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1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞




                                            1857 : MUSLIMS
      Telugu title of this book is 1857 : MUSLIMLU
      This book deal with the total story of 1857 in which Muslims of our great country fought for the emancipation
from the yoke of British.
       It contain total Nine chapters. First chapter deals with total story of Muslims in the first was of independence.
Second chapter deals with the role of Muslim women, third chapter deals with Moulvis, fourth chapter deals with Pen
Men of that period, Fifth chapter deals with the role of Andhra Pradesh Muslims and Sixth chapter deals with the unity
exhibited by Muslims and Hindus in the fight against the foreign ruler. After that in the Seventh chapter the cruel
behavior of Britich was placed, in the Eight chapter how the heirs of the Patriots of 1857 are suffered or sufferings and
in the Last chapter How the sacrifices of the Muslims was ignored is discussed at length. Book contains good number
of Photos, Paintings related to 1857 war of Independence.
       This Book contains total 300 pages of 1/8th Demmy Size with Multi colour title. It was published in the year 2009.
1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞
1857
    =Úã≤¡OÅ∞
                                                1857 : Muslims (Telugu)
                                                Written by : Syed Naseer Ahamed
ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£                         TIP Series No. 219
                                                All Rights Reserved with Writer
                                                First Edition          : November 2009
                                                Copies                 : 1000
                                                ISBN                 :   978-81-88241-70-5
                                                Published by         :   Telugu Islamic Publications Trust (Regd.)
                                                                         Sandesha Bhavanam,
                                                                         Lakkadkot, Chatta Bazar,
                                                                         Hyderabad-500 002. India.
                                                                         Phone: 24564583
                                                                         Fax : +91 +40 + 24576237
                                                                         e-mail: tiphyderabad@rediffmail.com
                                                                         website: www.teluguislamiclit.org
                                                Typeset by           :   Geeturai Graphics
`≥Å∞QÆ∞ W™ê¡q∞H± Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û „@ãπì (il+¨ì~ü¤)                            Lakkadkot, Hyderabad-2.
                                                Printed at :         :   Cosmic Printers
         ã¨O^Õâ◊Éèí=#O, ÅHõ¯_£HÀò,                                      Lakkadkot, Hyderabad-2.
ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£–500 002. á¶È<£: 24564583           Price                : Rs. 130-00
1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞

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1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞

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ѨÓiÎQÍ =ã¨∞ÎQÆ`« ^Œ$+≤ì`À K«i„`« ~åã¨∞Î<åflO JO>Ë ã¨OHÀzOKåeûO^Õ! 'ѨiѨÓ~°‚—         ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ ѨÅ∞=∂~°∞¡ u~°QÆ~åÜ«∞|_ç qq^èŒ „ѨK«∞~°}Hõ~°ÎÅ ^•fi~å =Ú„kOK«|_®¤~Ú.
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„ѨKå~åxÔH· K«i„`« ~°K«<å "庙êOQÍxfl KÕѨ ˜ì H˘#™êyOKå~°∞/™êyã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. qq^èŒ       x~åúiOKÕ Z<Àfl Kåi„`«Hõ "åã¨Î"åÅ#∞ PÜ«∞# =∞#=ÚO^Œ∞OK«∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. „Ѩã¨∞Î`« ѨÙã¨ÎHõO
qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂ÅÖ’ ѨÙ@∞ìH˘zÛ# K«i„`« ~ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ aè#flOQÍ Ug∞ ÖË^∞. 'áê~ ѨÙã¨HÍÅ∞—QÍ
                                                                  Œ         Î         ^•x H˘#™êyOѨÙ.
=∞#"å~°∞ 'x~°‚~ÚOKÕ— K«i„`«Å ã¨fiÉèÏ=O =∞#=∞O`å ZiyO^Õ: ~å[ºÉèÏ=*ÏÅ                             1857 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— q∂^Œ Z<Àfl „QÆO^ä•Å∞#flѨʘH© JO^Œ∞Ö’ =Úã≤¡OÅ áê„`«‰õΩ
„ѨKå~å„™êÎeq ! qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂ÅÖ’ QÆ`« Ô~O_»∞–=¸_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞QÍ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl            ã¨O|OkèOp, =Úã≤¡OÅ QÆ∂iÛ q=iOz# ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ KåÖÏ J~°∞^Œ»<Õ K≥áêÊe. 1857
K«i„`« É’^èŒ#, Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Å∞ 'Ѩiâ’^èŒ# Ѩiâ’^èŒ# H˘~°ˆH— ##fl@∞¡QÍ, ã¨=∂[ J=ã¨~åÅ`À     ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å#∞ H˘O^Œ~°∞ '„Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O— Jx, ~ÚOH˘O^Œ~°∞ 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞—
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Jxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ JOK«∞ʼnõΩ <≥≥ ˜ì"ÕÜ«∞|_»¤ ã¨ÉÏÅì~üfl (J@ì_»∞QÆ∞ ™ê=∂lHõ „âı}∞Å∞) „Ѩ[Å   x~°∂Ѩ}Ï~°÷"≥∞ÿ PÜ«∞# ѨÅ∞ L^ŒO`åÅ#∞ K«∂Ñ≤OK«_»O`Àáê@∞QÍ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõO z=~À¡ Ô~O_»∞
J=ã¨~åŠѨ@¡ ã¨ÊOkOK«‰õΩO_®, insensitive QÍ =∂iáÈ~Ú# Hõ~îÀ~° ã¨`åºxfl H˘O`«            J#∞|O^è•Å#∞ ‰õÄ_® á⁄O^Œ∞Ѩ~åÛ~°∞. 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞^•~°∞Å∞— _èçb¡ áêÅ#ÔH· ѨiáêÅ<å
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1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞
=∞O_»e "ÕÜ«∞_»O† =∞O_»e ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ =∞^茺 ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# „â◊=∞ qÉèí[# LO_»@O ÖÏO˜                 ZO`« Z‰õΩ¯=O>Ë D 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— #∞ =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ∞ UHõOQÍ 'W™ê¡q∞H± u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞—
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P"≥ ∞ K« i ÛOz# q+¨ Ü « ∂ Å∞ 'Éè Ï ~° f Ü« ∞ — Éè Ï =##∞ |ÅѨ ~ ° ∞ 㨠∂ Î < åfl~Ú. áêÅ<å      #j~ü ™È^•Ç¨Ï~°}OQÍ `≥eáê~°∞. POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ ^•~°∞} Hõ$`åºÅ qÅÜ«∞#$`åºxfl K«∂¿ãÎ
=º=Ǩ~åʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# qˆHO„nHõ~°} ã¨∂„`«O '„Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º— ã≤^•úO`åxfl `«Ñ¨ÊHõ                  QÆ∞O_≥Å∞ |^ŒúÖ∫`å~Ú. LiH˘Ü«∞ºÅ‰õÄ, Ѷ≤~°Oy ‰õΩǨÏ~åʼnõÄ |Öˇ·áÈ~Ú# "åi Hõ^äŒÅ∞
`«ÅÑ≤OѨ *Ëã¨∞ÎOk.                                                                            =∞#efl Hõhfl~°∞ Ãјì™êÎ~Ú.
         1857 'JkèHÍiHõ— K«i„`«HÍ~°∞_çQÍ ¿Ñ~˘Ok# ã¨∞ˆ~O„^Œ<å^è£ ¿ã<£ ~°K«# Eighteen                      ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ ^ŒHõ∆} ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ D áÈ~å@O [~°QÆÖË^Œx JO@∞OÏ~°∞†
Fity Seven ÖÏQÍ #j~ü ѨÙã¨ÎHõO Z<Àfl "åã¨Î"åÅ#∞ |Ç≤Ï~°æ`«Ñ¨~°∞Û`«∂ =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú             Wk "åã¨Î"Õ∞#x =∞#q∞O`«=~°‰õÄ #=∂‡O† JÖÏ #q∞‡OKå~°∞. HÍh Wk ZO`« ˜
ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å#∞ q=iã¨∞ÎOk. Z<Àfl H˘`«Î q+¨Ü«∂Å`Àáê@∞ "≥·Ü«ÚH˜ÎHõ 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— ^•~°∞x/            `«Ñ¨C_»∞ J=QÍǨÏ<À ™êH∆ͺ^è•~åÖ’Î x~°∂Ñ≤ã¨∞ÎOn ѨÙã¨ÎHõO. ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞Ö’x „a©+π
^•~°∞~åe q=~åÅ#∞ áê~î°HõÖ’HÍxH˜ JOkã¨∞ÎOk. D áÈ~å@OÖ’ áêÖÁæ#fl <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞,                     Ô~ã≤_≥hû ÃÑ· Ѩ~îå<£ `«∞„ˆ~ÉÏ*ò MÏ<£ ÖÏO˜ "åi <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ „Ѩ[Å∞ ZO`« g~Àz`«OQÍ
„Ѩ[Å∞ 'ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞— ÉèÏ=#`À „a©+π áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å_ç# „Hõ=∂xfl ~°K«~Ú`«              ^•_ç KÕâß~À #j~ü qѨÙÅOQÍ q=iOKå~°∞. x*ÏO ~åR Éè∫QÀoHõ ǨÏ^ŒŒ∞ÌňH D áÈ~å@O
ZO`À K«Hõ¯QÍ q=iOKå~°∞. nx=Å¡ "åã¨ÎqHõ"≥∞ÿ#, PK«~°}Ö’ L#fl ÉèÏ~°`« „Ѩ[Å                       Ѩiq∞`«O HÍÖË^Œ∞† PO„^èŒ, ~åÜ«∞Åã‘=∞ „áêO`åʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® „áêH˜O^Œh, ¿+H± Ñ‘~üëê
ã¨OѶ∞¨ r=#O, Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤O ã¨ÇÏr=# ã¨OѶ∞‘ ÉèÏ"åÅ∞ =∞#H© ~°K#ÅÖ’ ^Àº`«H=∞ø`å~Ú.
                            ¡ ¨                                «                     õ        (Hõ_»Ñ¨) ÖÏO˜ JO^èŒ∞Öˇ·# Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å∞ Ãã·`«O =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ÔH· „áê}ÏÖÁ_®¤~°h D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO
'"å~°∞— („a©+π"å~°∞) '=∞#O— (ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅO, Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ –=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ HõÅã≤) J<Õ ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿ#           Ѷ¨∞’+≤ã¨∞ÎOk. qq^èŒ =~åæÅ∞, „áêO`åÅ∞, [O_»~ü <ÕѨ^蕺ʼnõΩ K≥Ok# =Úã≤¡OÅ r=#
ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO`À áÈ~å@ x~å‡}O, Hõ˘#™êyOѨ٠[iQÍÜ«∞#fl q+¨Ü«∞O =∞#‰õΩ H˘’ìzÛ#@∞¡                     |e^•<åÅ#∂, =∂`«$ Éèí∂q∞ÔH· áÈ~å_»∞`«∂ P `«e¡ X_çÖ’ XiyáÈ~Ú# q^è•<åhfl
Hõ#|_»∞`«∞Ok. =∞`«Ñ~"∞≥ # qÉè^•Å∂, q^Õfi+¨=¸ `«~åfiu HÍÅO <å˜^<k ã¨Ê+¨Ñ_∞» `«∞Ok.
                     ¨° ÿ Ë                                            Œ Õ          ì ¨       ^Œ$jºHõiã¨∞ÎOn ѨÙã¨ÎHõO. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâßxfl =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ ã¨~°Êã¨OÔHà◊§ #∞O_ç q=ÚH˜Î
=∞`«Ñ¨~° ÉË^èŒÉèÏ"åÅ∞ ÖËx ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº r=# PÖ’K«<åq^è•<åxH˜ 1857 XHõ |Å"≥∞ÿ# „ѨfHõ.             HÍqOK«_®xH˜ `«=∞ â◊H˜ÎH˘kÌ áÈ~å_ç, |Öˇ·# =Úã≤¡O a_»¤Å J=¸Åº |e^•# Hõ^äŒ<åÅ
'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ D q^èŒOQÍ 'SHõºOQÍ— „ѨuѶ¨∞˜OK«_»O =Å¡<Õ =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ∞ `«~åfiu              QÆx #j~ü ZO`À „â◊=∞HÀiÛ =∞#H˜zÛ# D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO.
HÍÅOÖ’ KåÖÏ =ӺǨ`«‡HõOQÍ =º=ǨÏiOz Ô~O_»∞ ã¨=¸Ç¨Å#∞ Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~° q~°∞^Œú                          K«i„`« ã¨$+≤ìOz# 1857‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# 150 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ ã¨O|~åÅ#∞ ÉèÏ~°`«
™êO㨯 $uHõ ã¨=¸Ç¨Å∞QÍ „ѨKå~°O KÕã≤ qÉèlOKå~°∞† `«=∞ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞OÖ’ ã¨ÑÅ=∞Ü«∂º~°∞
                                             í                                   ¨¶           „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO KÕã¨∞Î#fl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ #j~ü D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ~åÜ«∞_»O ǨÏi¬OK«^Œy# q+¨Ü«∞O.
‰õÄ_® ! D 'Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~° q~°∞^Œú— ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏhfl `≥e™È `≥eÜ«∞HÀ ѨÅ∞=Ù~°∞ '*ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ∞Å∞—             JO`«‰õΩ q∞Oz =∞`À<å‡^Œ Hõ∆„^Œâ◊‰õΩÎÅ∞ qÉèí[#ˆ~Yefl wã≤, JQÍ^è•Å#∞ `«qfi ÉèíÜ«∞qǨÏfiÅ
‰õÄ_® J#∞ã¨iOz '*ÏfÜ≥∂^Œº=∞O—Ö’H˜ K˘Ñ≤ÊOKå~°∞. QÀ=ÙÅ#∞ u<Õ"å~°∂, QÀ=ÙÅ#∞                      "å`å=~°}O ã¨$+≤ìã¨∞Î#fl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ~å=_»O WOHÍ ã¨O`À+≤OKåeû# q+¨Ü«∞O.
ѨÓlOKÕ"å~°∂, ѨO^Œ∞Å#∞ u<Õ"å~°∞, ѨO^Œ∞Å#∞ Jã¨ÇϺOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞ UHõ"∞ÿ u~°Q|_®¤~h
                                                      ¨                        ≥        Æ °               <Õ#∞ <å^Õâßxfl (ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâßxfl) „¿Ñq∞™êÎ#∞ Jx ÉèÏqOKÕ „Ѩu XHõ¯~°∂ K«^Œ=^ŒQÆæ
ÉèÏqOK«|>Ëì POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅ =∞^茺 ã¨Ê~°÷efl ã¨$+≤ìOK«QÆey#, "åi SHõº`«#∞           *Ï˝#H˜~°}O D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO. ZO`À „¿Ñ=∞`À „Ѩ=∂}"åHõºO ~åÜ«∞O_»x ##∞flHÀi# q∞„`«∞Å∞
zè<åflaè#flO KÕÜ«∞QÆey# „Ѩu JOâßhfl =^ŒÅ‰õΩO_® ZO`À *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ "å_»∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.                  ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£‰õΩ ^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞.
P<å_»∞ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ K«∂Ñ≤Oz# ã¨OѶ‘∞ÉèÏ= â◊H˜Î JO`« |Å"≥∞ÿ#^Œ#fl=∂@.
         1857 áÈ~å@OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ QÆ}hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# áê„`«#∞ áÈ+≤OKå~°∞. "åà◊§ áê„`«
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1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞

                                                           ѨiK«Ü«∞ "åHõºO                 ã¨∂ÊùixKÕÛq^èOQÍ ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞ HÍÅOÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`« '*ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ∞Å∞— ÉèÏ~°`^â◊ K«i„`«#∞
                                                                                                  Î        Œ                                                          « Õ
                                                                                           "åºMϺxOz *ÏfÜ«∞ Jã≤Î`«fi „ѨHõ@#ÔH· „Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕâß~°∞. ™êfi`«O„`åº#O`«~°O ÉèÏ~°`«
                                                                                           *Ïux 'ã¨$+≤OKÕ— ÅHõ∆ ºO`À ~å[ºO (Indian State) QÆ`O q∂^Œ '„Ѩ`ºÕ Hõ— ^Œ$+≤x ™êiOz
                                                                                                         ì                                        «                       ì
                                                                  =∞ǨÏ|∂Éò ÉÏëê           ÉèÏ~°`« *Ïu 'UHõ`«fi— x~°∂Ѩ}ÔH· ѨÅ∞ `«OÏÅ∞ Ѩ_»∞`ÀOk. `«=∞ ‰õ∆Ω„^Œ ~å[H©Ü«∞
                                                          HÀPi¤<Õ@~ü, K«i„`«âßY            Ѩ<åflQÆO áêiOK«_®xH˜ QÆ`« <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞QÍ 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂`«fi— HÍÅ<åQÆ∞Å∞ 'K«i„`«— #∞
                             ÉÏÉÏ ™êÃÇÏÉò cèO~å"£ JOÉË_»¯~ü ˆHO„nÜ«∞ q^•ºÅÜ«∞O
                                                              ÅHÀfl, L`«Î~° „Ѩ^Õâò.        ZO`«QÍ HÍ>Ëã¨∞Î<åflÜ≥∂ =∞#O^ŒiH© ÉÏQÍ `≥eã≤# q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞ ! XHõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù PkèѨ`«º =~åæÅ∞
                                                                                           `«=∞ ÃÑ`«Î<åxH˜ =`åÎã¨∞ ѨeˆH q^èŒOQÍ K«i„`«#∞ =∞Åz ^•<Õfl '™ê=∂lHõ K«i„`«— QÍ
                                                                                           x~°∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î =™ÈÎO_»QÍ ~ÚOHÀ"≥·Ñ¨Ù ™ê=∂#º „Ѩ[ŠѨHõ∆O =Ç≤ÏOKÕ "Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ∞ =∂i¯ûã¨∞ì
                                                                                           ã≤^•úO`åxfl Kåi„`«Hõ "åºMϺ<åxH˜ *’_çOz WuǨã¨Ñ¨Ù pHõ ˜ HÀ}O J@ì_»∞QÆ∞# Ѩ_ç
     xâ◊≈|Ì ‰õΩ„@#∞ |^ŒúÅ∞ H˘_»∞`«∞#fl ~°K«#(Å∞)                                            HõxÊOK«‰õΩO_® áÈ~Ú# K«i„`« x~å‡`«Öˇ·# ™ê=∂#º „Ѩ[Å K«i„`«#∞ ~°zOKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO
                                                                                           KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
        =~°Î=∂<åxfl QÆ∞ÃÑÊ’¡ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘<Õ"å~°∞ QÆ`«O g∞^•, QÆ`åxfl QÆ∞ÃÑÊ’¡
ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ<Õ"å~°∞ Éèq+¨º`«∞Î g∞^• u~°∞QÆ∞ÖËx PkèÑ`º« O K«ÖÏ~ÚOK«QÅ~°x ã¨∞„Ѩã^úŒ ~°K~Ú`«
                   í                            ¨               Æ             ≤ «                   qq^èŒ Jã≤Î`«fi L^Œº=∂Å∞ q[$Oaèã¨∞Î#fl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ K≥·`«#º=O`«∞Å=Ù`À#fl
*Ï~ü˚ PÔ~fiÖò J<åfl~°∞. Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î g∞^Œ PkèѨ`«ºO ™êkèOK«_®xÔH· QÆ`åxfl (K«i„`«) QÆ∞ÃÑÊ’¡   J@ì_»∞QÆ∞ =~åæÅ, JOK«∞ʼnõΩ <≥ ˜ì"ÕÜ«∞|_ç# ‰õΩÖÏÅ „Ѩ[Å∞ `«=∞ "åã¨Î= K«i„`«
ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ"åeû# J=ã¨~°O ZO`«QÍ LO^À nx ^•fi~å ã¨Ê+¨ì=∞ø`ÀOk. D q+¨Ü«∞O                         „áê^è•#º`«#∞ QÆ∞iÎOz `«=∞ K«i„`«#∞ `å"Õ∞ ã¨$l~ÚOK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞† `«=∞ K«i„`«#∞
J}QÍi# =~åæÅ Hõ<åfl J}˜z"Õ¿ã =~åæʼnõΩ ÉÏQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH „ѨѨOK« "åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ              `å"Õ∞ „`«qfi ™⁄O`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. "åã¨Î= ™⁄O`« K«i„`« ѨÙ<åkQÍ =~°Î=∂#,
Jxfl ã¨=∂*ÏÖ’¡#∂ PkèѨ`«º=~åæÅ∞ K«i„`« Ѩi*Ï˝<åxfl `«=∞ QÆ∞ÃÑÊ’¡ =ÙOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ                Éèíq+¨º`«∞efl ™⁄O`«OQÍ xi‡OK«∞HÀ_®xH˜ L^Œ∞º‰õΩÎÅ=Ù`«∞<åfl~°∞. K«i„`« x~å‡}OÖ’ `«=∞
„Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. `«=∞ ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxH˜ `À_»Ê_ç, PkèѨ`åºxH˜ JO_»QÍ LO_Õ                 LxH˜x Ѩ ˜ìOK«∞HÀx PkèѨ`«º K«i„`«Ö’¡x _˘Å¡`«<åxfl „ѨtflOK«_»O ^•fi~å ÃÑ`«ÎO^•s
q^èŒOQÍ K«i„`« *Ï˝<åxfl =_»QÆ ˜ì ^•xfl =∂„`«"Õ∞ „Ѩ[ÅÖ’ „ѨKå~°O KÕâß~Ú/KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú:        =~åæÅ PkèѨ`åºxfl xÅnã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ã¨=∂[ ã¨OѨ^Œ ã¨$+≤ìHõ~°ÎÖˇ·# ^Œo`«∞Å∞, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç#
`«=∞ PkèѨ`åºxH˜ QÆO_çÃÑ@ìQÆÅ *Ï˝<åxfl, =∞~°∞QÆ∞#Ѩ~°K«_»"≥∂, ^èŒfiOã¨O KÕÜ«∞_»"≥∂           `«~°QÆ`«∞Å∞, Pk"åã‘Å∞, „ã‘ÎÅ∞, =∞`«'"≥∞ÿ<åsìÅ∞— ™⁄O`« Kåi„`«Hõ K≥·`«#º „¿Ñ~°}`À Q˘O`«∞
KÕâß~Ú. `«=∞ =~°Î=∂#, Éèíq+¨º`ü ~å[H©Ü«∞ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅHõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ QÆ`åxfl                      eѨC`«∞<åfl~°∞: =∂‰õį_® 'Ѷ¨∞#"≥∞ÿ#— K«i„`« LO^Œh, D ã¨=∂[ x~å‡}OÖ’ `å=Ú
=∞ÅK«_»=¸, "åºMϺxOK«_»=¸ KÕã¨∂Î =KåÛ~Ú. J~Ú`Õ Ñ‘_ç`« =~åæÅ∞ ZÖÏO˜                        ‰õÄ_® QÆ}hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# áê„`«áÈ+≤OKå=∞h nxfl JO^Œ~°∂ QÆ∞iÎOz Q“~°qOKåÅh <˘H˜¯
ã¨ÊO^Œ<å, „Ѩu K«~°º ÖˉõΩO_® =∞ø#OQÍ ‰õÄ~ÀÛÖË^Œ∞† PkèѨ`«º K«i„`«#∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ               K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~°∞.
JOwHõiOK«ÖË^Œ∞. Jq ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ |ÅÇ‘Ï#OQÍ<Õ J~Ú<å, `«=∞ kèHͯ~° ã¨fi~åxfl                               „Ѩã¨∞Î`« ѨÙã¨ÎHõ ~°K«~Ú`« ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ ~°K«#Åhfl D <ÕѨ^䌺OÖ’
qxÑ≤OKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ `«=∞ QÆ`åxfl (K«i„`«#∞) ™⁄O`« KÕã¨∞HÀ=_»O,                    =ã¨∞Î#fl"Õ. f„= J}˜z"Õ`«‰õÄ, x~°∂‡Å#‰õÄ QÆ∞~°=Ù`«∞#fl =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜
=∞ÅK«∞HÀ=_»O, `«^•fi~å =~°Î=∂#OÖ’ „¿Ñ~°} á⁄O^Œ_»O KÕã¨∂Î =ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú.                        DÜ«∞#Onã¨∞Î#fl JHõ∆~åÜ«Ú^è•Å‰õΩ „Ѩã¨∞Î`« ѨÙã¨ÎHõO XHõ H˘`«Î KÕ~°∞Ê. 1857 áÈ~å@OÖ’
         ÉèÏ~°`^â◊ q+¨Ü∂xH˘¿ãÎ `«=∞ =Å™êkèÑ`åºxH©, ™ê„=∂[º"å^•xH© <≥uHõ |ÖÏhfl,
               « Õ        «                       ¨                         ·              =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O áÈ+≤Oz# |$ǨÏ`«Î~° áê„`«#∞ q=iOK«_»O nx „Ѩ^è•# ÅHõ∆ ºO.
K«@|^Œ`#∂, ÉèÏ~°`« „Ѩ[Å P"≥∂^•hfl ™êkèOK«_®xH˜ =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å∞ ÉèÏ~°`^â◊ K«i„`«#∞
    ì ú «                                                                 « Õ              áÈ~å@OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ |e^•<åÅ#∞ XHõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù q=iã¨∂Î ~ÚOHÀ"≥·Ñ¨Ù J<åºÑ¨^Õâ◊OQÍ
'`«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤— „Ѩ[Ö’¡ „ѨKå~°O KÕâß~°∞. =Å™êkèѨ`åºxfl „ѨuѶ¨∞˜OK«_®xH˜ `«y#O`«         =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# J<ÕHõ ~Ú`«~° q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ #j~ü K«~°Û‰õΩ ÃÑ_»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞.
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1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞
             D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ֒ѨŠq+¨Ü«∂xH˜ "≥àı§=ÚO^Œ∞ 1857 ‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#      =Åã¨"å^Œ Pi÷Hõ q^è•<åÅ`À zuH˜áÈ~Ú# Ô~·`åOQÆO áÈ~å@OÖ’ áêÖÁæ#fl q=~åÅ#∂,
Å#∞ Z=Ô~=~°∞ U q^èŒOQÍ "åºMϺxOKå~À ˆ~MÏ=∂„`«OQÍ K«∂^•ÌO. 1857 J#fl                      q^è•<åhfl K«∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. ã≤áê~¸Å∞ 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’x Ô~·`åOQÆ HÀ}Ïxfl
"≥O@<Õ 'ã≤áê~¸Å u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— J<Õ ÉèÏ=# =∞# =∞<ÀѶ¨ÅHõO ÃÑ· "≥∞^Œ∞Å∞`«∞Ok:               K«∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. ã≤áê~¸Å∞ "åã¨=OQÍ 'Peasants in uniform' (Ããx‰õΩÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨xKÕã∞#fl
                                                                                                                       Î                                   ·               ¨Î
POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ HÍÅO #∞O_ô <Õ ˜^•HÍ D ÉèÏ=<Õ dominant ÉèÏ=#QÍ K«ÖÏ=∞}©                       Ô~·`«∞Å∞) J<Õ q+¨Ü«∂xfl x~°ÌfiO^ŒOQÍ x~°∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. XHõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù „Ѩ*Ï ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl
J=Ù`ÀOk. 1857 "åã¨Î= ã¨fiÉèÏ"åxfl QÆ∞iÎOz#ѨC˜H© POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞ L^ÕÌâ◊ºÑ¨Ó~°fiHõOQÍ           x~°∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î<Õ nxfl '*ÏfÜ«∞ áÈ~å@O— J#_»OÖ’x ã¨=∞㨺efl =∞#=ÚO^Œ∞OKå~°∞.
nxfl 'ã≤áê~¸Å u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— ('Sepoy Mutiny') Jx „ѨKå~°O KÕâß~°∞: ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ∞                      Uk U"≥∞ÿ#ѨʘH© q[$Oaèã¨∞Î#fl *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ ǨÏ"åÖ’ 1857 áÈ~åÏhfl
‰õÄ_® D ÉèÏ"å<Õfl #=∂‡Åx PtOKå~°∞. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ∞ WÖÏ #=∞‡_»O =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å                    '*ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ áÈ~å@O—QÍ JOwHõiOK«_»O Ѩ@¡ ™ê^è•~°} ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ∞ "≥ÚQÆ∞æ K«∂ѨÙ
~å[H©Ü«∂ʼnõΩ =ÚYºO. D 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— J<Õ ÉèÏ=O 1857‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz J<ÕHõ                   `«∞<åfl~°∞. ~å[ºO ‰õÄ_® D kâ◊QÍ<Õ |ÅOQÍ „ѨKå~°O KÕ™ÈÎOk. „Ѩã¨∞Î`« ѨÙã¨ÎHõ ~°K«~Ú`«
~Ú`«~° HÀ}ÏÅÃÑ· =∞ã≤QÆ∞_»¤ HõѨC`«∞Ok† áÈ~å@OÖ’ „Ѩ[Å ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl =∞~°∞QÆ∞            ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ ‰õÄ_® áÈ~å@OÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞ÉèÏ"å<Õfl K«∂ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. D
Ѩ~∞° ã¨∞Ok. XHõ"à◊ ™ê=∂#º „Ѩ[Å∞ ‰õÄ_® áêÖÁæ<åfl~°<Õ q+¨Ü∞« O =ÚO^Œ∞H˘¿ãÎ "åÔ~O^Œ∞‰õΩ
         Î            Õ                                                                 '*ÏfÜ«∞ áÈ~å@O—Ö’ =Úã≤¡OÅ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl x~°∂Ñ≤OKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞: `«#
áêÖÁæ<åfl~°#fl „Ѩâ◊fl [xã¨∞ÎOk. nx ^•fi~å =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ∞ „ѨKå~°O KÕã≤# 'POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ           "å^Œ<å #∞QÆ∞}OQÍ Ñ¨Å∞ ™êH∆ͺ^è•~åÅ#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞Ѩ~°∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
"≥∞~°∞ÔQ·# áêÅ#— J<Õ Ñ¨zÛ J|^ŒÌѨ٠=ÚiH˜ =∞M∫Ï ziyáÈ~Ú =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ '"åã¨Î=
                                                                                                 `˘q∞‡k J^蕺ܫ∂Å∂, qÅ∞"≥·# J#∞|O^è•Å∞ L#fl D ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’x „Ѩu
~°∂ѨO— |Ü«∞@ Ѩ_»∞`«∞Ok. "åi <≥·uHõ PkèѨ`åºxH˜ QÆO_ç Ѩ_»∞`«∞Ok. Wk =Åã¨
                                                                                        J^蕺ܫ∞=¸ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ JOâßxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# qÅ∞"≥·# ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl JOkOK«@O
áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ ZO`« =∂„`«O ~°∞zOK«x q+¨Ü«∞O. JO^Œ∞ˆH "åà◊√§ ~°zOz# ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅhfl
                                                                                        `Àáê@∞ =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O Ѩ@¡ H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∂ =™ÈÎ#fl ѨÅ∞ JáÈǨÏÅ∂, J#∞=∂<åÅ∂,
1857 áÈ~åÏhfl 'ã≤áê~¸Å u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— QÍ `«yæOz K≥¿ÑÊ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕâß~Ú. D
                                                                                        ^Œ∞~°∂ǨÏÅ#∞ Ѩ~ÀHõ∆OQÍ |^ŒÌÅ∞H˘˜ì "åã¨Î=~°∂áêxfl =∞#=ÚO^Œ∞K«∞`«∞Ok.
ÉèÏ"å<Õfl <å˜ áê~ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ ^•fi~å ‰õÄ_® „ѨKå~°O KÕâß~°∞.
                                                                                                 "≥Ú^Œ ˜ J^蕺ܫ∞O 1857 áÈ~åÏxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# Hõ^äŒ#∞ JO>Ë „áê~°OÉèíO,
             *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ „ѨÉèÏ=O`À (~Úk "åã¨Î=OQÍ J„QÆ=~°æ, J„QÆ=~°‚, '*ÏfÜ«∞"å^ŒO—)
                                                                                        H˘#™êyOѨÙ, qq^èŒ =~åæÅ áê„`«, Ѩ`«<åÅ#∞ ˆ~MÏ=∂„`«OQÍ q=iOz =∞#efl „Ѩ^è•#
q._ç ™ê"å~°¯~ü "≥∞^ŒÖˇ·#"å~°∞ 1857 áÈ~å@OÖ’H˜ '*ÏfÜ«∞ÉèÏ"åxfl— K˘Ñ≤ÊOz ^•xfl
                                                                                        =ã¨∞Î=Ù J~Ú# =Úã≤¡OÅ áê„`« ^ŒQÆæiH˜ fã¨∞ÔHà◊√ÎOk.
