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How to become no 1 (for engineering students) -- by gampa nageswararao
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How to become no 1 (for engineering students) -- by gampa nageswararao
1.
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2.
WO[hiOQΣÖ’ g∞ˆ~ ã¨∂ì
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3.
1. WO[h~ü JO>Ë?
✦ HÍÉ’ÜÕ∞ WO[h~°¡‰õΩ HÍ"åeûOk Uq∞˜? ........................ 8 ✦ WO[hiOQΣ „QÍ_»∞ºÜÕ∞@∞¡ <Õ~°∞ÛHÀ"åeû# 12 ~°HÍÅ <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞12 ✦ WO[hiOQΣÖ’ „ÉÏOKü ÃãÅHõΔ<£ ZÖÏ? ........................... 15 2. P <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ UO KÕÜ«∂e? ZÖÏ K«^OE"åe? ✦ U „ÉÏOKü "å~°∞ ZÖÏ K«^OE"åe? .................................. 20 ✦ Dã≤D q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ J=HÍâßÅ∞ ѨÙ+¨¯ÅO ....................... 27 ✦ "≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[hiOQΣÖ’ "≥∞i¿ã^≥ÖÏ? ......................... 30 ✦ ZÅ¢H˜ìHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ U ã¨O=`«û~°O UO <Õ~°∞ÛHÀ"åe? ...... 34 ✦ ã≤qÖò WO[hiOQΣÖ’ ã¨ÔHûãπ ™êkèOKåÅO>Ë? ................... 38 ✦ WO[hiOQΣÖ’ "≥Ú^OE˜ 3 <≥ÅÅ∞ UO [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok? .......... 47 ✦ WO[hiOQΣÖ’ `˘e U_®^Õ H©ÅHõO? ............................ 52 ✦ WO[hiOQΣÖ’ Ѷ¨ãπìWÜ«∞~üÖ’ ɡãπìQÍ LO_®ÅO>Ë? ............. 58 ✦ U WÜ«∞~üÖ’ UO K«^OE"åe? ....................................... 63 ✦ WO[hiOQΣ Ñ¶¨ãπìWÜ«∞~ü Ããq∞ã¨ì~üÖ’ ɡãπìQÍ xÅ"åÅO>Ë? ..... 68 ✦ WO[hiOQΣ U U_®k U ã≤Å|ãπ? .............................. 74 ✦ WO[hiOQΣ WO@~°flÖòû WÖÏ? ................................... 81 ✦ ZQÍ˚"£∞ûx ZO*ÏÜü∞ KÕÜ«∂ÅO>Ë? ............................... 85 ✦ „áêH˜ìHõÖòû`À „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞? ...................................... 88 ✦ „áê*ˇH±ì =~ü¯H˜ P~°∞ HÀ}ÏÅ∞? ..................................... 92 ✦ „áê*ˇH±ì ZOÑ≤ˆH L^ÀºQÆ ã¨∂zHõ? ................................. 97 ✦ „áê*ˇH±ì =~ü¯–¿Ñ¡ãπ"≥∞Oò J#∞ã¨O^è•#O? ...................... 101 ✦ ÉϺH±ÖÏQΣû ÉϺ_£ >ˇÿ"£∞û? ........................................ 107 ✦ ã¨∂ì≥Oò‰õΩ Éˇãπì >ˇH± ÃѶãπì? ..................................... 111 3. ˆHOѨãπ ¿Ñ¡ãπ"≥∞OòÖ’ q*Ë`« HÍ"åÅO>Ë? ✦ HõO„QÍòû! Ü«¸ P~ü ÃãÖˇÔHì£ ................................... 127 ✦ WO[hiOQΣ „QÍ_»∞ºÜÕ∞@¡‰õΩ Ñ¨OK«`«O„`« ....................... 134 ✦ S˜ HõOÃÑhʼnõΩ U ™ê=∞~åúºÅ∞ J=ã¨~°O? ................... 139 ✦ HͺOѨãπ ¿Ñ¡ãπ"≥∞Oò‰õΩ 8 "≥∞@∞¡ ................................ 143 ✦ HͺOѨãπ ¿Ñ¡ãπ"≥∞OòÖ’ KÕÜ«∞=Åã≤#q, KÕÜ«∞‰õÄ_»xq ....... 147 ✦ WO[hiOQΣ HÍÖËrÅÖ’ ¿Ñ¡ãπ"≥∞O@¡ HÀÖÏǨÏÅO .............. 154 ✦ HͺOѨãπ i„‰õÄò"≥∞O@¡Ö’ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ^OEâ◊Å∞ .................... 157 ✦ HͺOѨãπ ¿Ñ¡ãπ"≥∞Oòû : „ÉÏOKü ÉËã≤H±ûÃÑ· LO_®e Ѩ@∞ì ...... 162 ✦ HõOÃÑhÅ∞ HÀ~°∞‰õΩO@∞#fl ã≤¯Öòû Uq∞˜? ...................... 166 ✦ „QÆ∂Ñπ _ç㨯+¨<£Ö’ ÔQeKÕ^≥ÖÏ? .................................. 169 ✦ HÍ~˘Êˆ~ò HõOÃÑhÅ∞ Ô~_£HÍÔ~Êò Ѩ~°"åÅO>Ë <Õ~°∞ÛHÀ"åe ™êѶπì"Õ~ü ã≤¯Öòû .................................................... 175 4. L`«Î=∞ WO[h~üQÍ ¿Ñ~°∞ ™êkèOKåÅO>Ë? ✦ P~ÀǨÏ}"Õ∞ ....................................................... 180 ✦ WO[hiOQΣ Ãã"≥<£ ÃãìÑπû @∞ ã¨ÔHûãπ............................ 185 ✦ P <åÅ∞QÆ∞ "≥∞>ˇ¡H˜¯`Õ Éˇãπì WO[h~ü ............................ 189 #∂ºq[<£ |∞H±û 5 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò <≥O.1 HÍ"åÅO>Ë #∂ºq[<£ |∞H±û 6 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò <≥O.1 HÍ"åÅO>Ë
4.
1 WO[h~ü JO>Ë
? WO[hiOQΣÖ’ <Õ~°∞ÛHÀ=Åã≤# <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞ Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞. WO[hiOQΣ HÀ~°∞û ѨÓiÎHÍQÍ<Õ P „ÉÏOKü JÉèíº~°∞úÅ #∞Oz *ÏÉò HÀ~°∞‰õΩ<Õ <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞ XHõ˜ HÍQÍ, P <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ`À WO[h~üQÍ, ™êOˆHuHõ xѨÙ}∞_çQÍ ~åÉ’ÜÕ∞ =¸_»∞ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ^OEâßÉÏÌÅ áê@∞ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ ~å}˜OKåeû LO_»@O Ô~O_»=k. ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ WO[hiOQΣ HÀ~°∞û ѨÓ~°Î~Ú# `«~åfi`« <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅÃÑ· q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ ^OE$+≤ì ÃÑ_»`åˆ~ `«Ñ¨Ê PÃÑ· J=ã¨~åÅ#∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞. <Õ˜ ã¨=∂[O Z^OE∞~˘¯O@∞#fl ã¨=∞㨺֒¡ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl *<åÉèωõΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ „ѨѨOK« "åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ PǨ~°, =ã¨u ã¨^OE∞áêÜ«∂Å HõÅÊ# QÆ∞iOKÕ H͉õΩO_® q*Ï˝<åxfl, ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl U q^èOEOQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩO>Ë Jaè=$kú 㨄Hõ=∞OQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^À Jx PÖ’zOKåe. D Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÅÖ’ ^Õâ◊OÖ’x ™êOˆHuHõ q^OEºÖ’ #∂`«# áÈHõ »Å∞ LO_®e. WÖÏO˜ JOâßÅ#∞ ^OE$+≤ìÖ’ LOK«∞‰õΩx ˆHO„^OE =∂#= =#~°∞Å Jaè=$kú P^èOEfi~°ºOÖ’ XHõ n~°…HÍeHõ „Ѩ}ÏoHõ`À ™êOˆHuHõ q^OEº#∞ ^Õâ◊O WO@s‡_çÜ«∞ò =~°‰õÄ JHõ»q∞H± HÀ~°∞ûÅ∞ KÕã≤# q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ WO[hiOQΣ =$uÎ q^•º HÀ~°∞ûÖ’ KÕ~°QÍ<Õ "åi ^OE$HõÊ^èOEO =∂~åeû LO@∞Ok. WO@~ü =~°‰õÄ =∂~°∞¯Å ™ê^èOE<Õ ^èÕfiÜ«∞OQÍ K«kq# q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ WO[hiOQΣ HÀ~°∞ûÖ’ qq^èOE <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞ <Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ<ÕÖÏ Hõ$+≤ KÕÜ«∂eû LO@∞Ok. #∂ºq[<£ |∞H±û 7 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò <≥O.1 HÍ"åÅO>Ë #∂ºq[<£ |∞H±û 8 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò <≥O.1 HÍ"åÅO>Ë
5.
