå~° ∞ . '...Hõ ~ ° ∞ =٠Ѩ i ã≤ ÷ u „Ѩ [ Å#∞ Jxfl ~° H ÍÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨ ˜ ì KÕâß~°∞. 1765Ö’ ɡOQÍÖò ' k"åh — Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑh ǨÏã¨ÎQÆ`«"≥∞ÿ# `«~°∞"å`«, Ñ‘_çã¨∞Î#fl ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ 35 âß`«O „Ѩ[Å∞, 50 âß`«O Ô~·`«∞Å∞ <åâ◊#"≥∞ÿáÈQÍ, D Ѩiã≤÷u =∞iO`« L^èŒ$`«"≥∞ÿOk. Ô~·`«∞ K≥e¡OKåeû# Ô~q#∂º#∞ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ =∂„`«O `«yæOKåeû# Ô~q#∂º#∞, 5 âß`«O ‰õÄ_® `«yæOK«HõáÈQÍ J#∂ǨϺOQÍ ÃÑOKå~°∞. ( "...It is now generally recognised that main thrust of the ..— 10 âß`«O ÃÑOK«@O [iyO^Œ...— x PÜ«∞# ¿Ñ~˘¯#_®xfl |˜ì JO`«˜ ÉèíÜ«∂#Hõ East India Company particularly after assumption of diwani in 1765 was to Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® „a©+¨~°∞¡ ZO`« ~åHõ∆ã¨OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKå~À J~°÷=∞ø`«∞Ok. D enhance the land revenue of the province..." - Regional Economy in Eastern Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ J=HÍâ◊OQÍ KÕã¨∞‰õΩx =∞Ǩ[#∞Å∞ ( =_ô¤ "åºáê~°∞Å∞) , [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞, India - II. by B. Choudary) JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ „a©+π =~°Î‰õΩÅ∞, Ô~·`«∞Å#∞, „Ѩ[Å#∞ Ñ‘eÛ Ñ≤Ñ≤Ê KÕÜ«∞™êQÍ~°∞. D Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∞ „QÍg∞} „áêO`åʼnõΩ „áê}ÏO`«Hõ=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. Ô~·`«∞ rq`«O P Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∞ Ѷ¨H©~°¡ – ã¨<åºã¨∞Å áÈ~åÏʼnõΩ TÑ≤i áÈâß~Ú. Ñ‘_»#‰õΩ ^Œ∞~°ƒù~°OQÍ =∂iOk. „QÍg∞} PiúHõ=º=ã¨÷#∞ zè<åflaè#flO KÕ¿ã "å}˜[º Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å#∞ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ „Ѩ[Å Jã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î, Jã¨Ç¨Ï#O, P„QÆǨÏO #∞O_ç u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞¡ ~°QÆ∞Å∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú.