'„Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º áÈ~å@O— QÍ "åºMϺxOz ^•x ã¨fiÉèÏ"åxfl, „ѨÉèÏ"åhfl PHÍâßxÔHuÎ
K«∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. 'ã¨fi`«O„`«— ÉèÏ~°`« „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ‰õÄ_® nxfl '„Ѩ^äŒ=∞™êfi`«O„`«º áÈ~å@O—               Ô~O_»= J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ áÈ~å@OÖ’ ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ‰õΩ n@∞QÍ áêÖÁæx „áê}`åºQÆO
QÍ<Õ #q∞‡ =∞#efl ‰õÄ_® #=∞‡O@∞Ok. WÖÏ KÕÜ«∞_»O ^•fi~å =Åã¨áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ                      KÕã≤# =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å QÆ∂iÛ K«iÛã¨∞ÎOk. ÉËQÆO Ǩτ[`ü =∞ǨÏÖò ÖÏO˜ H˘O`«=~°‰õΩ `≥eã≤#
=ºuˆ~HõOQÍ #∂Ï `˘OÉèˇ· ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ áÈ~å_ç ™êfi`«O„`«ºO ™êkèOz# 'Ѷ¨∞#`«—#∞              ~å}∞Å`Àáê@∞QÍ =∞#‰õΩ U=∂„`«O `≥eÜ«∞x ÉËQÆO JrA<£, =ÚO^Œ~ü, ǨÏcÉÏ, Jã¨æs
„ѨKå~°O KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞#flk.                                                                ÉËQÆO, ѨK«Û^Œ∞ã¨∞ÎÅ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ |e^•<åÅ#∞ `≥eÜ«∞*ËÕã¨∞ÎOk. ѨÙ~°∞+¨ ˆHO„^Œ K«i„`«#∞ |^ŒÌÅ∞
                                                                                        H˘_»∞`«∂ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å#∞ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ K«iÛOK«_»O ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxH˜ Q˘Ñ¨Ê qÅ∞=#∞
             HÍh D Ô~O_»∂ "å^Œ#Å∂ ѨÓiÎQÍ ã¨`åºÅ∞ HÍ=#fl q+¨Ü«∂xfl W©=e J<ÕHõ
                                                                                        KÕ‰õÄiÛOk. 'Ѩ~åÌ#j<£— (Ѩ~åÌÅ =∂@∞#fl "å~°∞)Å∞QÍ ÉèÏqOK«|_Õ =Úã≤¡O =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞
Ѩiâ’^è#Å∞ |Å"≥∞# ™êH∆ͺ^è•~åÅ`À x~°∂Ñ≤ã∞<åfl~Ú. áÈ~å@ xiú+ì¨ ã¨fiÉèÏ"åxfl QÆ∂iÛ
           Œ             ÿ                      ¨Î
                                                                                        Public Space Ö’H˜ =zÛ =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ HÀã¨O áÈ~å_ç |eHÍ=_»=∞<Õ q+¨Ü«∞O =Úã≤¡O
~ÚOHÍ J<ÕHõ J#∞=∂<åÅ∞#flѨʘH© Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Åhfl ~Úk ˆH=ÅO 'ã≤áê~¸Å u~°∞QÆ∞
                                                                                        „ã‘ÎÅ QÆ∂iÛ L#fl JáÈǨÏefl ѨÏѨOK«Å∞ KÕã¨∞ÎOk. HÍh D =Úã≤¡O =∞Ç≤Ïà◊efl Icons
ÉÏ@∞— HÍ^Œ#fl "åã¨Î"åxfl <˘H˜¯ K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. Zi™ÈìH±û, ~°∞„^•OQÆ∞ú =ÚYs˚ ÖÏO˜
                                                                                        QÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤, „ѨKå~°O KÕã≤ =Úã≤¡O „ã‘ÎÖÖ’ „¿Ñ~°} HõeyK«_»OÖ’ ~ÚѨʘ =Úã≤¡O
"å~°∞ áÈ~å@OÖ’ ™ê=∂#º „Ѩ[Å ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl |ÅOQÍ x~°∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ
                                         11                                                                                       12
1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞
ã¨=∂[O Ѷ∞¨ ’~°OQÍ qѶÅ"≥∞Ok. „ѨÉ∞íè `«fiO Ug∞ KÕÜ∞« >Ë^x =Úã≤O ã¨=∂[O '"Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ∞—
                       ¨ ÿ                             ¡ Œ    ¡                                1857‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz 'L`«~° ÉèÏ~°`O HO„^ŒHõ (North Indian cetric) "å^Œ#‰õΩ
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ã¨}Q˘K«∞ÛQÍh P ÉÏ^茺`« „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO g∞^ŒHõ<åfl `«=∞ g∞^Õ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO^Œ#fl q+¨Ü«∞O        S^Œ= J^蕺ܫ∞"≥∞ÿ# ' PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò =Úã≤¡OÅ∞— |^ŒúÅ∞ H˘_»∞`«∞Ok. áÈ~å@O L`«Î~°
~ÚѨʘÔH·<å QÆ∞iοãÎ =∞Ozk.                                                           ÉèÏ~°`«^ÕâßxˆH Ѩiq∞`«=∞"≥∞ÿO^Œh, ^ŒH˜∆} ÉèÏ~°`«O nxH˜ ã¨ÊOkOK«ÖË^Œh XHõ domi-
         D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ '^Œo`«∞Å∞— XHõ Model x ‰õÄ_® `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã≤ L<åfl~°∞. L`«Î~°         nant JáÈÇ¨Ï ~ÚѨʘH© |ÅOQÍ „ѨKå~°OÖ’ LOk. L`«Î~° ÉèÏ~°`« PkèѨ`«º "å^Œ∞Å∞

„Ѩ^âòÖ’ 1857 áÈ~å@OÖ’ áêÖÁæ#fl =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Ö# T^•^Õq áêã≤, ~°≠Ö’¯sÉÏ~Ú "≥Ú^ŒÖ#
    Õ                                      ·ˇ                                    ·ˇ    `«=∞ PkèѨ`åºxfl ѨkÅOKÕã¨∞HÀ_®xH˜ D q+¨Ü«∂xfl ÉÏQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩO@∂
'g~åOQÆ#—Å#∞ Icons QÍ KÕã≤ „ѨKå~°OÖ’ Ãјì ^Œo`« ã¨=∂[ „¿Ñ~°} HÀã¨O |$ǨÏ`«~"∞≥ #
                                                                            ΰ ÿ       =ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ D J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ JOkOz# ã¨=∂Kå~°O =ÚO^Œ∞
HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. =∞i `å"≥∞O^Œ∞‰õΩ D q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ "≥#∞Hõ|_®¤~À =Úã≤OÅ∞
                                                                              ¡        WHõ D "å^Œ# "≥∂HõiÖÏ¡eûO^Õ !
`«=∞#∞ `å=Ú „ѨtflOK«∞HÀ"åe.                                                                    „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅÖ’ "≥e¡qiã≤#
        áÈ~å@OÖ’ =∞øbfiÅ∞ (W™ê¡O ^è•i‡Hõ ѨO_ç`«∞Å∞) x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# áê„`«#∞ =¸_»=           SHõº`«#∞ ™È^•Ç¨Ï~°}OQÍ q=iã¨∞Ok P~°= J^蕺ܫ∞O. D J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ KåÖÏ JѨÓ~°fiO
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J^蕺ܫ∞O K«iÛã¨∞ÎOk. =∞øbfiÅ QÆ∂iÛ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ XHõ =¸ã¨áÈ`« PÖ’K«# LOk.                   J#^Œy# q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ ~°K«~Ú`« áê~î°‰õΩʼnõΩ JOkOKå~°∞. JѨʒ¡ =∞`åʼnõΩ Jf`«OQÍ
"å~°∞ H=ÅO ^è•i‡Hõ q+¨Ü∂ňH Ѩiq∞`«=∞ø`å~°h, Ãã‰õΩºÅ~ü q+¨Ü∂Ö’¡ „â◊^úŒ K«∂Ñ≤OK«~h
      ˆ                   «                                    «                °      Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑhH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏhHõO =∞^茺 =ºHõÎ"≥∞ÿ#
ѨÅ∞=Ù~°∞ ÉèÏqã¨∞OÏ~°∞. WOH˘OK≥O B`åûÇ≤ωõΩÖˇ# 'P^è∞Œ xHõ`å—"å^Œ∞Å∞ =Úã≤O ã¨=∂[O
                 Î                            ·                          ¡             |Å"≥∞ÿ# ¿ãflǨÏÉèÏ"åxfl J<ÕHõ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}Å`À q=iOKå~°∞. „ѨÉèí∞=ÙÅ #∞O_ç „Ñ¨[Å
"≥#∞Hõ|_»_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O D =∞øbfiÖË J<Õ `˘O^Œ~°áê@∞ x~°‚Ü«∂ʼnõΩ =ã¨∞ÎOÏ~°∞. D             =~°‰õΩ =∞`åʼnõΩ Jf`«OQÍ =∞"Õ∞Hõ"≥∞ÿ L=∞‡_ç â◊„`«∞=Ù q∂^Œ ™êyOz# áÈ~°∞Ö’x
J^蕺ܫ∞O D `«Ñ¨C_»∞ J=QÍǨÏ#ʼnõΩ ã¨=∂^è•#O K≥|∞`«∞Ok. 1857 áÈ~å@OÖ’#∂,                qâıëêOâßÅ∞ áê~î‰Ωõ efl PHõ@∞ì‰Ωõ O@∂ P model #∞ <Õ_∞» J#∞ã¨iOKåeû# P=â◊ºHõ`#∞
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`«~åfi`« '*ÏfÜ≥∂^Œº=∞O— Ö’#∂ =∞øÖÏ<åÅ∞ áÈ+≤Oz# áê„`« ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞# „ѨKå~åxH˜                Ѩ~ÀHõOQÍ <˘H˜¯ K≥|∞`«∞Ok. =∞`«``Ϋ fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO J<ÕHõ =∂^躌 =∂Å ^•fi~å qâ◊$YÅOQÍ
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<ÀK«∞HÀHõáÈ=_»O =Å¡ =∞øÖÏ<åÅ áê„`«#∞ =∞#O ã¨iQÍæ J~°úO KÕã¨∞HÀÖËHõ áÈ`«∞<åflO.          "åºÑ≤ã¨∂Î Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅ =∞^茺 JQÍ^è•Å∞ ÜÕ∞~°Ê_»∞`«∞#fl <Õ ˜ ^Œ∞+¨¯~° ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’
kÜ≥∂|O^£‰õΩ K≥Ok# =∞øÖÏ<åÅ∞ HÍh, ~Ú`«~°∞Å∞ HÍh, =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ HÀã¨O KÕã≤#                1857 #∞O_ç SHõº`å áê~îåÅ∞ <Õ~°∞Û HÀ"åeû# J=ã¨~°O ZO`À LOk.
`åºQÍÅ∞ ã¨O㨇~°}©Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ#q. =∞i <Õ ˜ =∞øbfiÅ∞ "åi#∞O_ç U=∂„`«O „¿Ñ~°}                       =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å ^ÀÑ≤_ô q^è•<åÅÃÑ· ã¨=∞~°â◊OYO ѨÓiOz# ~åAÅ∞–~å}∞Å∞,
á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞<åfl~°<Õk 'JÖ›OHÍ ã¨∂~å— JO`« ˜ „Ѩâ◊fl.                                       „Ѩ[ŠѨ@¡ ZO`« Ç≤ÏO™ê`«‡HõOQÍ HõOÃÑh „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO =º=ǨÏiOzO^À q=iOKÕ U_»Œ=
         1857 áÈ~åÏxH˜ HõÅO`À JO_»O^ŒÅOkOz# HõÅO Ü≥∂^è∞Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ <åÅæ=
                                      Œ »                         Œ                    J^蕺ܫ∞O '<åQÆiHõ`å— ~åÜ«∞ÉÏ~°∞Å∂, „ѨKå~°‰õΩÅ∂ Jx _»OÉÏÅ∞ ѨeH˜# POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ
J^蕺ܫ∞O q=iã¨∞ÎOk. áÈ~å@Ü≥∂^èŒ∞ÅÖ’ L`åûǨÏO xOѨ_»OÖ’ L~°∂Ì [~°fle[O                  Jã¨Å∞ <åQÆiHõ`å |O_®~åxfl |Ü«∞@ÃÑ_»∞ÎOk. „Ѩ[Å#∞ terrorise KÕÜ«∞_»=∞<Õ^•xfl
„Ѩ|Å áê„`«#∞ áÈ+≤OzOk. 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡O— áÈ~å@HÍ~°∞ÅO^Œ~°∂ 'L~°∂Ì— Ö’ =zÛ#             =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å∞ XHõ 'q^è•#O—QÍ ZÖÏ ~°∂á⁄OkK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~À `Õ@`≥Å¡O KÕã¨∞ÎOk.
D ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO ^•fi~å „¿Ñ~°} á⁄O^•~°∞. 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞— Ãã`O `«=∞ „ѨH@#Å#∞ 'L~°∂—Ì Ö’<Õ
                                                    · «         õ                             ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ POˆQÜÚʼnõΩ `˘`«∞Å∞QÍ =º=ǨÏiOz# "å~°∞
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~ÚKåÛ~°∞. JO>Ë 'L~°∂—Ì #∞ =Úã≤OÅ `«ÅʼnõΩ JO@QÆ ,ì˜ =∞`«O ~°OQÆ∞ ѨÙeq∞ `«~åfi`«~åfi`«
                              ¡                                                Î       `«~åfiu HÍÅOÖ’ 'Ѩ^ŒÇ¨~°}ÏÅ *ÏfÜ«∞<åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞— QÍ ZÖÏ J=`å~°"≥∞`åÎ~À Zxq∞^Œ=
=∞`«`ffiHõiOz 'ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞— ÉèÏëê q<åâ◊<åxH˜ 1857 `«~åfi`Õ c*ÏÅ∞ Ѩ_®¤Ü∞x =∞#‰õΩ
       «                                                                 «             J^蕺ܫ∞O q=iã¨∞ÎOk. D J^蕺ܫ∞O `åºQÍÖÁHõ~°∞ KÕ¿ãÎ Éè’QÆÉèÏQͺÅ#∞ÉèíqOKÕk
ã¨Ê+¨ì=∞ø`«∞Ok.                                                                        ~ÚOHÀ~å Jx „Ѩtflã¨∞ÎOk.
                                        13                                                                                     14
1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞
         D ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’ Z=i<≥·<å „Ñ¨`ÕºHõOQÍ PHõ@∞ìH˘x K≥OѨ Kè≥à◊√§=∞xÑ≤OKÕ „Ѩâ◊flÅ                  1857 Ö’ '=Úã≤¡O— áê„`«#∞ '„Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ— K≥áêÊeû# J=ã¨~°=ÚO^• JO>Ë `«Ñ¨Ê
=~å¬Å∞ ‰õΩiÑ≤OKÕk z=~°^# `˘q∞‡^Œ= J^蕺ܫ∞O.1857 áÈ~å@OÖ’ áêÖÁæx ã¨~fi=¸
                          ·≥                                                  °           ‰õΩO_® LOk† =ÚYºOQÍ =∞`À<å‡^Œâ◊‰õΩÎÅ∞ q[$Oaèã¨∞Î#fl D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ nx J=ã¨~°O
HÀÖ’Ê~Ú, `«~åfiu HÍÅOÖ’ ‰õÄ_® =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å ^•+‘ìHÍxH˜ QÆ∞Ô~·# =Úã≤¡OÅ K«i„`«                 ~ÚOHÍ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk.'ѨÙ@ìHõ=ÚO^Õ ^Õâ◊„^ÀǨïÅ *Ïa`åÖ’¡— =Úã≤¡OÅ #"≥∂^Œ∞
`«y#O`« „ѨKå~åxH˜ <ÀK«∞HÀHõ q㨇~°}‰õΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`ÀO^Œ#fl |Å"≥∞ÿ# „Ѩâßfl„™êÎxfl =∞#           [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl q+¨=∞ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ ^Õâ◊O HÀã¨O =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ KÕã≤# `åºQÍÅ#∞ =∞m§–=∞m§
g∞kH˜ Z‰õΩ¯ÃÑ_»∞`«∂, K«i„`« ~°K<å âß„™êÎxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# ѨÅ∞ HÀ}ÏÅ#∞ ã¨Ê $tã¨∞Ok.