JO`«Ï J=∞Å∞ Ѩ~°ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡
<Õ+¨#Öò q∞+¨<£ Ѷ¨~ü >ˇHÍflÅr Z_»∞ºˆH+¨<£#∞ „ѨHõ˜OzOk. D q∞+¨<£Ö’x „Ѩ^è•# JOâßÅ∞ 1. ѨÓiΙê÷~ÚÖ’ ™êOˆHuHõ q^OEº#∞, "Õ∞<Õ*ò"≥∞Oò q^OEº#∞ J`«ºO`« <å}º`«`À qã¨Î$`« Ѩ~°K«»O. 2. H˘`«ÎQÍ U~°Ê_»∞`«∞#fl ™êOˆHuHõ qÉèÏQÍÅÖ’ L#fl MÏmÅ#∞ ѨÓiÎ KÕÜ«∞_»O. 3. ÉèÏ~°`« ^Õâßxfl JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ ™êOˆHuHõ, "Õ∞<Õ*ò"≥∞OòʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# JOâßÅÖ’ ˆHO„^OE aO^OE∞=ÙQÍ Jaè=$kú Ѩ~°K«»O. 4. ^Õâ◊OÖ’ >ˇH˜flHõÖò, "Õ∞<Õ*ò"≥∞Oò q^OEº‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz „áêOfÜ«∞ Jaè=$kúÖ’ ã¨=∞`«∞ź`« LO_ÕÖÏ K«∂_» »O. 5. áÈãπì „QÍ_»∞ºÜÕ∞+¨<£ q^OEº#∞, Ѩiâ’^èOE##∞, L#fl`« ™êOˆHuHõ ã¨Oã¨÷Å#∞ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOK« »O. 6. J„H˜_≥·>Ë+¨<£, <å}º`«Å#∞ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi x~°‚Ü«∂#∞™ê~°O ã¨g∞H˜ΔOK«»O. 21= â◊`å|ÌѨ٠tHõΔ‰õΩÅ∞, JÉèϺ㨉õΩÅ∞ 21= â◊`å|ÌѨ٠JÉèϺ㨉õΩÅ∞ `«=∞ KÕuH˜ "åKüÅ#∞ ^èOEiOK«~°∞. >ˇÿÑπ Ô~·@~ü#∞ "å_»~°∞. iHÍ~ü¤Å#∞ (áê@Å∞) ã¨fiO`«OQÍ Ñ¨eH˜OK«ÖË~°∞. QÆ}˜`åxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# QÆ}# HÀã¨O Ãã·£~°∂Öò "≥·Ñ¨Ù ÖˇHõ¯Å∞ KÕÜ«∞~°∞. Pqi Ü«∞O„`«OÖ’ „Ѩܫ∂}O KÕÜ«∞ÖË~°∞. ã¨fi^OEã¨∂Îi`À L`«Î~åÅ∞ ~åÜ«∞~°∞. HõOѨӺ@~ü ÖËx „ѨѨOK«"Õ∞.. "åiH˜ `≥b^OE∞. <Õ˜ Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡ |_çÖ’x ©K«~°¡ HõO>Ë Ñ≤šňH ™êOˆHuHõ JOâßÅ QÆ∞iOz Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ XˆH `«~°Ç¨ Ѩxx ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ W+¨ìѨ»~°∞. "åiÖ’ |Ǩïà◊ L`ÕÎ[ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ J=ã¨~°O. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ HõOѨӺ@~ü =OHõ K«∂ã¨∂Î, ÃÇÏ_£á¶È<£Å ^•fi~å áê@Å∞ qO@∂, ã¨OÉèÏ+¨}Å∞ [~°∞ѨÙ`å~°∞. W=hfl UHÍHÍÅOÖ’ [~°∞ѨÙ`å~°∞. `«‰õΩ¯= ™ê=^è•#O`À JxflO˜h XˆH™êi "≥O@<Õ á⁄O^•Å<Õ HÀiHõ giH˜ LO@∞Ok. 21= â◊`å|ÌO ©K«~°∞¡ KåÖÏ ã¨"åà◊§#∞ Z^OE∞~˘¯<åeû LO@∞Ok. ¿ãì*òÃÑ·# ~°∞+≤ÖÏQÍ =∞ø#OQÍ LO_»Hõ, XHõ J#∞Éèí=O L#fl =ºH˜ÎQÍ, =∂~°æ^OEi≈QÍ Ñ≤šʼnõΩ =∂~°æxˆ~Ìâ◊O KÕÜ«∂e. HÍ|˜ì WѨC_»∞ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿOk q^•ºiú ˆHO„^OEHõ =º=¿ã÷ HÍx ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞Hõ q^•º =º=ã¨÷ HÍ^OE∞. q^•ºiú ˆHO„^OEHõ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ =ÚO^OE∞ ©K«~ü tHõΔ} á⁄Ok P `«~åfi`Õ q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ *Ï˝<åxfl ѨOz`Õ ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞Ok. ã¨O^OE~åƒù#∞™ê~°OQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë, ''<Õ#∞ q<åfl#∞. qx =∞iÛáÈÜ«∂#∞† <Õ#∞ K«∂âß#∞. K«∂âßHõ #=Ú‡`å#∞. <Õ#∞ KÕ™êÎ#∞. KÕâßHõ J~°úO ÉèÏ~°`« =∂r ~å„+ìѨu ¨_®II KÕã∞‰¨õΩOÏ#∞——. W^Õ WO[hiOQΣ q^ºOE‰õΩ QÆÅ UÔHHõ ·J|∞ÌÖò HõÖÏO =∂@Ö’¡ =∂~°æO. P ™ê÷~ÚH˜ ^Õâ◊OÖ’x WO[hiOQΣ K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞¡ ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ q^•ºq^è•#O Ѩ+˜O ª¨HÍ"åeû LOk. Jaè=$kú P x~°∞^ÀºQÆ ã=∞¨ãº ¨=Å# U =∂„`O «W|ƒOk ÖË^OE∞. ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ [~°QÍÅO>Ë áê~î°º„Ѩ}ÏoHõ#∞ "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞ W|ƒOk H=ˆÅO L^ÀºQÍxH˜ Ѩ~°K« »O, „Ѩ}ÏoHõ, É’^èOE<åÉèϺ™êÅ J=∞Å∞ ã¨iÑ¨Õ Ô~O_çOÖ’#∂ ˜Ñ¨+˜O ª¨HÍ"åe. ZOáê¡~Úae˜`À<Õ. QÀ¡|bHõ~°}, JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞Hõ~°} Jaè=$kú K≥Ok#, Jaè=$kú K≥O^OE∞`∞#«fl ^ÕâßÅÖ’ QÀ¡|bHõ~°}, JO`~«åfÜ˚∞«Hõ~°} q+ܨ∞«OÖ’ aè#fl ^OE$HõÊ^è•Å∞ LO_=»K∞«Û. WO^OE∞Ö’ áêÅ∞ÑOK¨∞‰«õΩ<Õ =¸_∞ »=ÚYº HÍ~°}ÏÅÖ’ 1. PiúHõ JOâ◊O. 2. q^OEº. 3. L^ÀºQÆO. QÀ¡|bHõ~°}Ö’, JO`~«åf~˚¸Hõ~°}Ö’ ãfiÅÊHÍeHõ, ¨n~°…HÍeHõ „ÑÉèÏ"¨åÅ#∞ JOK<«å "Õã≤ "åºÑ≤Îx, qxÜ≥∂QÍxfl `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. U"≥·<å „Ñ¨u‰õÄÅ „ѨÉèÏ"åÅ∞#fl@¡~Ú`Õ „áê~°OÉèí ^OEâÖ’<◊Õ ^Õâ◊ J=ã~¨åÅ ^OE$ëêìº ã=~°}¨Å∞ KÕÜ∞_«O »^•fi~å x~ÀkèOK=«K∞«Û. ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞º q+ܨ∞«OÖ’ XHõ „Ñ=¨ÚY∞_∞ »K≥Ñ≤Ê# ã∂¨HÎ ˜''Hõeã≤ ~å=_O »JO>Ë P~°OÉèíO Jx, Hõeã≤ LO_»O »J<Õk „ÑQÆu ¨Jx, Hõeã≤ Ñx ¨KÕÜ∞_«O »JO>Ë q[Ü«∞O—— J<Õ ã¨∂H˜Î ^•fi~å ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO „áê=ÚYº`«#∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO ^•fi~å ѨÓiÎ ÅaúKÕ‰õÄ~° »O HÀã¨O, =ÚO^OE∞QÍ J"åO`«~åÅ#∞, J_O‰¤»õΩÅ#∞ `˘ÅyOK∞«HÀ"åe. ãÔ~¨# ·=º‰õΩÎÅ#∞ ZOK∞‰«õΩx, "åix ãfiܨ∞«OQÍ ã=∞$^¨OE∞úÅ∞QÍ KÕã≤, ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=ÚÅ =∞^º èOEÅHõΔºO kâQÍ ◊J_∞»QÆ∞Å∞ "¿Õã q^èOEOQÍ ãOã¨÷Å ¨Ñxf~°∞ ¨LO_®ÅO>Ë =ÚO^OE∞#fl ^•i H=ˆÅO Hõeã≤ ÑxKÕܨ∞_«"»Õ∞. ãOã¨÷Å ¨=∞^º èOEã`¨ûO|«O^è•Å∞ H˘#™êQ ˆgÅ∞QÍ >ÿÅ~ˇü"Õ∞_£ HÀ~°∞ûÅ#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOz, WO@~ü Wxã≤ì@∂º+#¨Öò ZHÛûO*ˆò „áÈ„QÍ"£∞Å#∞ „áê~°OaèOKåe. JÖÏ KÕÜ∞_«®xH˜ gÅ∞QÍ ™êfiò (Zãπ._|∂¡»º.Z..˜JO>Ë „ÃãìOQΣÎ, gH±<≥ãπ, PÑ~°∞¨Ûxãπ, ©„^ä≥òû) qâı¡+} ¨KÕã≤ #∂ºq[<£ |∞H±û 9 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò <≥O.1 HÍ"åÅO>Ë #∂ºq[<£ |∞H±û 10 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò <≥O.1 HÍ"åÅO>Ë
6.