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  • 12. 19 ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ 20 q=iOKå~°∞. „Ѩ[Å "≥`«Å#∞ q#fl ^Œˆ~fi+π f„=OQÍ =º^èŒ K≥O^•~°∞. Ѷ≤~°OwÅ g∞^Œ YzÛù`«OQÍ J=∞Å∞ Ѩˆ~ÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ qq^èŒ Hõq∞©Å#∞ U~åÊ@∞ KÕâß~°∞. D Hõq∞©ÅÖ’ P„QÆ Ç ¨ Ï O =ºHõ Î O KÕ ™ ê~° ∞ . z=~° ‰ õ Ω , '...<åQÍ ã¨ < åºã¨ ∞ Å`À Hõ Å ã≤ PÜ« Ú ^è • Å∞ XH˘¯Hõ¯iH˜ XH˘¯Hõ¯ ÉÏ^茺`«#∞ JѨÊyOKå~°∞. Pi÷Hõ =#~°∞Å ¿ãHõ~°}, áÈ~å@ ^ŒàÏÅ KÕѨ@ìO_ç. PǨ~° Ѩ^•~åúÅ#∞, ѨO@Å#∞ ^•zÃјì# y_»¤OQÆ∞Å g∞^Œ ^•_»∞Å∞ ã¨g∞Hõ~°}, QÆ∂_è»K«~°º ^Œà◊O U~åÊ@∞, PǨ~°O, PÜ«Ú^è•Å ã¨g∞Hõ~°} – ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å, [~°Ñ¨O_ç. PHõe`À PÅ=∞˜ã¨∞Î#fl „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ ѨOK«O_ç. Ѷ≤~°OwÅ#∞ `«iq∞"ÕÜ«∞O_ç „Ñ¨[Å ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~°O `«k`«~° =º=Ǩ~åÅ HÀã¨O „Ѩ`ÕºHõ qÉèÏQÍÅ∞ U~°Ê_®¤~Ú. JO`« H õ O >Ë =∞~À „Ѩ ` åº=∂flÜ« ∞ O ÖË ^ Œ ∞ . PÜ« Ú ^è • Å∞ KÕ Ñ ¨ @ ì O _ç . =ÚO^Œ ∞ ‰õ Ω ÔQiÖÏ¡ áÈ~å@O ™êQÆO_ç...— JO@∂ =∞Efl ëê#∞ HÀ~å~°∞. Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡, ã¨<åºã¨∞Å áÈ~åÏÅ∞ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ ÔQiÖÏ¡ Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ ™êQÍ~Ú. â◊„`«∞=٠Ѷ≤~°OwÅ#∞ `«iq∞H˘@ì=∞x QÆ∞~°∞=Ù P^Õâ◊O |ÅOQÍ L#flѨC_»∞ "≥#H˜¯ `«QÆæ@O. â◊„`«∞=Ù P^Œ=∞~°z L#flѨC_»∞ ^•_»∞Å∞ KÕ¿ã QÆ∞~°∞=Ù P^ÕâßÅO^Œ∞‰õΩ#fl =∞Efl ëê `«# áÈ~åÏxfl L^èŒ$`«O KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å#∞ J#∞ã¨iOKå~°∞. â◊„`«∞=Ù`À =ÚMÏ=Úd Z^Œ∞~À¯Hõ `«Ñ¨Ê#ѨC_»∞ „áê}ÏʼnõΩ ã≤^Œú=∞Ü«∂º~°∞. „Ѩ[Å∞, Ô~·`«∞Å∞, ‰õΩÅ=$`«∞ÎÅ, KÕu=$`«∞ÎÅ HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞, PÜ«∞#‰õΩ `À_»∞QÍ `≥yOz áÈ~°∞ ã¨ÅÊ@O Ѷ¨H©~°¡ áÈ~å@ q^è•<åÅ∞. 1761 _çÃãO|~°∞Ö’ |~°^•fi<£‰õΩ xeKÕ O ^Œ ∞ ‰õ Ω =ÚO^Œ ∞ ‰õ Ω =KåÛ~° ∞ . =∞Efl ëê `« # ^Œ O @∂ XHõ „Ѩ ` Õ º Hõ ^Œ à Ïxfl K≥Ok# áê`« [g∞O^•~°∞`À Hõeã≤ HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ^ŒàÏÅ g∞^Œ `˘e™êiQÍ u~°QÆ|_ç xi‡OK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. QÆ∞~°∞=Ù ^•fi~å „¿Ñ~°} á⁄Ok# =∞Efl ëê, áÈ~åÏxH˜ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO `«=∞ ã¨∞n~°… áÈ~°∞‰õΩ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ NHÍ~°O K«∞Ïì~°∞. JѨʘ #∞O_ç Ѷ¨H©~°¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å áÈ~å@O =Ç≤ÏOz q^ÕjÜ«ÚÖˇ·# Ѷ≤~°OwÅ#∞ `«iq∞"ÕÜ«∞ÏxH˜ Hõ^Œe ~°=∞‡x ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ#∞ ™êy# <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ HÍÅOÖ’ „Ѩu ã¨O=`«û~°O HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ XHõ˜, Ô~O_»∞ JÉèíºiúOKå~°∞. =∞`« ^èŒ~å‡Å‰õΩ Jf`«OQÍ „Ѩ[Å áÈ~åÏʼnõΩ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO =Ç≤ÏOK«=∞x „Ѩ^è•# áÈ~åÏÅ#∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯Hõ `«Ñ¨Êx Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ HõeÊOKå~°∞. „Ѩu „Ѩ^è•# HÀ~°@O ^•fi~å =∞Efl ëê P<å˜ ~å[^è~å‡xfl Q“~°qOKå~°∞. =∂`«$^ÕâO #∞O_ç Ѷ~OwÅ#∞ Œ ◊ ≤° áÈ~å@OÖ’ Hõhã¨O 500 =∞Ok Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ áêÖÁæ#@O qâı+¨O. Ѷ¨H©~°¡ ¿ã<åx =∞Efl ëê `«iq∞"ÕÜ«∂Åx, ÉÏ^è•ã¨~°Ê„^Œ+¨µìÖˇ·# „Ѩ[Å#∞ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ ^ÀÑ≤_ô, ^•+‘ìHÍÅ #∞O_ç Ñ≤Å∞ѨÙx¿ãÎ, Ju `«‰õΩ¯= ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ 50 "ÕÅ =∞Ok `«~°e =KÕÛ Ñ¨iã≤÷`«∞Å∞ q=ÚHõÎO KÕÜ«∂Å#fl ÅHõ∆º™ê^èŒ# HÀã¨O, P áÈ~å@ g~°∞Å∞ =∞`åʼnõΩ Jf`«OQÍ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº <≥ÅH˘<åflÜ«∞x HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞ÖË `«=∞ x"ÕkHõÖ’ ~åã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. áÈ~å@O ™êyOKå~°∞. [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞, =∞Ǩ[#∞Å∞, HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞, JkèHÍ~°∞Å g∞^Œ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ D áÈ~å@OÖ’ Ѷ ¨ H © ~ ° ¡ ‰ õ Ω <åQÍ ã¨ < åºã¨ ∞ Å ¿ãflǨ Ï Ç¨ Ï ã¨ Î O Åaè O zOk. ^•_» ∞ Å∞ ™êyOKå~° ∞ . [g∞O^•~° ∞ ʼnõ Ω =ÚO^Œ ∞ QÍ `≥ e Ü« ∞ *Ë ã ≤ ^•_» ∞ Å∞ KÕ ã ≤ # Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞ Hõeã≤ Ѷ≤~°OwÅ g∞^Œ ^•_»∞Å∞ KÕã≤ J<ÕHõ q[Ü«∂Å∞ ™êkèOKå~°∞. ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∞<åfl~Ú. JHõ$`åºÅ‰õΩ ã¨fiã≤ΠѨÅHõ=∞x, |Å=O`«Ñ¨Ù Ô~q#∂ºÅ#∞ PѨ=∞x XHõKÀ@ ã¨<åºã¨∞ʼnõΩ ѶH~∞¡ <åÜ«∞Hõ`fiO =Ç≤Ï¿ã,Î =∞~ÀKÀ@ ѶH~‰Ω ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞ <åÜ«∞Hõ`fiO ¨©° « ¨ © ¡° õ « HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ#∞, [g∞O^•~°∞Å#∞ ÃÇÏK«ÛiOz, P `«~°∞"å`« ^•_»∞Å#∞ [i¿Ñ"å~°∞. =Ç≤ÏOz Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑh |ÅQÍÅ#∞ =∞˜ì HõiÑ≤Oz K«i„`«#∞ ã¨$+≤ìOKå~°∞. „Ѩ=ÚY D q+¨Ü«∞O HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ `≥eã≤ |ÅQÍÅ`À `«~°e =KÕÛÖ’QÍ „Ѩ*Ï QÆ∂_è»Kåi K«i„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ Dr. Santimoy Roy KÕ, '... Against this ruthless invador (British) ^Œà◊O #∞O_ç ã¨=∂Kå~°O JO^Œ∞‰õΩx Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ x~å@OHõOQÍ ^•_»∞Å∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz, ˆH∆=∞OQÍ first flag of revolt was unfurled by Majnu Shah, the leader of a band of fakirs... — "≥o§áÈÜÕ∞"å~°∞. Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ ^•_çKÕ™êÎ~°x ÉèíÜ«∞O L#fl [g∞O^•~°∞¡ HõOÃÑh ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O HÀ~°∞`«∂ QÍ H©iÎOK«|_ç# =∞Efl ëê „a©+¨~°¡ g∞^Œ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ Ѩ`åHÍxfl `˘e™êiQÍ ÉˇOQÍÖò ÖËYÅ∞ ~åã≤# ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÅ∞ J<ÕHõO L<åfl~Ú. [g∞O^•~°∞Å q#u "Õ∞~°‰õΩ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ QÆ_»¤ g∞^Œ #∞O_ç ZQÆ∞~°"Õ™ê~°∞. '..^•_»∞Å∞ =∂#=∞x, ÖˉõΩO>Ë Hõiî#OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKåeû =ã¨∞ÎO^Œx..— =∞Efl PÜ«Ú^èŒ|ÅO, JOQÆ|ÅO QÆÅ â◊`«$=ÙÃÑ· áÈ~å@O, ™ê=∂#º q+¨Ü«∞O HÍ^Œx ëê‰õΩ ÃÇÏK«Ûi‰õÅ∞ KÕã≤<å U =∂„`«O MÏ`«~°∞ KÕÜ«∞‰õΩO_® xˆ~ÌtOz# ã¨=∞Ü«∂xH˜ „QÆÇ≤ÏOz# =∞Efl ëê „Ñ¨[Å JO_»^ŒO_»Å`À |Å"≥∞ÿ# „Ѩ*Ï áÈ~åÏxH˜ ã≤^Œú=∞Ü«∂º~°∞. QÆ=∞ºO KÕ~°∞‰õΩx, HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ^ŒàÏÅ#∞ xÅ∞=iOz, Ѩxx ѨÓiÎ KÕã¨∞‰õΩx K«_ô „Ѩ[Å ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO`À Ѩ˜+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# áÈ~å@ =º=ã¨÷#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ Hõ$+≤ KÕ™ê~°∞. K«Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∂ ÖˉõΩO_® áÈ~å@ ^ŒàÏÅ∞ x„+¨¯q∞OKÕq. HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ^ŒàÏÅ Hõ^ŒeHõÅ∞ Ѷ¨H©~°¡ „áê|źO QÆÅ „áêO`åÅ`À „áê~°OaèOz, W`«~° „Ѩ^ÕâßÅ ÉÏkè`«∞Å#∞ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº Ju "ÕQÆOQÍ =∞Efl ëê‰õΩ ZÖÏ JO^Œ∞`«∞<åflÜ≥∂ J~°úOHÍHõ JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ JÜ≥∂=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ Ѩˆ~ÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ѩܫ∞uflOKå~°∞. ѨÅ∞ „áêO`åÅÖ’ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ KèåÜ«∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® Ѩ_Õ"å~°∞. Ѷ¨H©~°¡ QÆ∞iOz `«Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ã¨=∂Kå~°O JOkOz HõOÃÑh ^ŒàÏÅ#∞ =∂~°æO HõxÑ≤OK«‰õΩO_® KÕã≤, PÜ«∂ „QÍ=∂Å „Ѩ[Å r=<åxH˜ U =∂„`«O W|ƒOk ÖˉõΩO_® =∞o§Oz, QÆ=∞ºO KÕ~°∞HÀx=fi‰õΩO_® KÕã≤ |ÅQÍÅ#∞ „Ѩ[Å∞ zH͉õΩ Ѩˆ~Û"å~°∞. =∞Efl „QÍ=∞ Hõq∞©Å∞ U~åÊ@∞KÕã≤ „QÍ=∞ áêÅ# ã¨*Ï=ÙQÍ ™êˆQ@∞¡ K«~°ºÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. ëê QÆ∂_è»Kå~°∞Å∞ Z=fi~À HÍ^Œ∞ PÜ«∂ „QÍ=∂Å „Ѩ[Å∞. Ѩã≤Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ ‰õÄ_® QÆ∂_è»Kå~°∞Å∞QÍ =∞Efl ëê Ѷ¨H©~°¡‰õΩ u~°∞QÆ∞ÖËx <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_≥·#ѨʘH©, áÈ~°∞ÉÏ@ KåÖÏ „Ѩ=∂^ŒHõ~°O Hõ#∞Hõ ã¨=∞+≤ìQÍ PÖ’zOzOK«@O, Ѩ^äŒHÍÅ#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«@O, ~°∂á⁄OkOz# Ѩ^äŒHÍÅ#∞ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOKå~°∞. Ѷ¨H©~°¡‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOKÕ „QÍg∞}∞ʼnõΩ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ tHõ∆} W=fi@O ^•fi~å QÆ∂_è»Kåi =º=ã¨÷#∞ =∞Efl ëê Ѩ˜+¨ìOQÍ U~åÊ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. =∞Efl ëê ^ŒàÏÅ∞ =O^ŒÅ
  • 13. 21 ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏáÈ~åÏÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ 22 ã¨OYºÖ’ Ѷ¨ÖÏ<å KÀ@∞# ã¨=∂"Õâ◊O JÜ«∂º~°x, |Ǩïâß Ñ¶¨ÖÏ<å „áêO`«O g∞^Œ HõOÃÑhH˜ Ô~q#∂º K≥e¡OK« =^ŒÌx q[˝Ñ≤Î KÕã≤ "≥o§áÈÜÕ∞"å~°∞. D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ „Ѩ[Å ^•_»∞Å∞ [~°∞ѨQÆÅ~°x ™êúxHõ JkèHÍ~°∞Å #∞O_ç YzÛ`«"≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∂Kå~°O JOk# `«~°∞"å`« #∞O_ç =ã¨∂KÕã≤# Ô~q#∂º, Ѷ¨H©~°¡ áêÅ∞H͉õΩO_® HÍáê_»∞‰õΩ<ÕÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ `«=∞ JkèHÍ~°∞Å#∞, ‰õÄ_® HõOÃÑh ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ^ŒàÏÅ∞ =∞Efl ëê ^ŒàÏÅ#∞ KÕ~°∞HÀÖËHõáÈÜÕ∞q. Ѩ˜+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# QÆ∞=∞™êÎÅ#∞, [g∞O^•~°∞Å#∞ HõKÕÛsÅ #∞O_ç áêiá⁄=∞‡x ‰õÄ_® áêʼnõΩÅ∞ ã¨ÅǨezÛ# =ӺǨ Ï O`À POˆ Q ¡ Ü « ∞ Jkè H Í~° ∞ Å∞ ™êÜ« Ú ^è Œ |ÅQÍÅ`À Ѷ ¨ H © ~ ° ¡ 㨠= ∂"Õ â ◊ ã ¨ ú e x ã¨OѶ¨∞@Å#∞ |˜ì, HõKÕÛsÅ g∞^Œ Ѷ¨H©~°¡ ^•_ç ZO`« |ÅOQÍ LO_Õ^À TÇ≤ÏOK«=K«∞Û. KÕ~°∞‰õΩ<ÕѨʘH©, JѨʘˆH Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ P „áêO`«O #∞O_ç "≥o§áÈÜÕ∞"å~°∞. ã¨OMϺ|ÅO ZO`« HõOÃÑh xÜ«∞q∞Oz# [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞ J`«ºO`« „‰õÄ~°OQÍ =fi=ǨÏiã¨∞Î#flO^Œ∞# „ѨfHÍ~° L<åfl Hõ∆}OÖ’ QÆ=∞ºO KÕ~°∞HÀ=@O, =∞~°∞Hõ∆}Ï# ÅH∆ͺxfl ™êkèOK«∞‰õΩx x„+¨¯q∞OK«@O K«~°ºQÍ Ñ¶¨H©~°∞¡ [g∞O^•~°∞ŠѨ@¡ U =∂„`«O HõxHõ~°O K«∂¿Ñ"å~°∞ HÍ~°∞. z=~°‰õΩ ÉèÏs Ѷ¨H©~°¡‰õΩ H˘˜ì# Ñ≤O_çQÍ =∂iOk. QÆ∞„~åÅ∞, XO>ˇÅ g∞^Œ ã¨OK«iOKÕ ^ŒàÏÅ`À áê@∞QÍ |ÅQÍÅ`À Éèí„^Œ`«#∞ U~åÊ@∞KÕã≤# HõOÃÑh Hõ~å‡QÍ~åÅ g∞^Œ ‰õÄ_® ^è≥·~°º™êǨϙêÅ`À HÍŃÅO ‰õÄ_® POˆQ¡Ü«∞ |ÅQÍʼnõΩ JO^Œ#O`« ^Œ∂~°O "≥o§áÈ=@O ZÖÏ [iˆQ^À =∞Efl ëê ^ŒàÏÅ∞ ^•_»∞Å∞ [iÑ≤ q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOz K«i„`« ã¨$+≤ìOKå~Ú. J~°úOHÍHõ, HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ U q^èŒOQÍ ã¨O*Ï~Ú+‘ WK«∞ÛHÀ"åÖ’ `≥eÜ«∞Hõ JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ 㨠` « = ∞`« = ∞ÜÕ ∞ º"å~° ∞ . „Ѩ u „Ѩ ^ è • # áÈ~å@OÖ’ 500 =∞Ok =~° ‰ õ Ω Ѷ ¨ H © ~ ° ¡ # ∞ â◊„`«∞=ÙŠѨ@¡ =∂„`«"Õ∞ HÍiî#ºO ã¨g∞HõiOK«@O, ѨHõ_»ƒOnQÍ Ñ¨^èŒHõ ~°K«# [~°QÆ@O, =ӺǨ`«‡HõOQÍ â◊`«$=Ù g∞^Œ ^•_ç ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞, =$^Œ∞úÅ∞, Ñ≤Å¡ÅѨ@¡ ZO`À Q“~°=OQÍ Ñ¶¨H©~°∞¡ „Ѩ=iÎOKÕ"å~°x HõOÃÑh KÕÜ«∞@O, „Hõ=∞tHõ∆}`À P Ѩ^äŒHÍxfl J=∞Å∞ [~°Ñ¨@O QÆ=∞x¿ãÎ, Ѷ¨H©~ü Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å Ü«Ú^Œú JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ ~åã¨∞‰õΩ#fl _≥·sÅ ^•fi~å `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. ^•_»∞Å ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞, HõàÏKå`«∞~°ºO, ™êǨÏã¨O, =∞Efl ëê ÖÏO˜ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ ™ê=∞~°÷ºO J~°ú=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. #∂`«# [g∞O^•~°∞Å∞, QÆ∞=∞™êÎÅ∞, HõOÃÑh ã≤|ƒOk J_»∞¤Ñ¨_ç, ™êÜ«Ú^èŒOQÍ „ѨuѶ¨∞˜Oz`Õ Ñ¶¨H©~°∞¡ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ HõOÃÑh HõKÕÛsÅ∞, HõOÃÑh Hõ~å‡QÍ~åÅ∞, HõOÃÑh `˘`«∞ÎÅ `«Ñ¨Ê =∞Efl ëê ^ŒàÏÅ∞ PÜ«Ú^è•Å‰õΩ Ѩx HõeÊOKÕq HÍ=Ù. D ^•_»∞ÅÖ’ ™ê=∂#º „áê™ê^•Å∞, HÀ@Å g∞^Œ ^•_»∞Å∞ [iáê~°∞. „Ѩ[Å #∞O_ç |Å=O`«OQÍ =ã¨∂Å∞ „Ѩ*ÏhHÍxH˜ Z@∞=O˜ W|ƒOk, Hõ+¨ì#ëêìÅ∞ HõÅ∞QƉõΩO_® *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. D KÕã≤# Ô~q#∂º#∞ =¸@QƘì HõOÃÑhH˜ KÕ~°"ÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åflÜ«∞#fl "Õ∞~°‰õΩ ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ^ŒàÏʼnõΩ `«y# ÃÇÏK«ÛiHõÅ#∞ *ÏsKÕÜ«∞@"Õ∞HÍHõ, P^ÕâßÅ LÅ¡OѶ¨∞# ã¨=∂Kå~°O JO^ŒQÍ<Õ P „áêO`«O g∞^Œ ^•_ç [iˆQk. P „áêO`«OÖ’ „Ѩ[Å∞, Ô~·`«∞Å [iy`Õ ZO`«˜ ã¨xflÇ≤Ï`«∞_çÔH·<å tHõ∆ `«¿ÑÊkHÍ^Œ∞. „Ѩ[Å #∞O_ç q~åàÏÅ∞ PtOK«=^ŒÌx #∞O_ç =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕã≤# Ô~q#∂º "≥Ú`åÎÅ#∞ ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞‰õΩx „Ѩ[Å J=ã¨~åÅ∞ fiÛ, PÜ«∞# ÃÇÏK«ÛiOKå~°∞. ^èŒxHõ ã¨OѨ#fl =~åæÅ #∞O_ç =∂„`«"Õ∞ q~åàÏÅ∞ ¿ãHõiOKåÅx, ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩi+¨¯iOz Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ =∞@∞=∂Ü«∞O JÜÕ∞º"å~°∞. D ã¨OѶ¨∞@#ÅÖ’ K«OѨ@O, „Ѩ[Å#∞ Z@∞=O˜ =uÎ_çH˜ QÆ∞iKÕÜ«∞~å^Œx P^ÕâßÅ#∞ *ÏsKÕã≤ ÉÏkè`« =~åæʼnõΩ QÍÜ«∞Ѩ~°Û@O ÖÏO˜q [iˆQq HÍ=Ù. â◊`«$=Ù #∞O_ç „Ñ¨uѶ¨∞@# Z^Œ∞Ô~·`Õ =∂„`«O #+¨ìO HõÅQƉõΩO_® `«y# *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÅ∞ fã¨∞H˘x Jq YzÛ`«OQÍ J=∞Å∞ [iˆQÖÏ K«∂™ê~°∞. ^ŒÜ«∂^•H˜∆}ϺÅ∞ K«∂¿Ñ"å~°∞ HÍ~°∞. D Ç≤ÏO㨉õΩ ã¨fiѨ~° ÉèË^•Å∞ =ÙO_Õq HÍ=Ù. =∞`«O Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ – ã¨<åºã¨∞Å#∞ ^ÀÑ≤_ô ^˘OQÆÅ∞QÍ, HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ =Ú„^Œ"Õ™ê~°∞. Pã¨~å`À `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞HÀK«∂ã≤# HõOÃÑhH˜ K≥Ok# =Úã≤¡O JkèHÍ~°∞Å#∞ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ q_çz POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ iHÍ~°∞¤Åxfl˜Ö’ ^Œ∞O_»wÅ∞QÍ<Õ J@∞ Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡QÍh, W@∞ ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞QÍh ÃÑ@ì‰õΩO_® „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ â◊`«$"å? HÍ^•? J<Õ „áêuѨkHõ# ã¨OǨÏiOz# tH˜∆Oz# HõxÊ™êÎ~°∞. J~Ú`Õ „Ѩ[Å∞ =∂„`«O HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ Ñ‘_»# #∞O_ç `«=∞#∞ ~°H˜∆OK«_®xH˜ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∞ L<åfl~Ú. JkèHÍ~°∞Å =º=Ǩ~°ã¨~°o XHõ¯>Ë `«=∞ K«~°ºÅ‰õΩ „áêuѨkHõ `«Ñ¨Ê, =∞`«O, ‰õΩÅO, „áêO`«O Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å L^Œº=∞OÖ’ *’HõºO KÕã¨∞HÀ_®xH˜ =zÛ# PѨ^•ƒO^èŒ=ÙÅ∞QÍ Ñ¶¨H©~°¡#∞–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å#∞ P^ŒiOKå~°∞, P^Œ∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. Hõ^Œ# gÅ∞ÖˉõΩO_® K«~°ºÅ∞ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O qâı+¨O. ~°OQÍxH˜ "≥O@ #_çKå~°∞. Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ =O^ŒÅ "≥∞ÿà◊√§ qã¨ÎiOz# „áêO`«OÖ’ 40 JkèHõ =_ô¤x QÆ∞OA`«∞#fl =_ô¤"åºáê~°ã¨∞ΊѨ@¡ =∞Efl ëê x~åÌH˜∆}ºOQÍ ã¨O=`«û~åÅáê@∞ `«=∞ Wëêì~å[ºO ™êyOKå~°O>Ë P „áêO`«Ñ¨Ù „Ѩ[Å K«∞~°∞ÔH·# =º=ǨÏiOKå~°∞. „Ѩ[Å #∞O_ç, QÆ∂_è»Kåi ^ŒŒà◊O #∞O_ç ã¨=∂Kå~°O JO^ŒQÍ<Õ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO ÖˉõΩO>Ë ™ê^茺=∞ÜÕ∞ºkHÍ^Œ∞. 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