                               «                                                Î         QÍ#O KÕÜ«∂eû# J=ã¨~°O LOk. JO`«Hõ<åfl =ÚYºOQÍ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõ"Õ∞ Ѩ~°=∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞
J~Ú+¨OQÍ áÈ~å@OÖ’ áêÖÁæ<åeû# =zÛ# ~°≠ÏhûÅH©∆ ‡ ÉÏ~ÚH˜ JO`« „ѨKå~°O ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ
       ì                                                                                  „ѨÜ≥∂[<åxfl <≥~°"Õ~°∞ã¨∞ÎOk. =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å ^•ã¨ºâ◊$OMÏÖÏÅ #∞O_ç '=∂`«$Éèí∂q∞— x
ÅaèOz#@∞ì? HõuÎ KÕ`|˜ì QÆ∞„~°O q∂^Œ sîqQÍ ‰õÄ~ÀÛx LO_Õ P"≥∞ q„QÆÇÅ∞ JxflKÀÏ¡
                      «                                               ¨                   q=ÚHõÎO KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ QÆi˚ã¨∞Î#fl Ѷ≤~°Oy ‰õΩǨÏ~åÅ#∞ JkfifÜ«∞ ^è≥·~°ºO`À PeOQÆ#O
ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ `å=∞~°`«OѨ~°QÍ "≥eã≤#@∞ì? ~°≠Ïhû ~å}˜ Hõ<åfl =∞iO`« JOH˜`« ÉèÏ=O`À,              KÕã∞¨ H˘h, K≥@¡ H˘=∞‡Å‰õΩ LifÜ«∞|_ç TÜ«∞ÅÅ∂y WOHÍ WÖÏ Z<Àfl ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ ~°H`~Ê° }
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™êǨÏã¨O`À POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ#∞ kèHõ¯iOz# ÉËQÆO ǨÏ[~°`ü =∞ǨÏÖò‰õΩ JO`« „áê^è•#º`«,               KÕã≤#O^Œ∞‰õÄ, ã¨~°fiO `åºQÆO KÕã≤#O^Œ∞‰õÄ ã¨fi`«O„`«º ÉèÏ~°`« „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO =Úã≤¡OÅ
„ѨKå~°O ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÅaèOK«ÖË^Œ∞? Popular memory Ö’ ÅH©∆ ‡ÉÏ~ÚH˜ JO`« Ѩ ˜+¨ì               ˆHq∞zÛOk? `åºQÍÅ ÉÏ@Ö’ ™êy#O^Œ∞‰õΩ ã¨fi`«O„`« ÉèÏ~°`«OÖ’ "åà◊§‰õΩ XiyO^ÕO˜?
™ê÷#O ZÖÏ, ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÅaèOzOk ÖÏO˜ „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞ =∞#ã¨∞efl =Úã¨∞~°∞ ‰õΩOÏ~Ú. nxfl                ÖÏO˜ |Å"≥∞ÿ# „Ѩâ◊flÅ`À =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O ÉèÏ~°`« „ѨÉèí∞`åfixfl xÅnÜ«∂eû#
Ö’`«∞QÍ Ñ¨ije¿ãÎ ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞ HÍÅO<å˜ =∞# '*ÏfÜ«∞— <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ =∞#ã¨∞efl                 J=ã¨~=ÚO^Œx Ѩ~ÀHõOQÍ K≥ÑÙ¨ Ok. ã¨=∂# ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=ÚÖˇ· áÈ~å_ç#O^Œ∞‰õΩ ã¨ÇÏ[=#~°∞Ö’¡
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â’kèOKÕ J=HÍâ◊O HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. *ÏfÜ≥∂^Œº=∞ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ KÕ`#OQÍ<À, JKÕ`#OQÍ<À
                                                           «              «               ã¨=∂# "åÏ#∞ _ç=∂O_£ KÕÜ«∞QÆeˆQ <≥·uHõ |ÖÏhfl, ǨωõΩ¯h =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜
'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂— Iconsx =∂„`«"Õ∞ *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ ™⁄O`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl áÈ~°áê@∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞O                 JO^Œ*ã∞On ѨÙã¨HÍ„ã¨O. q=H∆Í~°ÇÏ`«, Jã¨=∂#`å~°ÇÏ`« ÉèÏ~°`^âßxfl HÀˆ~"å~°O^ŒiH©
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|Ü«∞@Ѩ_»∞`«∞Ok† 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂— imagery x |ÅOQÍ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÃÑ˜ì „Ñ¨Kå~°O KÕã≤#                 ~ÚÖÏO˜ JHõ∆~å„™êÎÅ#∞ JO^ŒKÕã¨∞Î#fl #j~ü‰õΩ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ѨÓ~°fiHõOQÍ ã¨ÖÏO.
Jã¨Å∞ '*ÏfÜ«∞`«— |O_®~°O |Ü«∞@Ѩ_»∞`«∞Ok.â∫~°º„Ѩ`åáêÅ#∞ „ѨfHõQÍ ÅH©∆ ‡ÉÏ~Úx                     1857 QÆ∂iÛ L^èŒ$`«"≥∞ÿ# K«~°Û [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ~å=_»O,
`«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ Z=iH© JÉèíºO`«~åÅ∞ LO_»‰õÄ_»^Œ∞ QÍh, JO`«Hõ<åfl ™êǨÏã¨O`À             JO^Œ∞<å `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ ~å=_»O =Ú^•=ǨÏO. =∞# ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ =∞# Hõ^äŒ#∞ =∞#‰õΩ XÑ≤QÍæ
=º=ǨÏiOz# ǨÏ[~°`ü =∞ǨÏÖò Hõhã¨O „Ѩ™êÎ=<å~°›O HÍHõáÈ=_»O =∂„`«O `«Ñ¨ÊHõ                K≥Ñ≤Ê# ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£‰õΩ Jã¨ûÖÏO.
HõÅ=~°Ñ¨~°∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
         'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂— ~°OQÆ∞`À „Ѩ™ê~°"≥∞ÿ# J„QÆ=~°æ, J„QÆ=~°‚ *ÏfÜ«∞ ÉèÏ=# =Å¡ =Úã≤¡O
ã¨=∂["Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® '^Œo`«— ã¨=∂[O ‰õÄ_® f„= J<åºÜ«∂xH˜ QÆ∞Ô~·Ok. JO^Œ∞ˆH =∞#
'„áê=∂}˜Hõ— K«i„`« ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÖ’¡ QÍh, áê~ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÖ’¡ HÍh, ^Œo`« áÈ~å@HÍ~°∞Å „Ѩ¨™êÎ=#
Jã¨ûÅ∞ LO_»<Õ LO_»^∞Œ . XHõ "Õà◊ Z=Ô~<å LO>Ë 'followers' (J#∞K«~∞Å∞) QÍ =∂„`«"∞
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LOÏ~°∞ HÍh, leaders ('<åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞—) QÍ LO_»~∞° ! ZO^Œ∞‰õΩO_»~<k |Ç≤Ï~°OQÆ ~°ÇÏ㨺"Õ∞
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!! D q^èŒOQÍ JO^Œ~°∂ =∞#ã¨∞Ãјì f„=OQÍ PÖ’zOKåeû# J=ã¨~°=ÚO^Œx <˘H˜¯
xâ◊≈|̉õΩ„@#∞ |^ŒúÅ∞ H˘@ì=∞x =∞#efl `˘O^Œ~°ÃÑ_»∞ÎOk D J^蕺ܫ∞O.

                                          15                                                                                      16
1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞

                                                   ~°K«~Ú`« =∂@                   áê„`«^è•~°∞Å∞ `«k`«~° q=~åÅ#∞ ã¨OH˜∆ѨÎOQÍ q=iOKå#∞. Ô~O_»∞, =¸_»∞, <åÅæ=
                                                                                  J^蕺ܫ∂ÅÖ’ =~°∞ã¨QÍ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞, =∞øbfiÅ∞, <å˜ HõÅO Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å∞–Ѩ„uHõÅ∞
                                                                                  x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# áê„`«#∞ H˘O`« q™êÎ~°OQÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl#∞. S^Œ= J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ 1857Ö’
                                                    ã¨Ü∞« º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£      PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’x =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ™êyOz# áÈ~åÏxfl q=iOKå#∞. D Kåi„`å`«‡Hõ
                                                       q#∞H˘O_»–522647            áÈ~å@OÖ’ L=∞‡_ç â◊„`«∞=Ù‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ – =Úã≤¡O [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂ÅÖ’
                                                             QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ lÖÏ¡       "≥e¡qiã≤# JkfifÜ«∞ SHõº`«#∞ P~°= J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’, P ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞
                                                     ÃãÖò : 94402 41727           „Ѩ^Œi≈Oz# ~åHõ∆ã¨`åfixfl U_»= J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ `≥eÜ«∞KÕâß#∞. P<å_»∞ =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ
                                                                                  q∂^Œ L=∞‡_ç áÈ~å@O [iÑ≤# Ü≥∂^è∞Å a_»Å Ѩiã≤`∞Å#∞, POˆQÜÚʼnõΩ =`åÎã∞QÍ
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        „Ѩ^äŒ=∞™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O [iy 150 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ ѨÓ~°Î~Ú#                q„^ÀǨxH˜ áêÅÊ_ç# qcè+¨} =∞#ã¨∞¯Öˇ·# „^ÀǨïÅ "å~°ã¨∞Å∞ JO^ŒÖÏÖˇH˜¯
                                                                                  Éè’QÆÉÏQͺÅ#∞ J#∞Éèqã¨∞#fl "åã¨"åxfl Zxq∞^Œ= J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ q=iOK«QÍ, `˘q∞‡^Œ=
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ã¨O^Œ~ƒ° OQÍ ˆHO„^Œ, ~åR „ѨÉ∞íè `åfiÅ∞ #∂ÏÜ«∂Éè·ˇ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ ã¨O|~åÅ#∞ [~°áêÅx
         ù
                                                                                  J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ JÅ<å˜ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å `åºQÍÅ∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ q㨇~°}‰õΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`«∞<åflÜ«∞#fl
x~°~ÚOKå~Ú. D "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ "å~°Å∞, HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å q=~åÅ∞ "≥Å∞=_®¤~Ú. P ã¨O^Œ~ƒ° OQÍ
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                                                                                  q+¨Ü«∂xfl K«~°Û‰õΩ J=HÍâ◊O HõeÊã¨∂Î áê~î°‰õΩÅ =ÚO^Œ∞OKå#∞.
XHõ~ÀA '`≥Å∞QÆ∞ ã¨∂¯Öò PѶπ [~°fle[O JO_£ =∂ãπ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨<£û— (ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£)
HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞OÖ’ ‰õÄ~ÀÛx, W`«~° q∞„`«∞Å`À HõÅã≤ ã¨∂¯Öò kfifÜ«∞ ã¨O=`«û~°O                        D q^èŒOQÍ `˘q∞‡k J^蕺ܫ∂Å∞QÍ q_»Q˘@ì|_ç ™êy# „QÆO^äŒ ~°K«#Ö’
„Ѩ}ÏoHõ#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ Kտ㠄Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ L<åflO.                                      H˘xfl q+¨Ü∂Å#∞ K«iÛOKÕ@ѨC_»∞ P ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl =∞iO`« ѨiѨÙ+¨O KÕã,≤ áê~î‰Ωõ ʼnõΩ
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                                                                                  㨄=∞QÆ ^Œ$+≤ì HõÅ∞QÆ*˿㠄Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ ѨÙ#~°∞H˜Î JHõ¯_»Hõ¯_® `«Ñ¨ÊÖË^Œ∞. JÖψQ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞
           P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞ 150 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ ã¨O|~åÅ       ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞OÖ’ J=∞~°Qux á⁄Ok# Ü≥∂^è∞ʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# ã¨=∂Kå~°O
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QÆ∞iOz Ü«∞^ä•ÖÏѨOQÍ =∂Ï¡_»∞‰õΩO@∞O_»QÍ, 1857 q∂^Œ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ã¨OzHõ           QÆ`«OÖ’x <å „QÆO^ä•Å ^•fi~å `≥Å∞QÆ∞ áê~î°‰õΩʼnõΩ JOkOz L<åfl#∞ Hõ#∞Hõ '1857
fã¨∞‰õΩ =¿ãÎ ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞O^Œx 'w@∞~å~Ú— "å~°Ñ¨„uHõ ÉÏ^èŒ∞ºÅ∞ J|∞ÌÖò "åÃÇÏ^£ `«#       ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞— „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ P q=~åÅ#∞ W=fiÖË^Œ∞.
PÖ’K«##∞ q∞„`«∞Å =ÚO^Œ∞Oz, PiìHÖòû Ѩ~OQÍ ã¨ÇÏHõiOKåeûOkQÍ ##∞fl HÀ~å~°∞.
                                        õ   °         ¨                                     D „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ KÕiÛ# ѨÅ∞ z„`åÅ∞, áÈ’Å∞ qq^èŒ "≥ÉòÃã·òÅ∞, ÉèÏ~°`«
HÍ^Œ<Õ=ÚOk. P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ =∂`Àáê@∞ ã¨=∂"Õâ◊OÖ’ L#fl '`≥Å∞QÆ∞ W™ê¡q∞H±               „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO „ѨK«∞iOz# ѨÅ∞ ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú Ñ¨tÛ=∞ ɡOQÍÖò ~å„+¨ì „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO
Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û „@ãπì— ã¨OKåʼnõΩÅ∞ JÉσ^Œ∞ÖÏ¡ `«Hõ∆}"Õ∞ ã¨ÊOkã¨∂Î 1857Ö’ =Úã≤¡OÅ      „ѨK«∞iOz# „QÆO^äŒO #∞O_ç ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞ÛH˘<åflO. ã¨=∞~°Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å H˘xfl z„`åÅ#∞
áê„`« q∂^Œ „QÆO^äŒO ‰õÄ_® `≥¿ãÎ ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞O^Œ<åfl~°∞. w@∞~å~Ú HÀã¨O ~åÜ«∞É’ÜÕ∞       POˆQ¡Ü«∞ JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ `«=∞ „QÆO^ä•ÅÖ’ ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl =~°‚#Å#∞ |˜ì TÇ≤ÏOz „Ѩ=ÚY
ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl „QÆO^äŒOQÍ „ѨK«∞i^•ÌO J<åfl~°∞. P „Ѩ™êÎ=#`À <å ÉÏ^茺`« =∞iO`«        z„`«HÍ~°∞Å ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O`À ~°∂á⁄OkOK«_»O [iyOk.
Z‰õΩ¯=~ÚºOk.
                                                                                            D ѨÙã¨ÎHõ ~°K«#‰õΩ J=ã¨~°=∞QÆ∞ qâı+¨ ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl ¿ãHõiOK«@OÖ’ KåÖÏ
            P ã¨=∂"Õâ◊OÖ’ ™êy# K«~°ÛŠѶ¨e`«"Õ∞ WѨC_»∞ q∂ KÕ`«∞Ö’¡ L#fl 1857ó     „â◊q∞OKåeû =zÛOk. P „â◊=∞#∞ KåÖÏ "Õ∞~°‰õΩ `«yæã¨∂Î |Ǩï„QÆO^äŒ ~°K«~Ú`« Prof.
=Úã≤¡OÅ∞. D „QÆO^ä•xfl "≥Ú`«ÎOQÍ `˘q∞‡k J^蕺ܫ∂Å∞QÍ qÉèílOKå#∞. "≥Ú^Œ ˜          Shamshul Islam ( Delhi University, Delhi) „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ `À_®Ê@∞xKåÛ~°∞. <å
J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O P~°OÉèíO #∞O_ç JO`«O ^•HÍ Ñ¨ÓiÎ         ~°K«#Å#∞ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ Ñ¨ijeOK«@"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® J=ã¨~°=∞QÆ∞ „QÆO^ä•Å#∞ ã¨∂zOz,
Hõ^äŒ<åxfl XHõ =~°∞㨠„Hõ=∞OÖ’, PÜ«∂ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∞, Ѷ¨∞ÏìÅ∞, PÜ«∂ Ѷ¨∞ÏìÅÖ’x      P „QÆO^ä•Å∞ ÅÉèíºOHÍHõ <Õ#∞ J=ã¨÷Å∞ Ѩ_»∞`«∞O>Ë, =ºÜ«∞ „Ѩܫ∂ã¨Å HÀiÛ, P
                                      17                                                                                    18
1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞
„QÆO^ä•Å#∞ qq^èŒ „áêO`åÅ #∞O_ç `å#∞ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ ¿ãHõiOz <å‰õΩ J=ã¨~°=∞QÆ∞         q∞„`«∞ʼnõΩ, D „QÆO^äO z`«∞„ΠѨux K«kq, ѨÅ∞ ã¨∂K«#Å∞ KÕã# „Ѩ=ÚY áê„uˆHÜ«ÚÅ∞
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ÉèÏQÍÅ#∞ l~åH±û HÍÑ‘Å∞ f~ÚOz ѨOÑ≤OK«_"∞ H͉õΩO_®, `«# ã¨fiO`« „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∞O
                                         » Õ                                    J|∞ÌÖò "åÃÇÏ^£ QÍiH˜ (w@∞~å~Ú–ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£), „ѨÓѶπ s_çOQ∑Ö’ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOz#
Ö’x „QÆO^ä•Å#∞, `å#∞ ¿ãHõiOz# ѨÅ∞ qÅ∞"≥·# K«i„`« Ѩ„`åÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® l~åH±û         =ÚǨÏ=∞‡^£ J|∞ÌÖò =∞f<£ L„q∞ QÍiH˜ (w@∞~å~Ú–ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£), =ÚYz„`åxfl
f~ÚOz WKåÛ~°∞.                                                                  JO^ŒOQÍ _ç*ˇ·<£ KÕã≤# „Ѩ=ÚY z„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ J|∞ÌÖÏ¡ QÍiH˜ (q[Ü«∞"å_»), ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl
        J^Õ q^èŒOQÍ Baba Saheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University              Ããò KÕã# ÅOHÍ ÅH©∆ ‡<å~åÜ«∞} (w@∞~å~Ú–ÃÇÏ^Œ~åÉÏ^£) QÍiH˜, <å „Ñ¨u „ѨÜ∞« `åflxfl
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Lucknow K≥Ok# K«i„`« âßMÏkèÑu Mr.Mahaboob Basha ZO`À =ºÜ«∞„ѨÜ∂ã¨Å
                                ¨                                     «         `«# Pjã¨∞ûÅ`À |ÅO KÕ‰õÄiÛ# =∂ J=∞‡ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ ca*Ï<£‰õΩ, Jxfl ã¨=∞Ü«∂ÅÖ’
HÀiÛ Ñ¨Å∞ „áêO`åÅ #∞O_ç <å‰õΩ J=ã¨~°=∞QÆ∞, <å‰õΩ J=ã¨~°=∞x `å#∞ ÉèÏqOz#         ##∞fl „áÈ`«ûÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î, <å ~°K«<å "åºã¨OQÍxH˜ U q^èŒ"≥∞ÿ# J@OHõO HõÅ∞QƉõΩO_®
„QÆO^ä•Å#∞ ¿ãHõiOz, =∞iH˘xfl J=¸Åº „QÆO^ä•Å#∂, Ç≤ÏOn, POQÆ¡ ÉèÏ+¨ÅÖ’x            `À_®Ê@∞#Okã¨∞Î#fl <å rq`« ã¨Ç¨ÏK«i}˜ ¿+H± ~°q∞*Ï ÉÏ#∞‰õΩ <å ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ѨÓ~°fiHõ
ѨÅ∞ Ѩ„uHõÅ#∞ l~åH±û f~ÚOz ѨOÑ≤ ã¨=∂Kå~° ¿ãHõ~°}Ö’ <åÔHO`À `À_®Ê@∞            ^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞ `≥Å∞ѨىõΩO@∞<åfl#∞.
#OkOKå~°∞.                                                                                  D „QÆO^ä•xH˜ ~°K«~Ú`«#∞ <Õ<≥·<å, ã¨=∂Kå~° ¿ãHõ~°} =^ŒÌ #∞O_ç, P
         <Õ#∞ ã¨Éèíº`«fiO HõeyÜ«Ú#fl Centre For Study of Society and Secu-        ã¨=∂Kå~°O ѨÙã¨HO ~°∂ѨO fã¨∞H˘x áê~î‰Ωõ ʼnõΩ KÕ~=~°‰Ωõ ™êy# D <å „Ñ¨Ü∞« `«flOÖ’
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larism (Mumbai), <å‰õΩ ѨiK«Ü«∞O L#fl Indian Association of Muslim So-           ÃÑ# ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl „Ѩ=ÚY∞Å∞, ã¨xflÇ≤Ï`«∞Å∞, q∞„`«∞Å∞ „Ѩ`º« HõOQÍ ã¨ÇÏHõiOz<å, Ѩ~ÀHõOQÍ
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cial Scientists (New Delhi), Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi)         KÕÜ«¸`« xzÛ#"å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® ѨÅ∞=Ù~°∞<åfl~°∞. P HÍ~°}OQÍ D „QÆO^äŒO '=º+≤ìHõ$+≤—
ÖÏO˜ ã¨Oã¨Å #∞O_ç ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ LѨÜÚHõ=∞QÆ∞ ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÅaèOzOk. Jawahar
           ÷                         « Î                                        QÍ <Õ#∞ ÉèÏqOK«@O ÖË^Œ∞† 'ã¨=∞+≤ìHõ$+≤— Ѷ¨e`«=∞x QÆ ˜ìQÍ #=Ú‡`«∞<åfl#∞. D
Lal Nehru University (New Delhi), Alighar Muslim University (Alighar) Å         ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ <å Hõ$+≤Ö’ Jxfl q^è•Å KÕÜ«¸`«x=fi_»"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_®, K«Hõ¯x ã¨ÅǨÅ∞–
„QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∂Å #∞O_ç KåÖÏ ã¨=∂Kå~°O ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl#∞. ã¨=∂Kå~° ¿ãHõ~°}Ö’       ã¨∂K«#Å#∂ JOkOz# „Ѩu XHõ¯iH©˜ <å ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ѨÓ~°fiHõ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.
=∞„^•ã¨∞Ö’x Hõ<≥fl=∞~å „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∞O, q[Ü«∞"å_»Ö’x Ram Mohan Free Li-                        ÉèÏ~°`« ^Õâ◊OÖ’x Jxfl ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å∞ ã¨^Œ=QÍǨÏ#`À,
brary & Readig Room, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞Ö’x „áêOfÜ«∞ „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∞O, q#∞H˘O_»               ã¨^•ƒù=#`À, ™ê=∞~°ã¨º "å`å=~°}OÖ’, Jxfl ~°HÍÅ Jã¨=∂#`«Å#∞ `˘ÅyOK«∞‰õΩx,
Ö’x âßMÏ „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∞O, ÃÇÏ^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞, JbѶ∞~ü, _èb,¡ =∞„^•ã¨∞, ÉÁOÉÏ~Ú, áêÏfl,
                           ·             ¨ ç                                    âßOuÜ«Ú`«OQÍ Q“~°=„Ѩ^Œ"≥∞ÿ# rq`åÅ#∞ ™êyOKåÅ#flk <å PHÍOHõ∆. D Pâ◊Ü«∞
"Õ@áêÖˇO, ~å[=∞O„_ç `«k`«~° „áêO`åÅÖ’ QÆŠѨÅ∞ „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∂Å JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞,         ™ê^èŒ# kâ◊QÍ <Õ#∞ Z#∞fl‰õΩ#fl ~°OQÆOÖ’ ~°K«~Ú`«QÍ <å Ju z#fl „Ѩܫ∞`åflxH˜
ã≤|ƒOn <åÔHO`À ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOKå~°∞.                                                  KÕÜ«¸`«xã¨∞Î#fl „Ѩu XHõ¯iH˜ ¿Ñ~°∞¿Ñ~°∞<å ^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞. D „QÆO^ä•xfl K«kq# áê~î°‰õ
         D ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxH˜ „Ѩ=∂}"åHõºO ~åã≤zÛ Prof. I. Thirumali, Head of the      q∞„`«∞Å #∞O_ç =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞–KÕ~∞ÊÅ∞, ã¨∂K«#Å∞–ã¨ÅǨÅ#∞, `«á⁄ÊѨCÅ#∞ q#„=∞OQÍ
                                                                                                              °
Department of History, Sri Venkateswra College, Delhi University (DelhI)        PǨfixã¨∞Î<åfl#∞.
<å „Ñ¨Ü∞`åflÅ#∞ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. ÉÏÉÏ™êÃÇÏÉò JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü HO„nÜ«∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O
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(ÅHÀfl) K«i„`« âßMÏkèѨu =∞ǨÏ|∂Éò ÉÏëê ѨiK«Ü«∞"åHõºO ~åã≤=fi_»"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_®
ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl q=∞~°≈<å`«‡Hõ ^Œ$+≤ì`À K«kq J=ã¨~°O JxÊOz# =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ KÕ~°∞ÊÅ#∞
‰õÄ_® ã¨∂zOKå~°∞.
           D q^èŒOQÍ <å‰õΩ Jxfl q^è•Å ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOz#–„áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOz# ÃÑ^ŒÌÅ∞,
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J^蕺ܫ∞O – 1                                                                                       D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ ÉèÏ~°`å=xÖ’x „Ѩ^è•# ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Öˇ·#
                                                                                        Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂– =Úã≤¡OÅ =∞^茺 Ѩ ˜+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# SHõº`« =ºHõÎ"≥∞ÿOk. D SHõº`«#∞ QÆ=∞xOz#
                                                                                        „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞ HõÅ=~°Ñ¨_®¤~°∞. D SHõº`« `«=∞ JkèHÍ~° „áêÉèí="≥·Éèí"åʼnõΩ Q˘_»¤e
                                                                                        ÃÑ@∞ì HÍQÆÅ^Œx ÉèÜ∞« Ѩ_# POˆQÜÚÅ∞ qÉèlOK«∞–áêeOK«∞ ‰õΩ˜Å hux J=∞Å∞ѨiÛ,
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                                                                                        K«i„`«#∞ =„H©H}ʼnõΩ QÆ∞iKÕã,≤ ѨÅ∞ ‰õΩÜ«Ú‰õΩʼnõΩ áêÅÊ_ç "≥Ú`«O q∂^Œ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ#∞
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                                                                                        =∞`« O ¿Ñ~° ∞ `À =∂#ã≤ H õ O QÍ Ç≤ Ï O^Œ ∞ =ÙÅ∞–=Úã≤ ¡ O Å∞QÍ qÉè í l OK« @ OÖ’
                                                                                        Hõ$`«Hõ$`«∞ºÅÜ«∂º~°∞.
                                                                                                    D „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ =Úã≤¡OÅ q∂^Œ Jã¨`«º„ѨKå~åÅ#∞ JO|~åxfl
                                                                                        JO>Ë^•HÍ ™êyOKå~°∞. P „ѨKå~åʼnõΩ JHõ~~∂ѨO HõeÊOz xH˜ÑO KÕã≤ ã≤~Ñ~åÛ~°∞.
                                                                                                                                      ∆°°              ∆ Ψ      ÷° ¨
                                                                                        P „Ѩ"åǨÏOÖ’ ã¨fi^Õj K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ H˘@∞ìHõáÈÜ«∂~°∞. z=~°‰õΩ POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ ‰õΩ„@
                                                                                        ѶeOz WO_çÜ∂ qÉè[# =~°‰Ωõ ™êyOk. D q^èOQÍ qÉè[#‰õΩ ^•ifã≤# Ѩiã≤`∞« Å∞,
                                                                                          ¨               « í                             Œ      í                      ÷
                                                            =Úã≤¡OÅ∞                    P ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ [iy# ^•~°∞}ÏÅ∞, á⁄~°∞QÆ∞ ^Õâ◊OQÍ U~°Ê_ç# áêH˜™êÎ<£`À [iy#
                                                                                        Ü«Ú^•úÅ∞ `«^Œ∞Ѩi U~°Ê_ç# L„kHõΠѨiã≤÷`«∞Å∞ JÅ<å˜ SHõº`«‰õΩ `«∂@∞¡ á⁄_çz
                                                                                        qaè#fl [# „âı}∞ÅÖ’ Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~°O L#fl ã¨^•ƒù=#‰õΩ zK«∞ÛÃÑÏì~Ú.
      1857 <å˜ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`«ºã¨O„QÍ=∞O            ÉèÏ~°°`«^Õâ◊ K«i„`«Ö’                =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O q∂^Œ "≥∂Ѩ|_ç# qÉèí[# J#∞ ~°∞A=ÙHÍx HÍÖËx
=∞Ǩϟ[˚fiŠѶ¨∞@ìO. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ áÈ~å@ Ѩ ˜=∞‰õÄ, â∫~°º„Ѩ`åáêʼnõÄ, x~°∞Ѩ=∂#            <Õ~°O ã¨$+≤ìOz# „Ѩ`ÕºHõ =∂#ã≤Hõ Ѩiã≤÷u K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å#∞, ~°K«~Ú`«Å#∞ ‰õÄ_®
^ÕâÉHH˜ xÅ∞=Ù@^ŒO. D áÈ~å@OÖ’, ÉèÏ~°`^âÑÙ¨ JuÃÑ^ŒÌ JÅÊ ã¨OMϺHõ =~°"∞#
    ◊ íè Θ           Ì                        « Õ ◊                             æ ≥ÿ   `åH˜Ok. ÉèÏ~°`« qÉè[<å#O`«~° Ѩi}Ï=∂Å =Å# JѨ~å^èŒ ÉèÏ=#‰õΩ QÆ∞iKÕÜ∞|_ç#
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=Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O J^Œ∞ƒù`«"≥∞ÿ# ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl JOkã¨∂Î =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ™êyOk. D                    =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O ã¨∞+¨µáêÎ=ã¨÷Ö’H˜ x„+¨¯q∞OzOk. P HÍ~°}OQÍ qâ◊$OYÅOQÍ
áÈ~° ∞ Ö’ J„QÆ É è Ï QÍ# xÅz P^Œ ~ ° ≈ =O`« " ≥ ∞ ÿ # áê„`« # ∞ x~° fi Ç≤ Ï Oz W`« ~ °   „ѨKå~°=∞ø`«∞#fl JáÈǨÏÅ#∞–Jã¨`åºÅ#∞ P kâ◊QÍ ™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl J#∞z`« K«~°ºÅ#∞
[#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂ʼnõΩ `«Å=∂}˜Hõ=∞~ÚºOk. =Úã≤¡"Õ∞`«~° ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [# ã¨=¸Ç¨Å`À
=∞"Õ∞Hõ"≥∞ÿ, Ѩ~å~Ú áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ L"≥fi`«∞Î# ™êy# ã¨=∞~°OÖ’ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fi           =Úã≤O ã¨=∂[O "åã¨"åÅ`À |ÅOQÍ uÑ≤ÊH˘@ìÖHáÈ~ÚOk. =Úã≤"∞`«~° ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜
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áê„`«#∞ KÕѨ ˜ì `«# q^Œ∞ºHõÎ ^èŒ~å‡xfl JѨÓ~°fi"≥∞ÿ# suÖ’ x~°fiiÎOzOk.                    `«# ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ =∞ǨÏ`«Î~° `åºQÆ=∞Ü«∞ áê„`«#∞ q=iOK«ÖËHõáÈ~ÚOk.
                                                                                                    K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞, Ѩiâ’^茉õΩÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® Jã¨`åºÅ [_ç"å#Ö’ ‰õΩ<åiÅ∞¡`«∞#fl
            D áÈ~å@OÖ’ JѨÓ~°fi `åºQÍÅ`À, Jã¨=∂# |e^•<åÅ`À =Úã≤¡OÅ∞
ѨÙh`«∞ÅÜ«∂º~°∞. P_»–=∞QÆ, ÉÏÅ∞_»∞–=$^Œ∞ú_»∞ `Õ_® ÖˉõΩO_® ã¨=∞~°jÅ áê„`«               =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# x*Ïx*ÏÅ#∞ x~åúiOz „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ "åã¨Î"åÅ∞ JOkOK«
x~°fiÇ≤Ïã¨∂Î, ZHõ¯_® ~årѨ_»‰õΩO_® `«=∞ „áê}ÏÅ#∞ |eÃјì ã¨fi^Õâ◊O #∞O_ç =Å㨠            ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~°∞. JÅ<å_»∞ `«=∞ ™êfi~°÷O HÀã¨O =Åã¨"å^Œ K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ ã¨$+≤ìOz#
áêʼnõΩÅ#∞ `«iq∞ H˘ÏìÅ#fl ^Œ$_è» ã¨OHõÅÊO`À Jx~°fiK«hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# `åºQÍÅ`À K«i„`«             =Úã≤¡O =ºuˆ~Hõ K«i„`« JHõ∆~° ~°∂ѨOÖ’ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_ç#O^Œ∞# P „ѨÉèÏ=O #∞O_ç ã¨fi^Õj
ã¨$+≤ìOKå~°∞. z=~°‰õΩ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O W™ê¡q∞H± ‰õΩ„@ Jx POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞        K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® |Ü«∞@Ѩ_» ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å# =Úã≤¡O Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å `åºQÆ
ÉèÏqOz#O`« ˜ „Ѩ^è•# áê„`«#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞.                                            K«i`«Å∞ JHõ∆~° ~°∂ѨOÖ’ xH˜∆ѨÎO HÍÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~Ú.
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                Ñ[ʼnõΩ KÕ~∞° =HÍx ã¨=∂Kå~°O
                „ ¨                                                                                       ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’x Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡O [#ã¨=¸Ç¨Å =∞^茺 ã¨^•ƒù=#‰õΩ, ã¨^Œ=
          JO^Œ∞=Å# ™ê^è•~°} K«i„`« „QÆO^ä•ÅÖ’ `åºQÆ^èŒ#∞Öˇ·# =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ KåÖÏ                      QÍǨÏ#‰õΩ ~ÚÖÏO˜ Ѩi}Ï=∂ÖË P@OHõOQÍ =∂i „Hõ=∞„Hõ=∞OQÍ PÜ«∂
=~°‰Ωõ HõxÊOK«~∞° . XHõi^Œ~∞° HõxÊOz<å J##º ™ê=∂#º"≥∞# "åi ™êǨÏã¨O, `åºQÍÅ∞,
                          Ì                           ÿ                                         [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å =∞^茺 =∂#ã≤Hõ Z_»O U~°Ê_»ÏxH˜ „Ѩ^è•#O HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú.
Ju ™ê^è•~°} ™ê÷~Ú q=~°}Å`À =~°‚#Å`À ã¨iÃÑ@ì|_®¤~Ú. |Ǩïà◊ „áêK«∞~°ºOÖ’                          D JQÍ^ä•xfl =∞iO`« ÃÑOz áÈ+≤Oz XHõ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [#ã¨=¸Ç¨xH˜ UÔH·Hõ
L#fl áêѨÙÅ~ü K«i„`« „QÆO^ä•ÅÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ g~Àz`« QÍ^äŒÅ∞ ã¨Ô~·# ™ê÷#O á⁄O^ŒÖËHõ                    „Ѩux^äŒ∞Å∞QÍ „ѨHõ ˜OK«∞‰õΩx ~å[º"Õ∞ÖÏÅx Ptã¨∞Î#fl ~å[H©Ü«∞ =∞`À<å‡^Œâ◊‰õΩÎÅ∞
áÈÜ«∂~Ú. PÜ«∂ Hõ^äŒ<åÅ∞ „áêOfÜ«∞ K«i„`« „QÆO^ä•ÅÖ’QÍx, áê~î°º ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅÖ’QÍx                    –=º‰õΩÎÅ∞ D J"åOKè«hÜ«∞ "å`å=~°}Ïxfl ÉÏQÍ "å_»∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~Ú.
㨄Hõ=∞OQÍ KÀ@∞ KÕã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞. Ѷ¨e`«OQÍ Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î `«~åʼnõΩ JÅ<å˜ J=¸Åº                                 =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# K«i„`«#∞ =∞iO`«QÍ =„H©HõiOz =Úã≤¡"Õ∞`«~°
ã¨=∂Kå~°O JO^Œ‰õΩO_® áÈ~ÚOk.                                                                    „Ѩ[Ö’¡ JáÈǨÏÅ#∞–Jáê~å÷Å#∞ ã¨$+≤ã∞¨ <åfl~Ú. D ^Œ∞„+¨ÊKå~åxfl KåÖÏ Ñ¨H_ƒOnQÍ
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                                                                                                H˘#™êyã¨∂Î H˘O`« "Õ∞~°‰õΩ q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOKå~Ú. D Jã¨`«º„ѨKå~°O „Ѩ[Å#∞
                                                                                                ZO`«QÍ „ѨÉèÏq`«O KÕã≤O^ŒO>Ë =Úã≤¡"Õ∞`«~°∞Å∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ‰õÄ_®
                                                                                                `«=∞ ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ `åºQÍŠѨ@¡ J*Ï˝<åxfl =ºHõÎO KÕ¿ãO`« ™ê÷~Ú =~°‰õΩ ™êyOk.

                                                                                                      JѨÓ~°fi `åºQÍÅ K«i„`« JO^ŒiH© `≥eÜ«∂e
                                                                                                           D J"åOKè«hÜ«∞ Ѩiã≤÷ux K«Hõ¯k^•Ìeû# J=ã¨~°O ZO`À LOk. ÉèÏ~°`«
                                                                                                ^Õâ◊OÖ’x Jxfl ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å `åºQÍÅ∞ „Ѩu XHõ¯ ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂xH˜
                                                                                                `≥eÜ«∂eû LOk. |Ǩïà◊ ã¨O㨯 $f ã¨Éèíº`«Å`À qÅã≤Å∞¡`«∞#fl ѨÅ∞ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ
                                                                                                [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å QÆ_»¤ J~Ú#@∞O˜ WO_çÜ«∂Ö’x [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å =∞^茺
                                                                                                ã¨∞ǨÏ$^•ƒù= "å`å=~°}O U~°Ê_»_®xH˜ K«i„`«Ö’ PÜ«∂ ã¨=¸Ç¨Å∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz#
                                                                                                áê„`« P „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ã¨=¸Ç¨xH˜ =∂„`«"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® W`«~° ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂ʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_®
   1856Ö’ H˘=Ùfi ѨÓÜ«∞|_ç# H˘`«Î ~°HõO `«∂ÏÅ qxÜ≥∂QÆO `«=∞ =∞`« qâßfi™êʼnõΩ qѶ¨∂`«=∞x          `≥eÜ«∂eû# J=ã¨~°O KåÖÏ LOk.
    P„QÆÇ≤ÏOz# ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ `«∞áê‰õΩÅ#∞ â◊√„ÉèíO KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ K«iÛOK«∞‰õΩO@∞#fl ^Œ$â◊ºO.                aè#fl`«fiOÖ’ UHõ`«fiO, UHõ`«fiOÖ’ aè#fl`åfixfl JO`«~åfiÇ≤ÏHõQÍ JOwHõiã¨∂Î,
          ™ê=∂#º K«i„`« „QÆO^ä•Å ^•fi~å `ÕeQÍæ ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÅaèOKÕ J=HÍâ◊O                          HõÅã≤"≥∞Åã≤ x=ã≤ã¨∞Î#fl |Ǩïà◊ ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂ʼnõΩ =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ ¿ã=Ö’ ѨÙh`«"≥∞ÿ#
ÖË#O^Œ∞#, HõàÏ~°∂áêʼnõΩ, ™êÇ≤Ï`«º „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞ʼnõΩ, „ѨKå~° =∂^茺=∂ʼnõΩ =Úã≤¡OÅ                   [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å áê„`«, PÜ«∂ `åºQÍÅ K«i„`« `≥eã≤#ѨC_»∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ qq^èŒ
âߡѶ¨∞hÜ«∞ `åºQÆ K«i„`«Å∞ Hõ^ä• =ã¨∞Î=Ù HÍÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~Ú. P HÍ~°}OQÍ =Úã≤¡OÅ                      [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å =∞^躌 # Ѩ~ãÊ~°O Q“~°=O U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. P Q“~°=O ^•fi~å „¿Ñ=∂aè
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`åºQÍÅ∞, P<å˜ g~Àz`« áÈ~å@ Ѷ¨∞ÏìʼnõΩ =∞# ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’ ã¨Ô~·# ™ê÷#O                            =∂<åÅ∞ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_»`å~Ú.
ÅaèOK«ÖË^Œ∞. HõàÏ–™êÇ≤Ï`«º =∂^茺=∂Å ^•fi~å [#ÉÏǨïà◊ºOÖ’H˜ "åi `åºQÍÅ∞                                     P "å`å=~°}O aè#fl ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å =∞^茺 ã¨^Œ=QÍǨÏ#, ã¨^•ƒù=#,
„ѨãiOK«HáÈ=@O =Å# P `«~∞° "åu `«~åʼnõΩ PÜ«∂ Kåi„`«Hõ q+¨Ü∂Å∞ `«y#O`«QÍ
    ¨      õ                                                    «                               ã¨Ç≤Ï+¨µ‚`«‰õΩ ѨÙ<åk J=Ù`«∞Ok. D "å`å=~°}OÖ’ =∂„`«"Õ∞ Ö∫H˜Hõ =º=ã¨÷ Ѩi_è»qÅ∞¡
ѨiK«Ü«∞O HÍÖË^Œ∞.                                                                              `«∞Ok. D ™ê#∞‰õÄÅ =∂#ã≤Hõ ã≤÷uÖ’ =∞`« q^ÕfiëêÅ∞ =∞˜ìÖ’ HõÅã≤ âßOu–
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™ê=∞~°ã¨ºO =∞iO`«QÍ Ñ¨ ˜+¨ì=∞ø`«∞Ok. âßOu–™ê=∞~°™êºÅ`À qÅã≤Å∞¡`«∞#fl                    U„Ñ≤Öò 8# LitHõ∆ qkèOKå~°∞. D ã¨OѶ∞¨ @#`À ã≤áê~¸Å∞ =∞iO`«QÍ ~zÛáÈÜ«∂~°∞.
                                                                                                                                                       Ô
ã¨=∂[OQÍx, ^Õâ◊OQÍx x~å@OHõOQÍ JÉèí∞º#flu kâ◊QÍ ™êyáÈ`«∞Ok.                              D "å`å=~°}OÖ’ ã¨fi^Õj Ãã·x‰õΩÅ #∞O_ç u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ „Ѩ=∂^•xfl TÇ≤ÏOz#
                                                                                        HõOÃÑh Ãã·xHÍkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ ÉϺ~°H±Ñ¨Ó~ü Ãã·xHõ™ê÷=~°OÖ’x ã≤áê~¸Å#∞ J==∂#Hõ~°
         „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞ â◊OMÏ~å=O                                         suÖ’ x~åÜ«Ú^èŒ∞Å#∞ KÕâß~°∞.
         „Ѩ^=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞ â◊OMÏ~å"åxfl Dãπì WO_çÜ∂ HõOÃÑh H˘Å∞=ÙÖ’
             Œä                                                 «                                ã¨fi^Õj Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_»∞ =∞OQÆà◊ áêO_Õ#∞ LifÜ«∞_»O, `«=∞#∞ x~åÜ«Ú^èŒ∞Å#∞
L#fl ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ ɡOQÍÖòÖ’x |~°Ç¨ÏOѨÓ~üÖ’ (Berhanpore) ѨÓiOKå~°∞.              KÕÜ«∞_»O ÖÏO˜ J==∂#Hõ~° q^è•<åÅ =Å# ã≤áê~¸Å∞ =∞iO`«QÍ =∞O_çѨ_®Ì~°∞.
D u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞‰õΩ `«Hõ∆} „Ѩ^è•# HÍ~°}O POˆQ¡Ü«∞ Ãã·xHÍkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ „Ѩ"Õâ◊Ãјì#           P P„QÆǨÏO HõOÃÑh P^èŒfi~°ºOÖ’x W`«~° „Ѩ=ÚY Ãã·xHõ ™ê÷=~åʼnõΩ áêH˜Ok. ã¨fi^Õj
H˘`«~HO `«∂ÏÅ∞ HÍ=@O qâı+O. D `«∂ÏʼnõΩ =Úã≤OÅ∞ Jq„`«"∞# [O`«∞=ÙQÍ
    ΰõ                            ¨                    ¡             ≥ÿ                áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ KÕã# "åQÍÌ<åÅ#∞ `«ÑÊ, ™ê„=∂[º qã¨~} HÍOHõ`À ã¨fi^Õj ã¨O™ê÷<åÅ#∞
                                                                                                       ≤                ≤               ΰ      ∆
ѨiQÆ}˜OKÕ Ñ¨O^Œ∞Å∞, Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ Ѩq„`«OQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕ QÀ=ÙÅ #∞O_ç fã≤# H˘=Ùfi#∞             |Å=O`«OQÍ ™êfinè#O KÕã∞‰õΩO@∞#fl HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ K«~º° Å∞, "å˜ Ñ¨~º° =™ê<åÅ∞,
                                                                                                                  ¨
ѨÓÜ«∞@O [iyOk. P `«∂ÏÅ#∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOKåÅO>Ë `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ P H˘=Ùfi#∞                         ã≤áê~¸Å P„QÆÇyflH˜ P[ºO áÈã≤Ok. D <ÕÑ^ºŒä OÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`å=xÖ’ „Ѩ^=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º
                                                                                                         ¨                         ¨                     Œä
<À˜`À H˘~°HÍeû =ã¨∞Ok. P HÍ~°}OQÍ `«=∞ qâßfi™êʼnõΩ qѶ∂`«O HõeOKÕ #∂`«#
                      Î                                       ¨          æ              ã¨O„QÍ=∞ Ѩ`åHõO ZyiOk
`«∂ÏÅ "å_»HO =Å# =∞`« „Éè+`fiO, ‰õΩÅ „Éè+`fiO `«Ñʨ ^Œx ã≤áê~¸Å∞ ÉèÏqOKå~°∞.
                õ             í ì¨ «       í ì¨ «
         POQÆ¡ ÃãxHÍkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ H˘`«Î `«∂ÏÅ#∞ `«ÑÊxã¨iQÍ "å_®ÅO@∂ |Å=O`«
                  ·                                ¨                                              q∂~°òÖ’ ~°ye# u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ *ÏfiÅ
ÃÑ@ì_»O`À ã≤áê~¸Å∞ P„QÆÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑhÖ’x 19= ^Œà◊O                                1799Ö’ POˆQ¡Ü«ÚʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ ˜Ñ¨Ó ã¨∞ÖÏÎ<£ ™êyOz# =∞Ǩϟ[˚fiÅ
ã≤áê~¸Å∞ #∂`«# `«∂ÏÅ#∞ "å_®eûO^Õ #O@∂ POˆQ¡Ü«∂kèHÍ~°∞Å∞ [#=i                           áÈ~å@ K«i„`« =ÚyâßHõ, 1857Ö’ "≥ÚQÆÖò áê^Œ∞ëê |ǨÏ^Œ∂Ì~ü ëê [Ѷ¨~ü <åÜ«∞
1857 Ö’ Ǩï‰õΩO *Ïs KÕâß~°∞. P P^ÕâßÅ#∞ ã¨fi^Õj ã≤áê~ÚÅ∞ áê˜OK« W+¨Ñ_Ö^∞Œ . ì ¨ » Ë     Hõ`«fiOÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`å=xÖ’x ѨÅ∞ „áêO`åÅÖ’ ™êy# ã¨=∞~°O ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞
D <ÕѨ^䌺OÖ’ POˆQ¡Ü«∂kèHÍ~°∞Å P[˝Å#∞ 1857 Ѷ≤„|=i 26# ѨtÛ=∞ ɡOQÍÖò                   K«i„`« ѨÙ@ÅÖ’ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O QÍ „Ѩã≤kú K≥OkOk. POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ
~åRO =Úi¬^•ÉÏ^£ ã¨q∂áê#QÆÅ |~°Ç¨ÏOѨÓ~üÖ’ Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ J=∞Å∞ KÕÜ«∞                         q=H∆ÍѨÓ~°fiHõ K«~º° Å∞, q∞uq∂i# ÃÑ`«#O, Jxfl ~°OQÍÅÖ’ J„ѨuǨÏ`«OQÍ ™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl
                                                                                                                             Î
x~åHõiOKå~°∞.POˆQÜÚÅ P[˝Å#∞ LÅ¡OѶ∞≤ ã¨∂Î `«∂ÏÅ "å_»HÍxH˜ 㨿ãq∞~å J<åfl~°∞.