„ѨÉèÏ==O`«"≥∞ÿ# ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO`À q^•º~°∞úÅ∞,
L^ÀºQÆ∞Å∞, Ѩi„â◊=∞, „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜ „ѨÜ≥∂[#O HõeÊOK«=K«∞Û. =∞# WO[hiOQΣ Ñ¨@ìÉèí„^OE∞ÅÖ’ L^ÀºQÆ <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞ =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’ [iÑ≤# XHõ 㨈~fi „ѨHÍ~°O ^•^•Ñ¨Ù 70 âß`«O =∞Ok WO[hiOQΣ Ñ¨@ìÉèí„^OE∞ʼnõΩ L^ÀºQÍʼnõΩ Ñ¨xH˜ =KÕÛ <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞ ÖË=x `ÕeOk. ÉèÏ~°`« =∂r ~å„+¨ìѨu _®II J|∞ÌÖò HõÖÏO =∂@Ö’¡ K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞¡ ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ x~°∞^ÀºQÆ ã¨=∞㨺`À U =∂„`«O W|ƒOk ÖË^OE∞. W|ƒOk ˆH=ÅO L^ÀºQÍxH˜ ã¨iÑ¨Õ ZOáê¡~Úae˜`À<Õ. WO[hiOQΣ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ JHõ»q∞H±, ™êOˆHuHõ JOâßÅ`À áê@∞ =ÚYº <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞ <Õ~°∞ÛHÀ=_»OÖ’ "≥#∞HõO[Ö’ L<åfl~°∞. WѨʘˆH QÆ∞iÎOK«|_ç# =¸_»∞ J`«ºO`« =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# ™ê^è•~°} <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞. 1. WO˜„ˆQò – ѨiѨÓ~°‚`« 2. iÅÜ«∞ae© – qâ◊fiã¨hÜ«∞`« 3. ©"£∞ =~ü¯ – |$O^OE HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å`Àáê@∞ LO_®eû# „Ѩ`ÕºHõ <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞ ZO@~ü „ÃÑ#∂º~ü+≤Ñπ, Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨<£, P^èOE∞xHõ ѨiHõ~åÅ∞, >ˇHÍflÅrx ã¨fiO`«OQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«QÆeˆQ ™ê=∞~°úºO Jx K≥ѨÊ=K«∞Û. JO^OE∞HÀã¨O 21= â◊`å|ÌѨ٠WO[hiOQΣ q^•º q^è•#OÖ’ LO_®eû#q =ÚYºOQÍ – 1. Hõi‰õΩºÅO _≥=ÅÑπ"≥∞Oò (ã≤ã¨ì"£∞ "≥∂_»eOQΣ =º=ã¨÷ #=¸<å) 2. „áêÃãã≤OQΣ ZH˜fiÑ≤OQΣ (tHõΔ}) 3. Z<ÕaeOQΣ (ÔHáêã≤© ae¤OQΣ) 4. JÑπ_Õ˜OQΣ (Z<£Ç¨xûOQΣ – H˘`«Î q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ <Õ~°∞ÛHÀ=_»O) 5. ZOHõˆ~lOQΣ ("≥∂˜"Õ˜OQΣ – „¿Ñ~°}) ^Õâ◊O`À áê@∞ „ѨѨOK«=∞O`å rq`åxfl =∞iO`« J~°ú=O`«OQÍ KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ Éèíq+¨º`ü WO[h~°¡HÀã¨O Z^OE∞~°∞K«∂™ÈÎOk. HÍ|˜ì qq^èOE ã¨=∂[ J=ã¨~åÅ∞ f~°Û_®xH˜ ÃÑ· JOâßÅÃÑ· „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ^OE$+≤ì ÃÑ@ì=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LOk. WO[h~ü JO>Ë ? ZѨC_≥·`Õ JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ "ÕkHõÃÑ· WO[hiOQΣ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ L^ÀºQÆ J<Õfi+¨} „áê~°Oaè™êÎ~À JO^OE∞‰õΩ `«y# J~°›`«Å#∞ ‰õÄ_® "å~°∞ Hõey LO_®Å<Õ q+¨Ü«∂xfl =∞izáȉõÄ_»^OE∞. ™ê÷xHõOQÍ ã‘@∞ ^˘iH˜# HÍÖËrÖ’ <åÅ∞ˆQà◊§ WO[hiOQΣ Ñ¨ÓiÎ KÕ¿ãÎ<Õ ZHõ¯_À XHõ ^OEQÆæ~° L^ÀºQÆO =KÕÛã¨∞ÎO^OE#∞HÀ=_»O á⁄~°áê@∞. =∞bì<Õ+¨#Öò HõOÃÑhÅ`À áê@∞, qq^èOE ^ÕâßÅÖ’x ™ê÷xHõ HõOÃÑhÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® WѨC_»∞ WO[hiOQΣ Ñ¨ÓiÎ KÕã≤# JÉèíº~°∞úÅÖ’ H˘xfl xiú+¨ì „Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ#∞ J#∞ã¨iã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. QÆ`«OÖ’ ˆH=ÅO WO[hiOQΣ „QÍ_»∞ºÜÕ∞+¨<£ J~°›`«`À xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞‰õΩ#fl JÉèíº~°∞úÅ „Ѩ^OE~°≈#Ö’ QÆÅ Ö’áêÅ∞, „ѨѨOpHõ~°} <ÕѨ^OEºOÖ’ =∂i# HõOÃÑh x~°fiǨÏ}Ï Ñ¨iã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ ^OE$+≤ìÖ’ LOK«∞H˘x `å=Ú i„‰õÄò KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ WO[h~ü‰õΩ LO_»=Åã≤# J~°›`«Å#∞ JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ „Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ`À ~°∂á⁄OkOK«»O [iyOk. „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O WO[hiOQΣ K«^OE∞=Ù`«∂ q^ÕâßÅÖ’ L^ÀºQÆO KÕÜ«∂Å<Õ ÅHõΔ ºO`À L#fl q^•º~°∞úÅO`å D WO[hiOQΣ Ñ¨@ìÉèí„^èOE∞_çH˜ LO_»=Åã≤# <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz ~°∂á⁄O kOz# D P^èOE∞xHõ JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ „Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ#∞ `«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_® `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åe. „ѨѨOpHõ~°} <ÕѨ^èOEºOÖ’ L^ÀºQÍ~°∞úʼnõΩ ^ÕâߊǨÏ^OE∞ÌÅ∞ K≥iyáÈÜ«∂~Ú. „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O L^ÀºQÍ~°ú"≥∞ÿ# K«^OE∞=٠ѨÓiÎ KÕã≤#"å~°∞ „ѨѨOK«OÖ’ ZHõ¯_≥·<å L^ÀºQÆO KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ã≤^OEúѨ»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. =ÚYºOQÍ WO[hiOQΣ Ñ¨@∞ìÉèí„^OE∞ʼnõΩ „ѨѨOK«O Ü«∂=`«∂Î J=HÍâßÅ∞ qã¨Î$`«OQÍ LO_»»O`À, "å˜x KÕlH˜¯OK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ áȩѨ»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞. #∂ºq[<£ |∞H±û 11 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò <≥O.1 HÍ"åÅO>Ë #∂ºq[<£ |∞H±û 12 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò <≥O.1 HÍ"åÅO>Ë
7.
12 J~°›`å „Ñ¨=∂}ÏÅ∞
– <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞ „ѨѨOK«OÖ’x qq^èOE ^ÕâßÅÖ’x WO[hiOQΣ q^OEº qq^èOE ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ LOk. J~Ú`Õ g˜ „áê^èOEq∞Hõ ã¨∂„`åÅÖ’ =∂„`«O ™ê~°∂Ѩº`« LO@∞Ok. J~Ú`Õ U WO[hiOQΣ q^OEº ZÖÏ L#flѨʘH© WO[hiOQΣ K«^OE∞=٠ѨÓiÎ KÕã¨∞H˘x HÍÖËr "≥Å∞ѨeH˜ J_»∞QÆ∞Ãјì# 'WO[h~ü—H˜ =∂„`«O ™ê~°fi[h# J~°›`å „Ñ¨=∂}ÏÅ∞, <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞ Hõey LO_®Åx „ѨѨOK« „ѨMϺ`« ÃÇÏKü.P~ü. xѨÙ}∞Å∞ ã¨∂zã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. JO^OE∞‰õΩQÍ#∞ 12 J~°›`« „Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ∞, <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKå~°∞. 1. WO[hiOQΣ Ñ¨i*Ï˝#O ó ã¨OH˜¡+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# WO[hiOQΣ ã¨=∞㨺Å#∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOKÕ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ WO[hiOQΣ <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞, JO^OE∞‰õΩQÍ#∞ ã¨Ô~·# q^èOEOQÍ "Õ∞^äOE"≥∞˜H±û, Ãã·<£û, WO[hiOQΣ „áê^èOEq∞Hõ ã¨∂„`åŠѨi*Ï˝<åxfl qxÜ≥∂yOK«»O. 2. ã¨=∞™êº qâı¡+¨} ó ã¨OH˜¡+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# WO[hiOQΣ ã¨=∞㨺Å#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK« »O, Ѩiâ’kèOK«»O, qâı¡+≤OK«»O, "å˜ J=QÍǨÏ# HÀã¨O QÆ}˜`« ã¨∂„`åÅ#∞, „ѨHõ$u âß„™êÎxfl, ™êOˆHuHõ âß„™êÎxfl ã¨=∞~°ú=O`«OQÍ qxÜ≥∂yOK«»O. 3.ã¨=∞™êº Ѩiëê¯~° ~°∂ѨHõÅÊ#, Jaè=$kú ó ѨÅ∞ WO[hiOQΣ ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ `«y# Ѩiëê¯~åÅ#∞ K«∂Ñ≤OKÕ ™êOˆHuHõ Ѩ~°"≥∞ÿ# =º=ã¨÷#∞, ™ê^èOE<åÅ#∞, „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞Å#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«QÆÅQÍe. J~Ú`Õ D „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ „Ѩ*Ï~ÀQƺO, Éèí„^OE`«, ™êO㨯$uHõ, ™ê=∂lHõ, Ѩ~åº=~°} JOâßÅ#∞ WO[h~ü q㨇iOK«‰õÄ_»^OE∞. 4. Ѩiâ’^èOE<å – ã¨=∂Kå~° qxÜ≥∂QÆO ó WO[hiOQΣ ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~åxH˜ Ѩiâ’^èOE<å Ѩ~°"≥∞ÿ# Ѩi*Ï˝<åxfl qxÜ≥∂yOKåe. „ѨÜ≥∂QÍÅ ~°∂ѨHõÅÊ#, x~°fiǨÏ} qâı¡+¨}, `«^•fi~å ÅaèOz# ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl J#fi~ÚOK«»O P^èOE∞xHõ JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ WO[h~üH˜ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞. 5. P^èOE∞xHõ ѨiHõ~åÅ qxÜ≥∂QÆO ó P^èOE∞xHõ ™êOˆHuHõ „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞Å#∞, =#~°∞Å#∞, ã¨=∂Kå~° ™êOˆHuHõ ѨiHõ~åÅ#∞ (S.˜ @∂Öòû) ã¨$+≤ìOK«»O, ZOÑ≤Hõ KÕÜ«∞_»O "å˜x ã¨Ô~·# suÖ’ J#fi~ÚOK« »O KÕÜ«∂e. WO[hiOQΣ Ñ¨iq∞`«∞Å#∞, HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ J~°úO KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. 6. ™ê=∂lHõ ÉÏ^èOEº`« ó WO[h~ü U Ѩiëê¯~°O, U „ѨÜ≥∂QÆO KÕã¨∞Î<åfl ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨$ǨÏ#∞ x~°O`«~°O Hõey LO_®e. `å=Ú x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ WO[hiOQΣ =$uÎ=Å# „ѨѨOK« „Ѩ[Å P~ÀQͺxH˜, <åºÜ«∞Ѩ~°"≥∞ÿ# ǨωõΩ¯ÅH˜, ™êO㨯$uHõ q"å^•ÅH˜ Z@∞=O˜ Ǩx HõÅ∞QƉõÄ_»^OE∞. ™ê=∂lHõ ÉÏ^èOEº`« Hõey LO_®e. 7. Ѩ~åº=~°}, ã¨=∞`«∞ź`«, ã≤úsHõ$`« Jaè=$kúó `å=Ú K«∂¿Ñ WO[hiOQΣ ã¨=∞㨺ŠÑiëꨯ~åÅ∞ Ñ~¨åº=~°}O `k`«~° «JOâßÅÃÑ· K∂«¿Ñ „ÑÉèÏ"¨åÅ Ñ@¡ ¨`y# «J=QÍÇÏ# ¨Hõey, JO^OE∞‰õΩ P^èOE∞xHõ JO`~«åfÜ˚∞ «KÕѨ@ì=Åã≤# ã≤úsHõ$`« Jaè=$kú HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ WO[h~üH˜ `# «=$uÎ ‰õÄ_® ã∂¨zOKQÆÅQÍe. «x~°fiÇÏ}¨Ö’ 8. <≥uHõ`·« ó Wk P^èOE∞xHõ JO`~«åfÜ˚∞ «WO[h~üH˜ LO_=»Åã≤# J`º«O`« LO_=»Åã≤# =ÚYº ÅHõΔ}ÏÅÖ’ XHõ. ˜x~°O`~°«O =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# <≥Ñ·Ù}¨ÏºÅÖ’ =$uÎÖ’, L^ÀºQÆOÖ’, =ºHÎQÆ`˜OQÍ «<≥uHõ ·ã∂„`¨åÅ#∞ XHõ˜ „ÑÉèÏ==¨O`"≥∞«ÿ# áê˜OK« »O, =$uÎѨ~°"≥∞ÿ# <≥·uHõ`«‰õΩ Hõ@∞ì|_ç ÉèÏ==ºH©ÎHõ~°}, LO_»O »KåÖÏ J=ã~°¨O. 9. =ºHÎQÆ`˜« „Ñ^¨OE~°≈#, |$O^OE „Ñ^¨OE~°≈# ó =ºHÎQÆ`˜OQÍ<«Õ H͉õΩO_®, #Å∞QÆ∞i`À Hõeã≤ XHõO ©ãÉèí∞¨º_çQÍ ÑxKÕã≤<¨å, O ©b_~»üQÍ ÑxKÕã≤<¨å, U „Ñ„¨Hܘ∞«Ö’<≥<·å L`Î=∞ «Ñe`¨¶åÅ∞ ™êkèOKÕ q^èOEOQÍ =$uÎx x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKåe 10. ÉèÏ= =ºHÎHõ~°} ©ó P^èOE∞xHõ JO`~«åfÜ˚∞ «WO[h~üH˜ `# «=$uÎ x~°fiÇÏ}¨Ö’ J`º«O`« =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# <≥Ñ·Ù}¨ÏºÅÖ’ XHõ˜ „ÑÉèÏ==¨O`"≥∞«ÿ# ÉèÏ==ºHÎHõ~°}, ©`À˜ WO[hiOQΣ ãǨÏK¨~°∞«Å`À, JkèHÍ~°∞Å`À, xÑÙ}∞¨Å`À ãOH¨¡+˜ì"≥∞¨ÿ# WO[hiOQΣ ã=∞¨ãº¨Å#∞ Ñiëꨯ~åÅ∞ H=ˆÅO K~°«ÛÅ∞, Ñ~°¨ãÊ~°¨O ã=∂¨Kå~åxfl WzÛÑÙK¨∞«ÛHÀ_O »^•fi~å =∂„`"«Õ∞ ™ê^ºèOE=∞=Ù`∞«Ok. ^•xH˜ ÉèÏ= =ºHÎHõ~°} ©<≥Ñ·Ù}¨ºO ZO`À J=ã~°¨O. JÖψQ Ѩiâ’^èOE#ʼnõΩ, Ѩiëê¯~åʼnõΩ _®‰õΩº"≥∞O@∞¡QÍ „Ѩ^OEi≈OK« ®xH˜ =∞Oz „_®ÑìOQΣ ≤¶<≥Ñ·Ù}¨ºO J=ã~°¨O. 11. „áê*H±ˇì x~°fiÇÏ}, ¨PiúHõ J=QÍÇÏ# ¨ó WO[hiOQΣ „áê*H±ˇìÅ#∞ ãfiܨ∞«OQÍ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«®xH˜ J=ã~°"≥∞¨ÿ# x~°fiÇÏ}¨Ï ™ê=∞~°ºúO, Ü∂[=∂#«º ã≤^•úO`åÅÃÑ· Ѩi*Ï˝#O Hõey LO_®e. "å˜x „áê*ˇH±ì q[Ü«∞=O`«OQÍ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK« ®xH˜ qxÜ≥∂yOKQÆÅQÍe. «12. x~°O`~° «JÉèíºã# ¨ó P^èOE∞xHõ ™êOHuHõ ˆÑi*¨Ï#˝O `fii`«QÆu# «=∂iáÈ`∞#«fl D ~ÀAÖ’¡ WO[h~°∞¡ ZÑʨHõјC_¨∞ »`å*Ï Ñi*¨Ï#˝O J=QÍÇÏ# ¨Hõey LO_®e. ^•xHÀãO ¨x~°O`~°«O JÉèíºã≤OKÕ XHõ ^OE$HõÊ^è•xfl Hõey LO_®e. D 12 „Ñ=∂}¨ÏÅ#∞, <≥Ñ·Ù}¨ÏºÅ#∞ JO`~«åfÜ˚∞ «WO[h~ü Hõey LO_®Å<Õ q+ܨ∂«xfl q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ J~°úO KÕã∞¨HÀ=_"»Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® gx ˜ÃÑOá⁄OkOK∞«HÀ=_®xH˜ `y# «Hõ$+≤ KÕã≤#ÑC_¨Õ JO`~«åfÜ˚∞ «"ÕkHõÃÑ· WO[h~üQÍ `y# «QÆ∞iÎOÑÙ ¨á⁄O^OEQÆÅ~°∞. #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 13 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 14 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË
8.
WO[h~ü JOË ?
`«=∞ Ñ≤Å¡Å Éèíq+¨º`ü HÀã¨O =∞^èOEº `«~°QÆu `«e¡^OEO„_»∞Å∞ `«=∞ ã¨~°fiã¨fiO ≥zÛOK« ®xH˜ ã≤^OEúѨ»∞`«∞åfl~°∞. HÍ|˜ì U ~°HõOQÍ K«∂ã¨∞‰õΩåfl... HÀ~°∞û ZOÑ≤Hõ J`«ºO`« H©ÅHÍOâ◊O. WO[hiOQΣÖ’ H˘xfl HÀ~üû „ÉÏOKüÅ∞ ã≤qÖò WO[hiOQΣ ≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ ZÅ„H˜ìHõÖò JO_£ ZÅ„HÍìxH±û WO[hiOQΣ (DDD) ZÅ„HÍìxH±û JO_£ Hõ=ÚºxˆH+¨£ WO[hiOQΣ (Dã‘D) ã≤qÖò WO[hiOQΣ: =ÚO^OE∞QÍ ã≤qÖò WO[hiOQΣ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩOË... ѨÓ~å`«# WO[hiOQΣ „ÉÏOKüÖ’¡ W^˘Hõ˜, nxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz ^•^•Ñ¨Ù Jxfl HÍÖËrÖ’¡#∂ =∞Oz =∞øeHõ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ LOÏ~Ú. J#∞Éèí=A˝Öˇ·# á¶êºHõbì WO[hiOQΣ „ÉÏOKüʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz `«e¡^OEO„_»∞Å∞, q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ xѨÙ}∞Å Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O, ÖË^• Ѩi„â◊=∞Ö’x åix ã¨O„ѨkOKÕ |^OE∞Å∞.... =∂Ô~¯ò Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ ã¨ÊOkOz, JѨʘHõѨC_»∞ x~°‚Ü«∂Å∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞åfl~°∞. ÔHs~ü... n~°…HÍeHõ JOâ◊O. JO^OE∞=Å¡ WѨC_»∞ ZOK«∞‰õΩÕ HÀ~°∞û ÔHs~üÃÑ· rq`åO`«O „ѨÉèÏ=O K«∂ѨÙ`«∞Ok. ‰õÄ_® JO^OE∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ LOÏ~°∞. ZÑʨH˜© _ç=∂O_£ ZOÑ≤Hõ KÕã∞¨H˘Õ HÀ~°∞û, `QÆæx «HÀ~°∞ûÖ’¡ W^˘Hõ. ˜Wk J^OE∞ƒù`≥∞«ÿ# HÀ~°∞û HÍÖËrÃÑ·Õ q^•º~°∞úÅ Éèíq+º¨`ü Jx H˘O^OE~°OË... Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ Ãã·òÖ’ QÆ »áêeû P^è•~°Ñ¨ç LO@∞Ok. JO^OE∞ˆH H“xûeOQΣÖ’ PѬ¨£#∞ =ã∞¨ÎO^OEx âßs~°Hõ „â=∞ ◊JkèHõOQÍ LO_Õ HÀ~°ûx WKÕÛ@ÑC_¨∞ »=∞#O fã∞‰¨õΩÕ „ÉÏOpÖ’ L`Î=∞ «É’^èOE# =∞iH˘O`=∞«Ok Jaè„áêÜ∞«Ñ¨®¤~°∞. J~Ú`Õ ã≤qÖò ã≤|ƒOk Låfl~å ÖË~å JÕk ≥Ú^OE@ ÑiQÆ}#¨Ö’H˜ WO[hiOQΣÖ’ KÕ~åÅ#∞‰õΩÕ q^•ºiúH˜ qâı¡+}¨Ï`‡«Hõ fã∞¨HÀåe ™ê=∞~°úºO`À áê@∞ „áêH˜ìHõÖò ^èÀ~°}˜ LO_®e. ^•O`Àáê@∞ „Ѩuz#fl JOâßxfl ã¨∂HõΔ ‡™ê÷~ÚÖ’ ѨijeOK«QÆeˆQ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO, qA=Ö*·ˇË+£ ¨‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ J=ã~°¨O. Hõ=¸ºxH+ˆ£ ¨ã≤¯Öòû O`©À HõÅã≤ ÑxKÕܨ∞_«O »KåÖÏ J=ã~°¨O. ã≤qÖò WO[h~°∞¡ „ÑÉèí∞`¨fi «qÉèÏQÍÖ’¡, „ÑÉèí∞`¨fi «~°OQÆ HõOÃÑhÖ’¡... W@∞ „ÃÑ·Õò Ñ~°¨OQÍ x~å‡} ~°OQÆOÖ’#∂ ÔHs~ü „áê~°OaèOK=«K∞«Û. ëê~üì@~ü‡ HÀ~°∞ûÅ∞: P’Hͺ_£, Zãπ..˜Z.Z._ç., Z.Zãπ.≥.·Zãπ (Z£ã≤ãπ) =O˜ ëê~üì@~ü‡ HÀ~°∞ûÅ∞ Õ~°∞ÛHÀ=_O »^•fi~å ã≤qÖò WO[hiOQΣ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ `=∞ «„ÑuÉèí#∞, ¨J=HÍâßÅ#∞ =∞iO`QÍ «Õ∞~°∞QÆ∞ Ñ~°∞¨K∞«HÀ=K∞«Û. ≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ ≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ... JxflHõO˜Ë q„ãÎ ¨$`≥∞«ÿ# „ÉÏOKü =∂„`«Õ∞ HÍ^OE∞. Z=~ü„w£ „ÉÏOKü Jx ‰õÄ_® nxH˜ ¿Ñ~°∞! Ѩi„â◊=∞Ö’ Jxfl~°HÍÅ Ü«∞O„`åÅ #∞Oz ≥Ú^OEÅ∞ÃÑì... ˜ã‘ì£∞ WO[£Å∞, Sã‘ WO[£Å∞, Qͺãπ @Ô~Ê£·Å∞, i„Ñ≤l~@~°∞¡, ˆUã‘Å∞, *ˇò WO[#¡ =~°‰õÄ... JxflO`˜À ãO|¨O^èOE=Ú#fl ãɨ‰˚ˇõΩì.. ≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ. H˘`Î «„áê_H±»ì û _ç*xOQΣÖ’, ·ˇáê`« å˜ i¿ÑiOQΣÖ’#∂ gi^Õ HÅHõ ©áê„`. «≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[hiOQΣÖ’ KÕ~åÅ#∞‰õΩÕ q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ „_®~ÚOQΣÃÑ· PãH¨Î ˜LO_®e. #∂º=∞iHõÖò ã≤¯Öòû, „áê|¡O ™êefiOQΣ ã≤¯Öòû KåÖÏ J=ã~°¨O. =∂^û, ä£ÑlH±≤¶û Ñ@¡ ¨W+ì=¨ÚO_®e. H˘O`« „HÜÕ∞˜£ ˜≥∞ÿO_£ LOË... HÀ~°∞ûÖ’ L`Î=∞«OQÍ #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 15 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 16 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË
9.
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Dã‘D q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ `˘e U_®k #∞OKÕ QÆ}˜`«, Éè∫uHõ âß„™êÎÅÖ’ „áê^äOEq∞Hõ JOâßÅÃÑ· ѨÓiΙê÷~ÚÖ’ J=QÍǨÏ# ÃÑOK«∞HÀåe. ● WO[hiOQΣ åÅ∞QÆ∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ HÀ~°∞ûÖ’ qq^èOE qÉèÏQÍÅ`À q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ ÃÑ·# `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã≤# q^èOEOQÍ XHõ „Ѩ}ÏoHõ „ѨHÍ~°O „Hõ=∞|^OEúOQÍ „Ñ≤Ѩˆ~+¨£, „áêH˜ìHõÖòû „áê*ˇH±ìû, WO_»„ã≤ìÜ«∞Öò, W`«~° LѨÜ≥∂QÆÑ¨Õ @∂~üʼnõΩ ≥à◊§_»O, =∂ºQÆ*ˇ·£û qq^èOE k#Ѩ„uHõÅ∞ á¶êÖ’HÍ=_»O =Å# WO[hiOQΣ q^OEºÖ’ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO ™êkèOK«»O`Àáê@∞ Láêkè J=HÍâßÅ#∞ HÀ~°∞û ѨÓiÎHÍHõ=ÚO^Õ HͺOѨãπ ¿Ñ¡ãπ≥∞O¡Ö’ JOkѨÙK«∞ÛHÀ=K«∞Û. ≥ò=i¯OQΣ „áÈ„QÍq∞OQΣû 1 `˘e U_®k Dã‘D q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ QÆ}˜`«O, Éè∫uHõ âß„™êÎÅÖ’ „áê^äOEq∞Hõ JOâßÅÃÑ· ѨÓiÎ J=QÍǨÏ# ÃÑOK«∞HÀåe. 2 Ô~O_À U_®k Ѷ≤lH±û W`«~° ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩìÅÃÑ· „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ =ã¨∞Î#fl =∂ºQÆ*ˇ·£û á¶êÖ’ HÍ=_»O LѨܫÚHõÎO. 3 Ǩ~ü¤Õ~ü ã¨=∂Kå~°O HÀã¨O 'ZÅ„HÍìxH± Ѷ¨~ü Ü«Ú— `«^OE`«~° =∂ºQÆ*ˇ·#∞¡ K«^OEåe. WO^OE∞Ö’ =KÕÛ ã¨~°∂¯ºòû _ç*ˇ·£Å#∞ ÉÏQÍ „áêH©ìãπ KÕÜ«∂eû LO@∞Ok. 4 Ô~O_À U_®k ã≤OyÖò ã≤ì£∞, Z#ÖÏQΣ ZÅ„HÍìxH±û, ZÅ„HÍìxH± ã¨~°∂¯ºòû =O˜ „áê^äOEq∞Hõ JOâßÅÃÑ· Ѩ@∞ì `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. P `«~åfi`« U_®k #∞Oz =KÕÛ JOâßÅhfl g˜ÃÑ·Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨ç LOÏ~Ú. 5 _çl@Öò ZÅ„HÍìxH±ûÖ’ „Ѩu JOâßxfl ‰õΔΩ}‚OQÍ J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕÜ«∂e. WO^OE∞‰õΩ ZÀfl ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ#∞ J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕÜ«∂eû LO@∞Ok. 6 Wã≤W q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ C, C++ java =O˜ HõOѨӺ@~ü „áÈ„QÍ£∞Å ÃÑ·# ‰õÄ_® ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO J=ã¨~°O. 7 ≥ò=~ü¯ ã¨O|Okè`« HÀ~°∞ûÅ#∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞ ÖË^• HõàÏâßÅ „á⁄ÃѶã¨~ü ™êÜ«∞O`À qkèQÍ Õ~°∞ÛHÀåe. JÖÏ ™ê^èOEºO HÍ#ѨC_»∞ „ÃÑ·Õò W£ã≤ì@∞ºòÖ’ J~Úå `«sÊù^OE∞ á⁄O^•eû LO@∞Ok. 8 VLSI, Embeded System `«k`«~° JOâßÅ#∞ ‰õΔΩ}‚OQÍ J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕ¿ãÎ Ñ≤r HÀ~°∞ûÅ#∞ ≥àϧÅåfl ÖË^• L^ÀºQÍʼnõΩ ≥àϧÅåfl ã¨∞Å∞=ÙQÍ LO@∞Ok. 9 HÍ#ÊùÔ~#∞ûÅ∞ ÖË^• =~ü¯ëêѨÙÅ∞ x~°fiÇ≤Ï¿ãÎ qkèQÍ JO^OE∞Ö’ áêÖÁæåe. nO`À JOâßÅÃÑ· Ѩ@∞ì ~å=_»Õ∞ H͉õΩO_®, „Ѩ[OË+¨£ ã≤¯Öòû ‰õÄ_® ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. 10. Wã≤W q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ =∂º^ä£û ÖϺÉòûÖ’ ã¨OѨÓ~°‚ J=QÍǨÏ# LOËÕ qq^èOE JOâßÅ∞ J=QÆ`«O J=Ù`å~Ú. „áÈ„QÍq∞OQΣ ã≤¯Öòû 1. `˘e U_®k #∞OKÕ 'ã≤—, _ÕÏ Ñ¨ÓiΙê÷~ÚÖ’ Ѩ@∞ì™êkèOKåe. WO^OE∞‰õΩ „áÈ„QÍq∞OQΣÖ’ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO J=ã¨~°O. 2. HõOѨӺ@~ü P~°æ≥·*Ë+¨£, Õ∞^äOE≥∞˜HõÖò á¶oeO_Õ+¨£, HõOѨӺ@~ü Ãã·£ûÖ’ KåÖÏ H©ÅHõO. Wq Ô~O_À U_®k =™êÎ~Ú. g˜ÃÑ· ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩOË åÅ∞QÀ U_®k =~°‰õΩ _èÀHÍ LO_»^OE∞. 3 _çaZOZãπ, HõOѨӺ@~ü ≥ò=~ü¯ `«k`«~° JOâßÅ#∞ J=QÍǨÏ# KÕã¨∞HÀåe. WO^OE∞‰õΩ „áêH©ìãπ KÕÜ«∞_»Õ∞ =∂~°æO. 4. OOPS (object orient programming software), JAVA `«k`«~° JOâßÅ∞ KåÖÏ H©ÅHõO. JkèHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞O HõOѨӺ@~ü ÖϺÉòÅÖ’ LO@∂ PÜ«∂ JOâßÅ#∞ ‰õΔΩ}‚OQÍ K«^OEåeû LO@∞Ok. 5. HõOѨӺ@~ü qÉèÏQÆO q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ ÖϺÉòû H©ÅHõO. U XHõ¯ ZH±ûѨi≥∞Oò#∞ =^OEÅ~å^OE∞. 6. „áê*ˇ‰õΩì =~ü¯#∞ J~ÚáÈ~ÚOk JxÑ≤OK« »O ã¨||∞HÍ^OE∞. ѨÓiÎ ™ê÷~Ú UHÍ„QÆ`«`À ѨÓiÎ KÕ¿ãÎÕ =∞Ozk. 7. „áê*ˇ‰õΩì iáÈ~üìû ‰õÄ_® H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ#q. g˜=Å¡ ~å¿ã ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO ≥∞~°∞QÆ=Ù`«∞Ok. ѨsHõΔʼnõΩ Ãã·`«O ZO`À LѨÜ≥∂QÆHõ~°OQÍ LO@∞Ok. 8. HÍ¡ãπ Àòû`À áê@∞ ˇH±ìû|∞H±û#∞ qkèQÍ K«^OEåe. iѶ¨Ô~£û |∞H±û `«Ñ¨ÊHõ J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕÜ«∂e. #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 23 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 24 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË
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16.
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$`«OQÍ J=HÍâßÅ∞åfl~Ú. ÃÑ#∞fl ^OEQÆæi #∞Oz QÆ#∞fl =~°‰õΩ U L`«ÊuÎ „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞ÅÔH·å J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# q^OEº ≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ. ≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[h~ü JOkOKÕ „áê^äOEq∞Hõ _ç*ˇ·£ J`«ºO`« ÉèÏs Ü«∞O„`åÅ L`«ÊuÎH˜ =¸Å HÍ~°}O. WO`«˜ H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ# ≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ åÅ∞QÆ∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ#∞ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ XHÀ¯ ã¨O=`«û~åxfl XHÀ¯ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ Ѩ^OEúuÖ’ K«^OE=_®xH˜ áê¡£ KÕã¨∞HÀåe. ≥Ú^OE˜ U_®k: ≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ ≥Ú^OE˜ ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ WO@s‡_çÜ«∞òÖ’ K«kq# Ѷ≤lH±û, ÔHq∞„ã‘ì JOâßÅ∞ =∞i H˘OK≥O qѨÙÅOQÍ LOÏ~Ú. Jã¨Å∞ WO[hiOQΣ JÕk Ѷ≤lH±û #∞OKÕ Ñ¨Ù˜ìO^OEx K≥ѨÊ=K«∞Û. J~Ú`Õ ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩì‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# ≥∞©iÜ«∞Öò ZO`« fã¨∞HÀåe, ^•xH˜ W`«~° ≥∞©iÜ«∞Öòx ZO`«, ZÖÏ HõÅáêe, å˜ ã¨Õ∞‡à◊#O`À ã¨iH˘`«Î ≥∞©iÜ«∞Öò#∞ ZÖÏ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∂ÅÕ JOâ◊OÃÑ· q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯= ^OE$+≤ìÃјì, ^•xH˜ =∞Oz ™⁄O`« ≥∂©iÜ«∞Öòx `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã¨∞HÀåe. ≥∞HÍxH± WO[hiOQΣÖ’ =ÚYºOQÍ „_®~ÚOQΣ ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩì JÉèíº~°∞úÅ#∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ W|ƒOk ÃÑ_»∞`«∞Ok. ZO^OE∞HõOË WO[hiOQΣ „_®~ÚOQΣ JÕk XHõ ˇH˜flHõÖò ÖÏOˆQfil. „_®~ÚOQΣÖ’ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺxH˜ =∂^äOE≥∞˜H±û ÉÏQÍ `≥eã≤ LO_®e. =∂^äOE≥∞˜H±ûÖ’ =∞Oz Ѩ@∞ì LO_ÕÅOË 5 #∞Oz 10= `«~°QÆ`«∞ÅÖ’x =∂^ä£û áê~îåºOâßÅ∞, HÍ≥ûѨÙìÅÃÑ· =∞Oz J=QÍǨÏ# Hõey LO_®e. P ^OEâ◊Ö’ Ѩ@∞ì `«Ñ≤Ê`Õ ≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[hiOQΣÖ’ =∂^äOE≥∞˜H±û P^è•i`« „_®~ÚOQΣ =O˜ JOâßÅÖ’ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ ZO`À W|ƒOk Ѩ®eû =ã¨∞ÎOk. JO^OE∞ˆH =∂^äOE≥∞˜H±û Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ ™ê^èOE# KÕÜ«∞_»O, gÖˇ·`Õ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ tHõΔ} fã¨∞HÀ=_»O KÕÜ«∂e. ≥Ú^OE˜ ã¨O=`«û~°O q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ Z^OE∞~˘¯Õ =∞~À H˜¡+¨ì≥∞ÿ# JOâ◊O ÖÏOˆQfi*ò ã≤¯Öòû. ZO^OE∞HõOË D ã¨O=`«û~°O Ѷ≤lH±û, ÔHq∞„ã‘ì JOâßÅ [å|∞Å#∞ XHõ P~°¤~ü „ѨHÍ~°O _ç„ã≤¯Ñ≤ì£ Ñ¨^OEúuÖ’ ~åÜ«∂eû LO@∞Ok. WHõ¯_» q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ Z^OE∞~˘¯Õ „Ѩ^è•# ã¨=∞㨺 ÉèÏ+¨. =ÚYºOQÍ `≥Å∞QÆ∞ g∞_çÜ«∞O q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ D ã¨=∞㨺 Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO@∞Ok. Jxfl ÉËã≤H± HÍ≥ûÑπìÅ#∞ WOw¡+¨μÖ’ Õ~°∞Û‰õΩÕ JOâßÅ∞ Õ~°∞ÛHÀHõáÈ=_O »=Å# H=ˆÅO |ìÑ©¨ì ˜=∂„`«Õ∞ U≥·#ÑʨH˜© Jq Õ~°∞Û‰õΩÕ ~åã∞¨ÎOÏ~°∞. Ñe`¨¶OQÍ «~åã∞¨Î#flÑC_¨∞ »=∞^ºèOEÖ’ U^≥# ·q^è•#O, „Ñ„¨Hܘ∞ «XHõ |Å≥∞ÿ# ÑÙ¨åkQÍ q^•ºiú q+¨Ü«∞O =∞~°záÈ`Õ P åHõºO Jã¨OѨÓiÎQÍ ≥∞ÿO_£Ö’ âßâfi`◊OQÍ «LO@∞O^OEÕ q+ܨ∞«O q∞yeáÈÜÕ∞ „Ñ=∂^¨OEO LOk. W@∞=O˜ ã=∞¨ãº¨Å∞ q^•º~°∞úÅO`å ÉÏQÍ ~å‰õΩO_® q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ WOw¡+π ÉèÏ+ÃѨ· =∞Oz „áêg}º`« QÆ∞~°∞ÎOK∞«HÀåe. ãOáêkOK¨∞«HÀåe. =ÚYºOQÍ `≥Å∞QÆ∞ g∞_çÜ∞«O q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ D q+ܨ∞«OÖ’ JkèHõOQÍ Hõ$+≤KÕÜ∂«eû LO@∞Ok. Ô~O_À U_®k: ≥Ú^OE˜ ãO=`¨û~°«O UÜÕ∞ JOâßÅ∞ käÜ∞«i HˇflHõÖò ˜q^•ºiú Õ~°∞Û‰õΩåfl_À, JÕ áê~îåºOâßÅ∞ q∞ye# =¸_∞ »ãO=`¨û~«åÅÖ’ „áêHìHõÖòQÍ ˜Õ~°∞ÛHÀåeû# áê~îåÅ∞QÍ q^•ºiú =ÚO^OE∞‰õΩ =™êÎ~Ú. JO`ÕH͉õΩO_® Ô~O_À ãO=`¨û~°«O Õ~°∞Û‰õΩÕ JOâßÅ∞ U≥#·ÑʨH˜© Jq Õ~°∞Û‰õΩÕ q^è•#O, „Ñ„¨Hܘ∞ «XHõ |Å≥∞ÿ# ÑÙ¨åkQÍ q^•ºiú ≥∞ÿO_£Ö’ âßâ◊fi`«OQÍ LO@∞O^OEÕ q+¨Ü«∞O q^•º~°∞úÅO`å ÉÏQÍ QÆ∞~°∞ÎOK∞«HÀåe. D U_®k =KÕÛ „ÃãìOQΣÎ PÑπ ¶≥∞iÜ©∞«Öò ãɨH±˚ˇì ≥∞HÍxHõÖò åi`À áê@∞ ã≤qÖò WO[hiOQΣ åiH˜ ‰õÄ_® LO@∞Ok. XHõ =ã∞¨Î=Ù K∂_«QÍ»Õ ~°OQÆ∞, ~°∞z, åã# ¨QÆ∞~°∞ΠѨËìÖÏ ≥∞iÜ©∞«Öò#∞ K∂_«QÍ»Õ Wk ZO`« =∞O^OEO (Thick-ness) LOk, ^•xH˜ U ≥∞©iÜ«∞Öò [`« KÕ¿ãÎ P ≥∞©iÜ«∞Öò =∞O^OEO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ ÅaèOKÕ ≥∞©iÜ«∞Öò‰õΩ U ÔHq∞HõÖòû [`« KÕ¿ãÎ ÃѶ„~°ãπ ≥∞@Öò, PÃÑ· H˘`«Î ≥∞@Öò =ã¨∞ÎOk. ≥Ú^OEÖˇ·# JOâßÅ∞ Ö’`«∞QÍ J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕ¿ã J=HÍâ◊O LOk. =¸_À U_®k: ≥Ú^OE˜ ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# =~ü¯ ëêÑπÖ’ Ѷ≤H˜ûOQΣ, ≥e¤OQΣ, HÍÔ~ÊO@s, Ѩ¡OaOQΣ =O˜ „áê^äOEq∞Hõ =∂#∞ºá¶êºHõÛiOQΣ JOâßÅ∞ käÜ«∞iHõÖòQÍ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ Õ~°∞Û‰õΩOÏ~°∞. JÕ JOâßÅ∞ =¸_À ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ „áêH˜ìHõÖòQÍ KÕÜ«∂eû LO@∞Ok. #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 31 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 32 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË
17.
L^•Ç¨Ï~°}H˜ XHõ kfiK«„Hõ
åǨÏ#O =ÚO^OE∞K«„HõO, ≥#∞Hõ K«„HÍxH˜ =∞^èOEºQÆÅ ~å_£ K«∞@∂ì LO_Õ ÉËiOQΣû Hõ^OEeHõÅ#∞ ѨijeOK«»O. ÉËiOQΣû u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LOÏ~Ú HÍh ~å_£ u~°QÆ^OE∞. ZO^OE∞HõÕk „áêH˜ìHõÖòQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀåeû LO@∞Ok. JÖψQ á¶È~ü gÅ~ü fã¨∞‰õΩOË WO[£ ™ê=∞~åúºxfl JOK«å ÕÜ«∞_»O, x~°‚~ÚOK«»O JÕk ≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[h~ü Ѩ~°kèÖ’Õ LO@∞Ok. ^•xx `«QÆæ@∞ìQÍ ~°∂ѨHõÅÊ# KÕÜ«∂eû LO@∞Ok. JÖψQ ≥Ç≤ÏHõÖò ~°£ HÍ=_®xH˜, ɡÖòì, K≥~Ú£, ≥∂+¨£ Ѩ=~ü ≥Ú^OEÖˇ·# JOâßÅ∞ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ Õ~°∞Û‰õΩOÏ~°∞. åÅ∞QÀ U_®k: ≥Ú^OE˜ =¸_»∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅÖ’ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ#fl JOâßÅxflO˜h XHõ ÕkHõÃÑ·H˜ fã¨∞Hõ=zÛ P^èOE∞xHõ ™êOˆHuHõ ˇHÍflÅr ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O`À H˘`«Î JOâßÅ#∞ ã¨$+≤ìOKÕ q^èOEOQÍ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ ™⁄O`«OQÍ XHõ „áê*ˇ‰õΩì#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∂eû LO@∞Ok. D „áê*ˇ‰õΩì ~°∂ѨHõÅÊ#Ö’ Ju`«‰õΩ¯= Y~°∞Û, Ju `«‰õΩ¯= ã¨=∞Ü«∞O, Ju `«‰õΩ¯= |~°∞=Ù Hõey J`«ºO`« ã¨=∞~°ú=O`«≥∞ÿ# L`«ÊuÎ ™ê=∞~°úºO QÆÅ 'PÑ≤ì≥∞ÿlOQΣ S_çÜ«∂—Å#∞ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKåeû LO@∞Ok. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ XHõ _®Hõì~ü `«# ǨÏ∫ãπ ã¨~°˚£ tHõΔ}Ö’ P~°∞ ≥ÅÅ∞ „áêH˜ìHõÖòQÍ ~ÀQÆ∞Å#∞ Õ~°∞QÍ Hõe¿ã Ѩ^OEúuÖ’Õ ≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ z=i ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ U^≥·å WO_»„ã‘ìH˜ ≥o§ Ô~QÆ∂ºÅ~ü L^ÀºQÍÅ∞QÍ q^èOE∞Å∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKåeû LO@∞Ok. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ å~°∞ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# S~°£ x~å‡} =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞ Hõ˜OQΣ KÕÜ«∞_»O, ≥e¤OQΣ KÕÜ«∞_»O, `«k`«~° q^èOE∞Å∞ KÕѨÏìeû LO@∞Ok. åÅ∞QÀ ã¨O=`«û~°O „áê*ˇH±ì =~ü¯#∞ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ KèåÖˇO*òQÍ fã¨∞H˘x q[Ü«∞=O`«OQÍ Ñ¨ÓiÎ KÕÜ«∂e. ÃÑ·# „Ѩ™êÎqOz#@∞ìQÍ åÅ∞QÆ∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅÖ’ åÅ∞QÆ∞ H©ÅHõ JOâßÅÃÑ· q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ ^OE$+≤ìÃјì Hõ$+≤ KÕã¨∂Î ≥∞HÍxHõÖò WO[hiOQΣÖ’ ≥∞iò `«Ñ¨Êx ã¨iQÍ ™êkèOK«=K«∞Û. P åÅ∞Q∞Æ ãO¨ 1=`û« ~åÅ∞ UO KÕÜ«∂e? ZÖÏ K«^OEåe? ≥Ú^OE˜ U_®k: ZÅ„H˜ìHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ K«^OE∞=Ù`«∞#fl q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ ≥Ú^OE˜ ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨£ ã≤¯Öòû, WOw¡+π ÖÏOˆQfi*ò ã≤¯Öòû JOâßÅÃÑ· Ѩ@∞ì™êkèOz Ô~O_À U_®k HÀ~°∞ûÖ’H˜ „ѨÕtOKåe. WO@s‡_çÜ«∞ò ™ê÷~ÚÖ’Õ H˘O`«=~°‰õΩ POQÆ¡ÉèÏ+¨ Ѩi*Ï˝#O`À WO[hiOQΣÖ’ „ѨÕtOKÕ q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ x*ÏxH˜ POQÆ¡ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ ~å}˜OK«»O ÃÑ^OEÌ Hõ+¨ìÕ∞g∞ HÍ^OE∞. HÍh =ÚYºOQÍ „QÍg∞} „áêO`åÅ #∞Oz =KÕÛ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ POQÆ¡ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ HÍã¨Î ≥#∞Hõ|_ç LOÏ~°∞. J~Ú`Õ WOw¡+π ÉèÏ+¨ JOË qѨs`«OQÍ ÉèíÜ«∞Ñ¨Õ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ Ãã·`«O =¸_»∞ ≥ÅÅ∞ Hõ$+≤ KÕ¿ãÎ q∞QÆ`å åi`À ã¨=∂#OQÍ =ÚO^OE∞ =~°ã¨Ö’ xeKÕ J=HÍâßÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOÏÜ«∞#_»OÖ’ Pâ◊Û~°ºO ÖË^OE∞. JO^OE∞‰õΩ WOw¡+π ÖÏOˆQfi*ò HÀ~°∞ûÅ∞, k#Ѩ„uHõÅ∞, WOw¡+π #∂ºãπ Kèå#Öòû =O˜ ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ åÅ∞ˆQà◊§ WO[hiOQΣÖ’ U ã¨O=`«û~°O UO Õ~°∞ÛHÀåÅÕ JOâ◊OÃÑ· ã¨Ô~·# J=QÍǨÏ#`À, XHõ „Ѩ}ÏoHõ „ѨHÍ~°O ã¨O|Okè`« JOâßÅ∞ Õ~°∞Û‰õΩOË WO[hiOQΣ Ñ¨Ó~°Î~Ú# `«~åfi`« KÕuÖ’ ѨÏì`À áê@∞, JkèHõ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞QÆÅ q^•ºiúQÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞ HÍ=K«∞Û. =ÚYºOQÍ ZÅ„H˜ìHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ K«^OE∞=Ù`«∞#fl q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ D J=QÍǨÏ# Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’, ÔHs~üÖ’ åiH˜ ZO`«QÍÀ LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ »∞`«∞Ok. #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 33 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 34 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË
18.
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2 #∞Oz 3 QÆO@Å∞ ˆHÏ~ÚOz Hõ$+≤ KÕ¿ãÎ KåÅ∞. WOw¡+π `«~åfi`« ≥Ú^OE˜ ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ WO[hiOQΣ ≥∞HÍxH±û, HõOѨӺ@~ü „áÈ„QÍq∞OQΣ JOâßÅ∞ KåÖÏ „áê=ÚYº`« Hõey# JOâßÅ∞. q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ KåÖÏ Hõiî#OQÍ JxÑ≤OKÕ D ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩìÅ#∞ ~ÀE HÍ¡ã¨∞Ö’ „á⁄ÃÑã¨~°∞¡ É’kèOz# =~°∞ã¨Ö’ ÉÏQÍ á¶êÖ’ Jåfie. `≥eÜ«∞x JOâßÅÃÑ· =∞~À™êi J^蕺Ѩ‰õΩÅ#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩx q=~°} fã¨∞‰õΩOË Jq ZѨʘH© q^•ºiúH˜ QÆ∞~°∞ÎO_çáÈ`å~Ú. WHõ WO[hiOQΣ HÀ~°∞ûÖ’ =∂º^äOE≥∞˜H±û i, ii, iii, iv JOâßÅ∞OÏ~Ú. =∂º^äOE≥∞˜H±û JÕk Jxfl ~°HÍÅ WO[hiOQΣ HÀ~°∞ûʼnõΩ J`«ºO`« J=ã¨~°O, =∂º^äOE≥∞˜H±û`À q^•ºiúH˜ qâı¡+¨}Ï ™ê=∞~°úºO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ QÆ$Ç¨Ï q^OE∞º`«∞Î FÖËìr 230 q∞OK«~å^OE∞. JÖψQ ã¨Éò ¿ãì+¨£ q^OE∞º`üÖ’ 11 kv FÖËìr ^•@‰õÄ_»^OE∞. xˆ~Ìt`« Ö’_£ ^•˜`Õ ÔHáêã≤@~ü HÍeáÈ`«∞Ok. D ÔHáêã≤@~ü ZO^OE∞‰õΩ HÍeáÈ~ÚO^OEÕ q+¨Ü«∞O XHõ ZÅ„H˜ìHõÖò WO[h~ü =∂º^äOE≥∞˜H±ûÖ’ Hõ#fi~°ì~Ú HõOѨӺ@~ü „áÈ„QÍq∞OQΣ`À PѨˆ~ò KÕã≤ q+¨Ü«∂xfl K≥ѨÊQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞. HÍ|˜ì =∂º^äOE≥∞˜H±û åÖˇ_£˚ ÃÑOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ Hõ$+≤ KÕã¨∂Î ≥Ú^OE˜ U_®k ѨÓiÎ KÕÜ«∂eû LO@∞Ok. Ô~O_À U_®k: Ô~O_À U_®k q^OE∞º`ü â◊H˜Î L`«ÊuÎ qkè q^è•åÅÃÑ· q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ JO^OE~°∂ ѨiѨÓ~°‚`« ™êkèOKÕ q^èOEOQÍ ZÅ„H˜ìHõÖò ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩì#∞ Õ~°∞ÛHÀåe. WO^OE∞Ö’ 3 ~°HÍÅ∞åfl~Ú. 1. h˜ ^•fi~å L`«ÊuÎ KÕ¿ã q^OE∞º`ü â◊H˜Î. 2. ÉÁQÆ∞æ ^•fi~å `«Ü«∂~°ÜÕ∞º q^OE∞º`üâ◊H˜Î. 3. J}∞ q^OE∞º`üâ◊H˜Î. ã≤qÖò WO[hiOQΣ q^•º~°∞úÅHõ~Ú`Õ `å=Ú ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ Éèí=# ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å∞ Éè∫uHõOQÍ `≥e¿ã@∞ìQÍ LOÏ~Ú. J^Õ ZÅ„H˜ìHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ q^•º~°∞úÅHõ~Ú`Õ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ¿ã ÖË^• ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å KÕ¿ã q^OE∞º`üâ◊H˜Î ZÖÏ „Ѩ™ê~°O J=Ù`∞«O^OEÕk ™ê^è•~°} áê~îåÅ`À `≥Å∞ã∞¨HÀ=_O »ãɨ‰˚ˇõΩì#∞ =∞~À™êi Hõ+ìO. ¨JÖÏQ ˆZÅ„HìHõÖò ˜WO[hiOQΣ q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ J_∞»QÆ∞`∂, «ãO^¨ÕǨÅ∞ `å=Ú KÕÑ@∞¨ì#∞#fl „áê*H±ˇì q[Ü∞=«O`O «HÍåÅOË f~°∞Û‰õΩO@∂ ãɨ‰˚ˇõΩì HõzèÛ`«≥∞ÿ# ''TǨâ◊H˜Î—— J=ã¨~°O. L^•II ¿ãì+¨£ åÖ_£ˇ˚ HõO#∂˜ºÖ’ ©ZHõ¯_» „ÉËH± ~å‰õΩO_® q=~åÅ∞ fã∞‰¨õΩOË JO^OE∞Ö’ QÆ∞O_≥HÍÜ∞=«Ok ˜*Ï„QÆ`«ÎѨ®e. „Ï£û áê~°‡~¶ü. ãÉò¨¿ãì+£ ¨ZÖÏ ~°£ KÕã∞¨Îåfl~°Õk „áêHìHõÖòQÍ ˜`≥Å∞ã∞¨HÀ=_®xH˜ q^•º~°∞úÅ#∞ ãÉò¨¿ãì+£ ¨ÑÖò¤ ‘¶qlòû‰õΩ ÑOÑ≤¨™êÎ~°∞. JHõ¯_» ~ÀAås q^OE∞º`üâH◊Î ˜ã~°¨Ñ~¨¶å, „Ï£ûáê~°‡~¶ü HÍeáÈ=_O »=O˜ U q^èOEOQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞`∞«OÏÜ∞«Õk _∂»ºÖ’ ©LO_Õ ZÅ„HìHõÖò ˜WO[h~ü#∞ HõÅ=@O, J_çy `≥Å∞ã∞¨HÀ=@O ^•fi~å q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ „áêHìHõÖò ˜åÖ_£ˇ˚ =ã∞¨ÎOk. =¸_À U_®k: =¸_À U_®kÖ’ 4 #∞Oz 6 å~åÅ∞ WO@~üfl+≤Ñπ#∞ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ KÕѨÏìeû LO@∞Ok. Z£Ñ≤˜ã≤–~å=∞QÆ∞O_O, »aÃÇÏKüWZÖò =O˜ HO„^•ˆÅ#∞ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ qlò KÕã≤ =¸_À U_®kÖ’ „Ñ^¨è•#≥∞ÿ# ZÅ„HìHõÖò ˜≥∞+≤£û ãɨ‰˚ˇõΩì#∞ Õ~°∞ÛHÀåeû LO@∞Ok. JÖÏQ ˆ[#~@~ˆüû =∞~À ãɨH±˚ˇì. 50 Uৠ◊„H`˜O «[#~@~ˆüû, Õ˜ [#~@~ˆüû =∞øeHõ qkè XHõ¯Ë. HÍh WÑC_¨∞ »qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_ç ™oeHõ~åºxH˜ ÃÑ^OEÌÑ‘@ ¿ÕãÖÏ [#~@~ˆüûÖ’ H˘`Î «JOâßÅ∞ [`« JÜ∂«º~Ú. Ô~O_À U_®k, =¸_À U_®kÖ’ ≥∞+≤£û–i, ≥∞+≤£û–ii, ≥∞+≤£û–iii, ãɨ‰˚ˇõΩì#∞ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ Ñ~¨üÃÑH±¶ìQÍ Õ~°∞ÛHÀåe. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ ≥∞+≤£û, Ñ=~¨ü ã≤ãì£∞¨û q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ Ô~O_∞ »Hõৠ◊=Oq. ˜HÍ|ì ˜ã^¨OE~°∞ ãɨ‰˚ˇõΩìÅÃÑ· ≥Ñ·Ù}¨ºO ™êkèOK«O »q^•º~°∞úʼnõΩ `Ñ«Êxã¨i. ¨Ô~QÆ∂ºÅ~üQÍ `~°«QÆ`∞«ÅÖ’ É’kèOz# JOâßÅ∞ ZÑʨHõјC_¨∞ »`Ñ«ÊHõ ¨Õ~°∞Û‰õΩÕÖÏ q^•ºiú „Ñ≤Ѩˆ~+¨£ LO_®e. ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩì‰õΩ ã¨O|OkOz# „á⁄ÃѶã¨~°¡#∞ #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 35 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 36 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË
19.
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ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩì#∞ =∞~À™êi J_»∞QÆ∞`«∂ ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩì åÖˇ_£˚ HõO˜#∂º©Ö’ ZHõ¯_» „ÉËH± ~å‰õΩO_® *Ï„QÆ`«ÎѨ®e. åÅ∞QÀ U_®k: D PYi ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ #Å∞QÆ∞Ô~·^OE∞QÆ∞~°∞ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ Hõeã≤ XHõ „QÆ∂ÑπQÍ U~°Ê_ç W+¨ì≥∞ÿ# ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩì ZOK«∞‰õΩx „áê*ˇH±ì =~ü¯ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∂e. =∂Ô~¯’¡ Ô~_ôÕ∞_£QÍ Åaèã¨∞Î#fl „áê*ˇ‰õΩì iáÈ~üìÅ∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕã≤ JHõ»q∞H± WÜ«∞~ü#∞ '=∞=∞— JxÑ≤¿ãÎ Jk å~°∞ ‰õÄ~°∞Û#fl H˘=∞‡#∞ åˆ~ #iˆHã¨∞‰õΩ#fl@∞ìQÍ LO@∞Ok. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ ZÅ„H˜ìHõÖò WO[hiOQΣÖ’ Ѩ=~ü ã≤ã¨ì£∞û =O˜ H˘`«Î _≥=ÅÑπ≥∞Oòû ÃÑ· ѨÙ~ÀQÆux ZѨʘHõѨC_»∂ J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕã¨∂Î `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀåe. Z@∞=O˜ „áê*ˇ‰õΩì =~ü¯Å∞ KÕѨÏìe JÕ ^•xÃÑ· ã¨Ô~·# J=QÍǨÏ# ÖËx JÉèíº~°∞úÅ∞ QÆ`« „áê*ˇ‰õΩì iáÈ~°∞ìÅ∞ ѨijeOK«=K«∞Û. JÖψQ `«=∞H˜¡+¨ì≥∞ÿ# ZÅ„H˜ìHõÖò JOâ◊OÃÑ· Z@∞=O˜ „áê*ˇ‰õΩì iáÈ~üì ~°∂á⁄OkOK«=K«ÛÕ q+¨Ü«∂xfl `«=∞ „á⁄ÃѶã¨~°¡#∞ ã¨O„ѨkOz x~°‚~ÚOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û. D =∞^èOEº# '™ê‡~üì„y_£— JÕk K«~°ÛhÜ«∂Oâ◊OQÍ =∂iOk. ZÅ„H˜ìHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ ã¨Éˇ˚H±ì#∞ ã¨=∞„QÆOQÍ J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕã≤ =∞Oz Ѩ@∞ì ™êkè¿ãÎ åiH˜ HõOÃÑhÅ∞ Ô~_£ HÍÔ~Êò Ѩ~°∞™êÎ~Ú. P åÅ∞Q∞Æ ãO¨ 1=`û« ~åÅ∞ UO KÕÜ«∂e? ZÖÏ K«^OEåe? J^èOEºÑ¨‰õΩÅ∞, ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞, „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∞O, ≥ò... g˜ K«∞Ëì q^•ºiú PÖ’K«#Å∞ u~°QÍe. `˘e U_®k ≥Ú^OEÅ∞... z=i Z_®k =~°‰õΩ Jxfl q+¨Ü«∂ÅÃÑ·# ã¨Ê+¨ì≥∞ÿ# J=QÍǨÏ# LOËÕ HͺOѨãπ WO@~°∂fi ºÖ’¡ L^ÀºQÆO ÖË^• L#fl`« K«^OE∞=Ù‰õΩ ã‘@∞ `ÕeHõQÍ Åaèã¨∞ÎOk. ã≤qÖò „ÉÏOKü W`«~° WO[hiOQΣ qÉèÏQÍÅ HõOË `ÕeÔH·O^OEÕ K≥á⁄ÊK«∞Û. J~Ú`Õ â◊s~°ÕQÆOQÍ Jaè=$kú K≥O^OE∞`«∞#fl ™êOˆHuHõ JOâßÅ#∞ ZѨʘHõѨC_»∞ Ѩijeã¨∂Î JO^OE∞Ö’x Ѩi*Ï˝åxfl J~°úO KÕã¨∞HÀQÆÅQÍe. åQÆiHõ`« „áê~°OÉèíO #∞OKÕ ã≤qÖò WO[hiOQΣ LO^OEx K≥á⁄ÊK«∞Û. P Ѩi*Ï˝#Õ∞ ÖËHõáÈ`Õ Ñ¨Ù~å`«# HÍÅO #∞Oz L#fl J^OE∞ƒù`« Éèí=O`«∞Å∞ WѨʘH˜ LO_Õq HÍ=Ù.. HõxÑ≤OKÕq HÍ=Ù. ZÁzÛ P^èOE∞xHõ`«‰õΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ Jk =∂~°∞Ê ã≤qÖò WO[hiOQΣ ã≤Å|ãπÖ’x „Ѩu JOâ◊OÃÑ· Ѩ@∞ì `≥K«∞ÛHÀ=_»O KåÖÏ J=ã¨~°O. ˆH=ÅO 'áêãπ— =∂~°∞¯ÖË ÅHõΔºOQÍ H͉õΩO_® ZO`« Õ∞~°‰õΩ J=QÍǨÏ# =zÛOk, J#∞=~°Î# Ѩi*Ï˝#O (APPLICATION) ZO`« =~°‰õΩ KÕÜ«∞QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞åflO... J#fl q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ WO[hiOQΣ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ ZѨʘHõѨC_»∞ ÉËsA Õã¨∞HÀåe. JѨC_Õ =∞Oz Ѷ¨e`åÅ∞ PtOK«=K«∞Û. #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 37 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 38 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË
20.
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J=QÍǨÏ# KÕã¨∞HÀQÆÅQÍe. H˘`«Î ™êOˆHuHõ Ѩi*Ï˝åxfl JOkѨÙK«∞ÛHÀåe. WO[hiOQΣ áê~îåºOâßÅÖ’H˜ ≥o`Õ `˘e U_®k WO[hiOQΣ ≥∞HÍxH±û LO@∞Ok. Wk KåÖÏ H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ# JOâ◊O. nxx J#∞=~°Î# Éè∫uHõâß„ã¨ÎO (Ap-plied Physics) Jx K≥á⁄ÊK«∞Û. WO@s‡_çÜ«∞òÖ’ „áê^äOEq∞Hõ Éè∫uHõ âß„ã¨ÎO q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ K«kq LOÏ~°∞. J^Õ HÍã¨Î J_®fi£û_£QÍ LO@∞Ok. WO[hiOQΣ FiÜ≥∞OË+¨£`À D JOâ◊O LO@∞Ok. nxx KåÖÏ =∞Ok q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ XH˜O`« Hõ+¨ìOQÍ ÉèÏq™êÎ~°∞. D JOâßxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz W|ƒO^OE∞ÖÁ¿ãΠѶ≤lH±û ÉËã≤H±û L#fl WO@~ü ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ#∞ XHõ™êi ÉÏQÍ K«^OEåe. P JOâßÅ#∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ J=QÍǨÏ# KÕã¨∞H˘x `å*Ï ã≤Å|ãπ‰õΩ „áê=∂}˜Hõ ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ ZOK«∞H˘x K«^OE=_»O =Å¡ ÉÏQÍ J=QÆ`«O J=Ù`å~Ú. JÖψQ „Hõ=∞O `«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_® `«~°QÆ`«∞ʼnõΩ Ç¨[~°∞ HÍåe. „â◊^OEúQÍ qåe. qâı¡+¨}Ï ™ê=∞~åúºxfl JÅѨ~°∞ÛHÀ=_»O „áê~°OaèOKåe. Ô~O_À U_®k H©ÅHõ JOâßÅ∞... 1. „ÃãìOQΣÎ PѶπ ≥∞©iÜ«∞Öòû 2. „ã¨HõÛ~ü¤ JåÅã≤ãπ 3. Ѷ¨Ó¡~Ú_£ ≥∞HÍxH±û 4. lÜ≥∂ ˇH˜flHõÖò WO[hiOQΣ XHõ WO˜H˜ ѨÙå^OE∞Å∞ ZÖÏÀ... ã≤qÖò WO[hiOQΣ‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® D JOâßÅ∞ JÖÏO˜Õ. W=hfl =∞øeHÍOâßÅ∞. ~åÉ’ÜÕ∞ K«^OE∞=O`å D åÅ∞yO˜ÃÑ·Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨ç LOÏ~Ú. JO^OE∞H ˆD åÅ∞QÆ∞ JOâßÅ#∞ HÅHõ≥∞©ÿ# WO[hiOQΣ ã¨Ô~·# suÖ’ J=QÍǨÏ# KÕã¨∞HÀåe. „Hõ=∞O JOâßÅ Ñ@¡ ¨PãH¨Î ˜ÃÑOK∞«H˘x åx ˜K^«OEåeû `ѫʉ¨õΩO_® HõàÏâßÅÖ’x `~°«QÆ`∞«Å‰õΩ Ç¨[Ô~· „â^◊OEúQÍ LO@∞Ok. ã‘ìÖò =O˜ áê~îåÅ∞ qåe. HÍ¡ãπÀòû KåÖÏ HÅHõO. ©JÖÏQ ˆJOâßÅ#∞ J=QÍÇÏ# ¨KÕã∞¨HÀ=_®xH˜ ã$[¨å`‡«Hõ`« D JOâßÅÃÑ· „áê=∂}Hõ ˜ÑÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ ¨qkèQÍ K^«OEåe. J=ã~°¨O. „áêHìHõÖòQÍ ˜PÖ’zOKåe. ™ê^èOEº≥∞ÿ#O`« Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ =∞Oz ≥∞©iÜ«∞Öò#∞ ¿ãHõiOz XHõ Ñ^¨OEúu „ÑHÍ~°¨O åx ˜K^«OE∞=Ù‰õΩO@∂ áÈåe. nO`À ÉËã≤H±ûÃÑ# ·ÑÓiÎ ¨™ê÷~ÚÖ’ Ñ@∞¨ì ™êkèOKQÆÅ∞«QÆ∞`åO. nx Ñe`¨¶OQÍ «~åÉ’ÜÕ∞ WO[hiOQΣ JOâßÅ∞ KåÖÏ `ÕeHõQÍ =∂~°`å~Ú. D JOâßÅ∞ ÉÏQÍ J=QÍÇÏ# ¨KÕã∞¨HÀQÆey`Õ P`‡«qâßfiãO ¨‰õÄ_® ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`∞«Ok. =¸_À U_®k HÅHõ ©JOâßÅ∞... 1. HÍO„H©ò „ãìHõÛ~¨üû 2. ã‘ìÖò „ãìHõÛ~¨üû 3. å@~ü i™ÈÔ~ûãπ 4. h˜ x~°fiÇÏ} ¨(å@~ü Õ∞Õ*ò≥∞Oò) 5. Ѩ¡£ ¶Õ∞Õ*ò≥∞Oò 6. _®º£∞Å x~å‡}O H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ# WO[hiOQΣ JOâߊѨ@¡ Pã¨H˜Î ÃÑOK«∞H˘x å˜x K«^OEåeû LO@∞Ok. ã‘ìÖò =O˜ JOâßÅ#∞ J=QÍÇÏ# ¨KÕã∞¨HÀ=_®xH˜ ã$[¨å`‡«Hõ`« J=ã~°¨O. „áêH˜ìHõÖòQÍ PÖ’zOKåe. P^蕺Ѩ‰õΩÅ∞ Ãã·`«O D JOâßxfl ã≤^•úO`«OQÍ #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 39 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË #∂ºq[£ |∞H±û 40 WO[hiOQΣ ã¨∂ì ≥Oò ≥O.1 HÍåÅOË
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