                    ¡ «                                                                 Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑh ^ÀÑ≤_ô =Ú#flQÆ∞"å˜x ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«ÖËx ã¨QÆ@∞ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«Ú_»∞,
         ã≤áê~¸Å =∞`« qâßfi™êÅ#∞ U=∂„`«O ÖˇHõ¯KÕÜ«∞x JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ `«∂ÏÅ                   POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ K«~°ºÅ‰õΩ H˜xã≤# Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑxH˜ K≥Ok# ã≤áê~¸Å∞, `«=∞
"å_»HõO `«Ñ¨Êxã¨~°x „ѨHõ ˜OKå~°∞. P "å`å=~°}OÖ’ „ÔH·ã¨Î= =∞`«ã¨∞÷Öˇ·# POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞      ã¨fiO`« ã¨O™ê÷<åÅÖ’ ˆH=ÅO „a©+¨~°¡ Jcè+¨ìO "Õ∞~°‰õΩ =∂„`«"Õ∞ #_»∞K«∞HÀ"åeû#
`«=∞#∞ L^ÕÌâ◊ºÑ¨Ó~°fiHõOQÍ =∞`«„Éèí+¨µìefl KÕÜ«∂Å#∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°x ã≤áê~¸Å∞                  ^Œ∞ã≤÷uH˜ QÆ∞Ô~·#, P`«‡Q“~°=O QÆÅ ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ∞ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º
ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. P HÍ~°}OQÍ `«=∞ q∂^Œ XuÎ_ç `≥ã∞#fl POˆQÜ∂kèHÍ~°∞ŠѨ@¡ P„QÆÇÏO
                                                ¨Î        ¡ «                       ¨   áÈ~åÏxH˜ c*ÏÅ∞ "Õâß~°∞.
=ºHõO KÕâß~°∞. P P„QÆÇÏ =ºH©H~}Ö’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ HõÅHõ`åΉΩ ã¨q∂áê# ÉÏ~°HÑÓ~üÖ’x
    Î                   ¨ Îõ°                         õ                    ± ¨                       1857 U„Ñ≤Öò 24# #∂`«# `«∂ÏÅ "å_»HÍxfl q∂~°ò ÃãxHõ ™ê÷=~°OÖ’x
                                                                                                                                                       ·
HõOÃÑh Ãã·xHõ ™ê÷=~åxH˜ K≥Ok# 34= ã¨fi^Õj Ãã·xHõ ^Œà◊OÖ’x =∞OQÆà◊ áêO_Õ                  ã≤áê~¸Å∞ Y~åYO_çQÍ x~åHõiOKå~°∞. D K«~º° `À P„QÆÇÏOz# POˆQÜ∂kèHÍ~°∞Å∞
                                                                                                                                                ≤          ¡ «
=∂iÛ 29# Ãã·xHÍkèHÍ~°∞Å q∂^Œ HÍÅ∞ÊÅ∞ [iáê~°∞. D K«~°º`À =∞O_çѨ_ç#                      ã≤áê~¸Å#∞ x~°ƒùOkèOz Ãã·xHõ qKå~°} [iÑ≤ Mˇ·^Œ∞Ö’ LOKå~°∞. D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ
POˆQ¡Ü«∂kèHÍ~°∞Å∞ =∞OQÆà◊ áêO_Õ q∂^Œ Ãã·xHõ qKå~°} [iÑ≤ PÜ«∞#‰õΩ 1857                   Mˇ·^Œ∞Ö’ `«∂ÏÅ "å_»HÍxfl x~åHõiOz# Ãã·x‰õΩŠѨ@¡ POˆQ¡Ü«∂kè HÍ~°∞Å∞ KåÖÏ
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08. 1857 muslimlu

  • 1. 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ 1857 : MUSLIMS Telugu title of this book is 1857 : MUSLIMLU This book deal with the total story of 1857 in which Muslims of our great country fought for the emancipation from the yoke of British. It contain total Nine chapters. First chapter deals with total story of Muslims in the first was of independence. Second chapter deals with the role of Muslim women, third chapter deals with Moulvis, fourth chapter deals with Pen Men of that period, Fifth chapter deals with the role of Andhra Pradesh Muslims and Sixth chapter deals with the unity exhibited by Muslims and Hindus in the fight against the foreign ruler. After that in the Seventh chapter the cruel behavior of Britich was placed, in the Eight chapter how the heirs of the Patriots of 1857 are suffered or sufferings and in the Last chapter How the sacrifices of the Muslims was ignored is discussed at length. Book contains good number of Photos, Paintings related to 1857 war of Independence. This Book contains total 300 pages of 1/8th Demmy Size with Multi colour title. It was published in the year 2009.
  • 3. 1857 =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ 1857 : Muslims (Telugu) Written by : Syed Naseer Ahamed ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ TIP Series No. 219 All Rights Reserved with Writer First Edition : November 2009 Copies : 1000 ISBN : 978-81-88241-70-5 Published by : Telugu Islamic Publications Trust (Regd.) Sandesha Bhavanam, Lakkadkot, Chatta Bazar, Hyderabad-500 002. India. Phone: 24564583 Fax : +91 +40 + 24576237 e-mail: tiphyderabad@rediffmail.com website: www.teluguislamiclit.org Typeset by : Geeturai Graphics `≥Å∞QÆ∞ W™ê¡q∞H± Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û „@ãπì (il+¨ì~ü¤) Lakkadkot, Hyderabad-2. Printed at : : Cosmic Printers ã¨O^Õâ◊Éèí=#O, ÅHõ¯_£HÀò, Lakkadkot, Hyderabad-2. ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£–500 002. á¶È<£: 24564583 Price : Rs. 130-00
  • 4. 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ JÉσ^Œ∞ÖÏ¡ _≥·Ô~Hõì~ü `≥Å∞QÆ∞ W™ê¡q∞H± Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û „@ãπì ã¨O^Õâ◊Éèí=#O, ÅHõ¯_£HÀò Kè«`åÎ|*Ï~ü, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£–2 „ѨK«∞~°}Hõ~°Î =∂@ ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# áê„`«#∞ q=iã¨∂Î ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨχ^£ ~åã≤# „QÆO^ä•Å#∞ „ѨK«∞iOK«@O =∂‰õΩ ã¨O`À+¨O Hõeæã¨∞ÎOk.D „QÆO^ä•Å#∞ W@∞ ™ê^è•~°} áê~î°‰õΩÅ∞ J@∞ ѨO_ç`«∞Å∂ P^ŒiOK«@O`À D JOâ◊O q∂^Œ =∞ixfl „QÆO^ä•Å ~°K«#‰õΩ ~°K«~Ú`« ã≤^ŒúO HÍQÍ, P Ѩiâ’^èŒ<å`«‡Hõ K«i„`« „QÆO^ä•Å#∞ =~°∞ã¨QÍ WO^Œ∞Ö’.... `≥Å∞QÆ∞ áê~î°‰õΩʼnõΩ "Õ∞=∞OkOKåÅ#∞‰õΩ<åflO. „ѨK«∞~°}Hõ~°Î =∂@ .. 04 P „Hõ=∞OÖ’ =∂ U_»= „QÆO^äŒOQÍ 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ "≥Å∞=iã¨∞Î<åflO. „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ „Ѩ=∂} "åHõºO .. 05 ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O 150 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ ã¨O|~åÅ#∞ ~åR „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO – „Ѩ[Å∞ ѨiK«Ü«∞ "åHõºO .. 09 [~°∞ѨÙHÀ"åÅx x~°‚~ÚOz# ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ q=ÚH˜Î áÈ~å@OÖ’ JkfifÜ«∞ ~°K«~Ú`« =∂@ .. 17 `åºQÍÅ`À z~°‡~°}©Ü«ÚÖˇ·# =Úã≤¡O Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å ™êǨÏ㨠K«i„`«Å#∞ „Ѩ[Å ^Œ$+≤ìH˜ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ .. 23 fã¨∞‰õΩ~å=Åx PÖ’zOKåO. P PÖ’K«# "Õ∞~°‰õΩ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ ~åã≤# =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ .. 71 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ „ѨK«∞iOKåO. D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ =∞øbfiÅ∞ .. 85 =∞Ǩϟ#fl`« áê„`«#∞ =∞# =ÚO^Œ∞ LOK«∞`«∞Ok. HõÅO Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å∞ .. 115 â◊`åÉÏúÅ∞QÍ HõÅã≤"≥∞Åã≤ ã¨Ç¨Ïr=O ™êyã¨∞Î#fl =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’x qq^èŒ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ .. 135 [# ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å∞ `«=∞ `«=∞ ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ∞ =∂`«$^Õâ◊ q=ÚH˜Î HÀã¨O, P `«~°∞"å`« Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅ SHõº`« .. 167 ã¨fiO`« QÆ_»¤ „ѨQÆf–qHÍ™êÅ HÀã¨O KÕã≤# `åºQÍÅ#∂, ™êyOz# Hõ$+≤h Jxfl „Ѩ*Ï POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ ~åHõ∆ã¨`«fiO .. 193 „âı}∞Å∞ Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~°O `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë XHõi Ѩ@¡ =∞~˘HõiH˜ Q“~°=ÉèÏ=O HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. P `åºQÍÖÁHõiq–Éè’QÍÖÁHõiq .. 225 Q“~° = Éè Ï =O #∞O_ç [# 㨠= Ú^•Ü« ∂ Å =∞^è Œ º =∞Oz 㨠^ Œ = QÍǨ Ï #, 㨠^ •ƒù = # q㨇~°}‰õΩ QÆ∞Ô~·# `åºQÍÅ∞ .. 247 Ѩi_è»qÅ∞¡`å~Ú. P ã¨^•ƒù=# #∞O_ç ã¨Ç≤Ï+¨µ‚`« [xã¨∞ÎOk. P kâ◊QÍ =∂ „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅÖ’ J#∞|O^èŒO .. 287 ÉèÏQÆOQÍ `≥Å∞QÆ∞ áê~î°‰õΩʼnõΩ D „QÆO^ä•xfl JOkã¨∞Î<åflO. P^è•~° „QÆO^ä•Å∞–Ѩ„uHõÅ q=~åÅ∞ .. 295 – JÉσ^Œ∞ÖÏ¡ 3 4
  • 5. 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ „Ѩ=∂} "åHõºO =∞Ok Jã¨Å∞ã≤ã¨Å∞ '"Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ∞— ã¨Ê+¨ìѨiKå~°∞. *Ï˝# ˆHO„^•Å∞QÍ qÅã≤e¡, "ÕQÆ∞K«∞Hõ¯ÖÏ¡ "≥Å∞QÆ∞`«∂ ã¨=∂*Ï=ã¨~åŠѨ@¡ ã¨ÊOkã¨∂Î, ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ Ѩiëê¯~°O K«∂Ñ≤OKåeû# qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂ŠѨiã≤÷u _®Hõì~ü W#∞H˘O_» u~°∞=∞e ~ÚO`« Ѷ¨∞#OQÍ kQÆ*Ïi# ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ J}QÍi# =~åæÖË `«=∞‰õΩ HÍ"åeû# *Ï˝# K«i„`« âßY, N "≥OHõ>Ëâ◊fi~° HõàÏâßÅ ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ã¨$+≤ìOK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~Ú† *Ï˝# „ѨKå~°/„Ѩ™ê~° HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å∞ KÕѨ_»∞`«∂ *Ï˝# _èçb¡ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O, H˘`«Î _èçb¡ ã¨OѨ^Œ „Ѩ*Ï™êfig∞Hõ~°}‰õΩ NHÍ~°O K«∞_»∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. ^Œo`«∞Å∞, „ã‘ÎÅ∞, =∞`« "≥∞ÿ<åsìÅ∞ `«=∞ ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~å}∞QÆ∞}º"≥∞# ^Œ$HõÊ^ä•Å`À ѨÙã¨HÍÅ∞ `≥ã∞<åfl~°∞. WÖÏO˜ ѨÙã¨HÍÅ∞ ÿ Î ¨Î Î |Ǩïà◊ [<å^Œ~°} á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú† ™ê=∂lHõ L^Œº=∂Å <ÕѨ^茺OÖ’¡Oz ~å=_»O =Å¡ g˜H˜ |ÅO, [<å^Œ~°} HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. WÖÏO˜ ~°K«#ÖË XHõ J^茺ܫ∞<åOâ◊OQÍ *Ï˝#H˜~}g∞ ѨÙã¨HO ° Îõ 'K«i„`«— J=ã¨~åxfl <˘H˜¯ K≥|∞`«∂, ^•xfl „Ѩ^è•# K«~°ÛhÜ«∂Oâ◊OQÍ =∂~åÛ~Ú. ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ ~°K«#Å#∞ =∞#O D <ÕѨ^茺OÖ’<Õ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. K«i„`« ~°K«# „Ѩ^ä•#OQÍ ^Œ$HõÊ^ä•xH˜ ã¨O|OkèOzO^Œ<Õk xifiq"å^•Oâ◊O: „Ѩ[Ö’¡Oz =ã¨∞Î#fl ~°K«#Å∞ HÍ|>Ëì #j~ü ~°K«#ʼnõΩ ~ÚO`« ˜ „Ѩ*Ï^Œ~°} Åaèã¨∞ÎO^Œx <Õ#∞ Jk QÆ`åxfl QÆ∂iÛ# =∞# „Ѩã¨∞Î`« J=QÍǨÏ#. =∞# QÆ`«O `åÅ∂‰õΩ J=QÍǨÏ#h, |ÅOQÍ ÉèÏqã¨∞Î<åfl#∞. #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ áê„uˆHÜ«Ú_»∞, <åºÜ«∞"åk, ~°K«~Ú`«. ÉèÏ~°`« ^Œ$HõÊ^ä•hfl =~Ϋ=∂#O x~°fizOz xˆ~Ìtã¨∞ÎOk. Z@∞=O˜ ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ „ѨÉèÏ==¸ ÖˉõΩO_®, ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ áê„`«#∞ q=iã¨∂Î WO`« =~°‰õΩ PÜ«∞# ~åã≤# U_»∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ =ã¨∞ÎQÆ`« ^Œ$+≤ì`À K«i„`« ~åã¨∞Î<åflO JO>Ë ã¨OHÀzOKåeûO^Õ! 'ѨiѨÓ~°‚— ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ ѨÅ∞=∂~°∞¡ u~°QÆ~åÜ«∞|_ç qq^èŒ „ѨK«∞~°}Hõ~°ÎÅ ^•fi~å =Ú„kOK«|_®¤~Ú. =ã¨∞ÎQÆ`«`«`«Î fi"å^Œ∞Å ~°K«#Å∞ ‰õÄ_®, Hõhã¨O "å~°∞ѨÜ≥∂yOKÕ Ñ¨^Œ*ÏÅO ^•fi~å<≥·<å, W©=Å ÃÑK«Ûie¡áÈ`«∞#fl =∞`«`«`«Î fi K«i„`«‰õΩ PÜ«∞# ~°K«#Å∞ ã¨=∂^è•#O Jx K≥áêÊe. U^Õh XHõ ^Œ$HõÊ^ä•xfl, J=QÍǨÏ##∂ ã¨∞ÊùiOѨ*Ë™êÎ~Ú. ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ∞Å∞, =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ D ã¨=∂[, ^Õâ◊ K«i„`« x~å‡}OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=ÚÅh, D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ "åi Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ∞, ~Ú`«~°„`å J<ÕHõ=∞Ok `«=∞–`«=∞ ^Œ$HõÊ^ä•Å`À, `«=∞ `«=∞ ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ contribution Z=fiiH© fã≤áÈx^Œh PÜ«∞# ~°K«#Å∞ ~°∞A=Ù KÕ™êÎ~Ú. D q+¨Ü«∂xfl „ѨKå~åxÔH· K«i„`« ~°K«<å "庙êOQÍxfl KÕѨ ˜ì H˘#™êyOKå~°∞/™êyã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. qq^èŒ x~åúiOKÕ Z<Àfl Kåi„`«Hõ "åã¨Î"åÅ#∞ PÜ«∞# =∞#=ÚO^Œ∞OK«∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. „Ѩã¨∞Î`« ѨÙã¨ÎHõO qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂ÅÖ’ ѨÙ@∞ìH˘zÛ# K«i„`« ~ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ aè#flOQÍ Ug∞ ÖË^∞. 'áê~ ѨÙã¨HÍÅ∞—QÍ Œ Î ^•x H˘#™êyOѨÙ. =∞#"å~°∞ 'x~°‚~ÚOKÕ— K«i„`«Å ã¨fiÉèÏ=O =∞#=∞O`å ZiyO^Õ: ~å[ºÉèÏ=*ÏÅ 1857 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— q∂^Œ Z<Àfl „QÆO^ä•Å∞#flѨʘH© JO^Œ∞Ö’ =Úã≤¡OÅ áê„`«‰õΩ „ѨKå~å„™êÎeq ! qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂ÅÖ’ QÆ`« Ô~O_»∞–=¸_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞QÍ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl ã¨O|OkèOp, =Úã≤¡OÅ QÆ∂iÛ q=iOz# ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ KåÖÏ J~°∞^Œ»<Õ K≥áêÊe. 1857 K«i„`« É’^èŒ#, Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Å∞ 'Ѩiâ’^èŒ# Ѩiâ’^èŒ# H˘~°ˆH— ##fl@∞¡QÍ, ã¨=∂[ J=ã¨~åÅ`À ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å#∞ H˘O^Œ~°∞ '„Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O— Jx, ~ÚOH˘O^Œ~°∞ 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— ã¨O|O^èŒO ÖˉõΩO_® `«∂–`«∂ =∞O„`«OQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =ã¨∞Î#fl qëê^Œ "åã¨Î=O Jëêì=„HõQÍ Jx J<åfl~°∞† =∞iH˘O^Œ~°∞ Jk ˆH=ÅO =∞`« ã¨fiÉèÏ=OQÆõÅ '™êOѶ≤∞Hõ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— =∞#=ÚO^Œ∞ ™êH∆Í`«¯i™ÈÎOk. qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂Å∞ ™ê=∂lHÍ=ã¨~åŠѨ@¡, =ÚYºOQÍ J<åfl~°∞. HÍh #j~üQÍ~°∞ JO^Œ∞Ö’x '„Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º— HÀ}Ïxfl K«∂ÃÑ_»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. nx Jxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ JOK«∞ʼnõΩ <≥≥ ˜ì"ÕÜ«∞|_»¤ ã¨ÉÏÅì~üfl (J@ì_»∞QÆ∞ ™ê=∂lHõ „âı}∞Å∞) „Ѩ[Å x~°∂Ѩ}Ï~°÷"≥∞ÿ PÜ«∞# ѨÅ∞ L^ŒO`åÅ#∞ K«∂Ñ≤OK«_»O`Àáê@∞QÍ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõO z=~À¡ Ô~O_»∞ J=ã¨~åŠѨ@¡ ã¨ÊOkOK«‰õΩO_®, insensitive QÍ =∂iáÈ~Ú# Hõ~îÀ~° ã¨`åºxfl H˘O`« J#∞|O^è•Å#∞ ‰õÄ_® á⁄O^Œ∞Ѩ~åÛ~°∞. 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞^•~°∞Å∞— _èçb¡ áêÅ#ÔH· ѨiáêÅ<å 5 6
  • 6. 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ =∞O_»e "ÕÜ«∞_»O† =∞O_»e ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ =∞^茺 ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# „â◊=∞ qÉèí[# LO_»@O ÖÏO˜ ZO`« Z‰õΩ¯=O>Ë D 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— #∞ =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ∞ UHõOQÍ 'W™ê¡q∞H± u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— '„Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º— q^è•<åÅ∞, <å˜ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùO ^Œ$ëêì º, x[OQÍ H˘`«Î q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞! qHÀìiÜ«∂ QÍ z„fHõiOKÕ@O`« ˜ Q˘Ñ¨Ê áê„`«#fl =∂@! =Úã≤¡OÅ#∞ D 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— ‰õΩ „Ѩ^è•# ~å}˜ '„ѨHõ@#—‰õΩ „Ѩuã¨ÊO^Œ#QÍ ÉËQÆO Ǩτ[`ü =∞ǨÏÖò "≥Å∞=iOz# „ѨHõ@#, JO^Œ∞Ö’ ÉÏ^èŒ∞ºÅ∞QÍ ÉèÏqOK«|>Ëì "åà◊§#∞ ZO`À „‰õÄ~°OQÍ J}˜K«e"ÕQÆeQÍ~°#fl q+¨Ü«∂xfl P"≥ ∞ K« i ÛOz# q+¨ Ü « ∂ Å∞ 'Éè Ï ~° f Ü« ∞ — Éè Ï =##∞ |ÅѨ ~ ° ∞ 㨠∂ Î < åfl~Ú. áêÅ<å #j~ü ™È^•Ç¨Ï~°}OQÍ `≥eáê~°∞. POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ ^•~°∞} Hõ$`åºÅ qÅÜ«∞#$`åºxfl K«∂¿ãÎ =º=Ǩ~åʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# qˆHO„nHõ~°} ã¨∂„`«O '„Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º— ã≤^•úO`åxfl `«Ñ¨ÊHõ QÆ∞O_≥Å∞ |^ŒúÖ∫`å~Ú. LiH˘Ü«∞ºÅ‰õÄ, Ѷ≤~°Oy ‰õΩǨÏ~åʼnõÄ |Öˇ·áÈ~Ú# "åi Hõ^äŒÅ∞ `«ÅÑ≤OѨ *Ëã¨∞ÎOk. =∞#efl Hõhfl~°∞ Ãјì™êÎ~Ú. 1857 'JkèHÍiHõ— K«i„`«HÍ~°∞_çQÍ ¿Ñ~˘Ok# ã¨∞ˆ~O„^Œ<å^è£ ¿ã<£ ~°K«# Eighteen ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ ^ŒHõ∆} ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ D áÈ~å@O [~°QÆÖË^Œx JO@∞OÏ~°∞† Fity Seven ÖÏQÍ #j~ü ѨÙã¨ÎHõO Z<Àfl "åã¨Î"åÅ#∞ |Ç≤Ï~°æ`«Ñ¨~°∞Û`«∂ =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú Wk "åã¨Î"Õ∞#x =∞#q∞O`«=~°‰õÄ #=∂‡O† JÖÏ #q∞‡OKå~°∞. HÍh Wk ZO`« ˜ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å#∞ q=iã¨∞ÎOk. Z<Àfl H˘`«Î q+¨Ü«∂Å`Àáê@∞ "≥·Ü«ÚH˜ÎHõ 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— ^•~°∞x/ `«Ñ¨C_»∞ J=QÍǨÏ<À ™êH∆ͺ^è•~åÖ’Î x~°∂Ñ≤ã¨∞ÎOn ѨÙã¨ÎHõO. ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞Ö’x „a©+π ^•~°∞~åe q=~åÅ#∞ áê~î°HõÖ’HÍxH˜ JOkã¨∞ÎOk. D áÈ~å@OÖ’ áêÖÁæ#fl <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞, Ô~ã≤_≥hû ÃÑ· Ѩ~îå<£ `«∞„ˆ~ÉÏ*ò MÏ<£ ÖÏO˜ "åi <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ „Ѩ[Å∞ ZO`« g~Àz`«OQÍ „Ѩ[Å∞ 'ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞— ÉèÏ=#`À „a©+π áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å_ç# „Hõ=∂xfl ~°K«~Ú`« ^•_ç KÕâß~À #j~ü qѨÙÅOQÍ q=iOKå~°∞. x*ÏO ~åR Éè∫QÀoHõ ǨÏ^ŒŒ∞ÌňH D áÈ~å@O ZO`À K«Hõ¯QÍ q=iOKå~°∞. nx=Å¡ "åã¨ÎqHõ"≥∞ÿ#, PK«~°}Ö’ L#fl ÉèÏ~°`« „Ѩ[ŠѨiq∞`«O HÍÖË^Œ∞† PO„^èŒ, ~åÜ«∞Åã‘=∞ „áêO`åʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® „áêH˜O^Œh, ¿+H± Ñ‘~üëê ã¨OѶ∞¨ r=#O, Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤O ã¨ÇÏr=# ã¨OѶ∞‘ ÉèÏ"åÅ∞ =∞#H© ~°K#ÅÖ’ ^Àº`«H=∞ø`å~Ú. ¡ ¨ « õ (Hõ_»Ñ¨) ÖÏO˜ JO^èŒ∞Öˇ·# Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å∞ Ãã·`«O =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ÔH· „áê}ÏÖÁ_®¤~°h D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO '"å~°∞— („a©+π"å~°∞) '=∞#O— (ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅO, Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ –=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ HõÅã≤) J<Õ ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# Ѷ¨∞’+≤ã¨∞ÎOk. qq^èŒ =~åæÅ∞, „áêO`åÅ∞, [O_»~ü <ÕѨ^蕺ʼnõΩ K≥Ok# =Úã≤¡OÅ r=# ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO`À áÈ~å@ x~å‡}O, Hõ˘#™êyOѨ٠[iQÍÜ«∞#fl q+¨Ü«∞O =∞#‰õΩ H˘’ìzÛ#@∞¡ |e^•<åÅ#∂, =∂`«$ Éèí∂q∞ÔH· áÈ~å_»∞`«∂ P `«e¡ X_çÖ’ XiyáÈ~Ú# q^è•<åhfl Hõ#|_»∞`«∞Ok. =∞`«Ñ~"∞≥ # qÉè^•Å∂, q^Õfi+¨=¸ `«~åfiu HÍÅO <å˜^<k ã¨Ê+¨Ñ_∞» `«∞Ok. ¨° ÿ Ë Œ Õ ì ¨ ^Œ$jºHõiã¨∞ÎOn ѨÙã¨ÎHõO. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâßxfl =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ ã¨~°Êã¨OÔHà◊§ #∞O_ç q=ÚH˜Î =∞`«Ñ¨~° ÉË^èŒÉèÏ"åÅ∞ ÖËx ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº r=# PÖ’K«<åq^è•<åxH˜ 1857 XHõ |Å"≥∞ÿ# „ѨfHõ. HÍqOK«_®xH˜ `«=∞ â◊H˜ÎH˘kÌ áÈ~å_ç, |Öˇ·# =Úã≤¡O a_»¤Å J=¸Åº |e^•# Hõ^äŒ<åÅ 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ D q^èŒOQÍ 'SHõºOQÍ— „ѨuѶ¨∞˜OK«_»O =Å¡<Õ =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ∞ `«~åfiu QÆx #j~ü ZO`À „â◊=∞HÀiÛ =∞#H˜zÛ# D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO. HÍÅOÖ’ KåÖÏ =ӺǨ`«‡HõOQÍ =º=ǨÏiOz Ô~O_»∞ ã¨=¸Ç¨Å#∞ Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~° q~°∞^Œú K«i„`« ã¨$+≤ìOz# 1857‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# 150 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ ã¨O|~åÅ#∞ ÉèÏ~°`« ™êO㨯 $uHõ ã¨=¸Ç¨Å∞QÍ „ѨKå~°O KÕã≤ qÉèlOKå~°∞† `«=∞ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞OÖ’ ã¨ÑÅ=∞Ü«∂º~°∞ í ¨¶ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO KÕã¨∞Î#fl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ #j~ü D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ~åÜ«∞_»O ǨÏi¬OK«^Œy# q+¨Ü«∞O. ‰õÄ_® ! D 'Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~° q~°∞^Œú— ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏhfl `≥e™È `≥eÜ«∞HÀ ѨÅ∞=Ù~°∞ '*ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ∞Å∞— JO`«‰õΩ q∞Oz =∞`À<å‡^Œ Hõ∆„^Œâ◊‰õΩÎÅ∞ qÉèí[#ˆ~Yefl wã≤, JQÍ^è•Å#∞ `«qfi ÉèíÜ«∞qǨÏfiÅ ‰õÄ_® J#∞ã¨iOz '*ÏfÜ≥∂^Œº=∞O—Ö’H˜ K˘Ñ≤ÊOKå~°∞. QÀ=ÙÅ#∞ u<Õ"å~°∂, QÀ=ÙÅ#∞ "å`å=~°}O ã¨$+≤ìã¨∞Î#fl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ~å=_»O WOHÍ ã¨O`À+≤OKåeû# q+¨Ü«∞O. ѨÓlOKÕ"å~°∂, ѨO^Œ∞Å#∞ u<Õ"å~°∞, ѨO^Œ∞Å#∞ Jã¨ÇϺOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞ UHõ"∞ÿ u~°Q|_®¤~h ¨ ≥ Æ ° <Õ#∞ <å^Õâßxfl (ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâßxfl) „¿Ñq∞™êÎ#∞ Jx ÉèÏqOKÕ „Ѩu XHõ¯~°∂ K«^Œ=^ŒQÆæ ÉèÏqOK«|>Ëì POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅ =∞^茺 ã¨Ê~°÷efl ã¨$+≤ìOK«QÆey#, "åi SHõº`«#∞ *Ï˝#H˜~°}O D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO. ZO`À „¿Ñ=∞`À „Ѩ=∂}"åHõºO ~åÜ«∞O_»x ##∞flHÀi# q∞„`«∞Å∞ zè<åflaè#flO KÕÜ«∞QÆey# „Ѩu JOâßhfl =^ŒÅ‰õΩO_® ZO`À *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ "å_»∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£‰õΩ ^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞. P<å_»∞ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ K«∂Ñ≤Oz# ã¨OѶ‘∞ÉèÏ= â◊H˜Î JO`« |Å"≥∞ÿ#^Œ#fl=∂@. 1857 áÈ~å@OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ QÆ}hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# áê„`«#∞ áÈ+≤OKå~°∞. "åà◊§ áê„`« 7 8
  • 7. 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ѨiK«Ü«∞ "åHõºO ã¨∂ÊùixKÕÛq^èOQÍ ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞ HÍÅOÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`« '*ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ∞Å∞— ÉèÏ~°`^â◊ K«i„`«#∞ Î Œ « Õ "åºMϺxOz *ÏfÜ«∞ Jã≤Î`«fi „ѨHõ@#ÔH· „Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕâß~°∞. ™êfi`«O„`åº#O`«~°O ÉèÏ~°`« *Ïux 'ã¨$+≤OKÕ— ÅHõ∆ ºO`À ~å[ºO (Indian State) QÆ`O q∂^Œ '„Ѩ`ºÕ Hõ— ^Œ$+≤x ™êiOz ì « ì =∞ǨÏ|∂Éò ÉÏëê ÉèÏ~°`« *Ïu 'UHõ`«fi— x~°∂Ѩ}ÔH· ѨÅ∞ `«OÏÅ∞ Ѩ_»∞`ÀOk. `«=∞ ‰õ∆Ω„^Œ ~å[H©Ü«∞ HÀPi¤<Õ@~ü, K«i„`«âßY Ѩ<åflQÆO áêiOK«_®xH˜ QÆ`« <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞QÍ 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂`«fi— HÍÅ<åQÆ∞Å∞ 'K«i„`«— #∞ ÉÏÉÏ ™êÃÇÏÉò cèO~å"£ JOÉË_»¯~ü ˆHO„nÜ«∞ q^•ºÅÜ«∞O ÅHÀfl, L`«Î~° „Ѩ^Õâò. ZO`«QÍ HÍ>Ëã¨∞Î<åflÜ≥∂ =∞#O^ŒiH© ÉÏQÍ `≥eã≤# q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞ ! XHõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù PkèѨ`«º =~åæÅ∞ `«=∞ ÃÑ`«Î<åxH˜ =`åÎã¨∞ ѨeˆH q^èŒOQÍ K«i„`«#∞ =∞Åz ^•<Õfl '™ê=∂lHõ K«i„`«— QÍ x~°∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î =™ÈÎO_»QÍ ~ÚOHÀ"≥·Ñ¨Ù ™ê=∂#º „Ѩ[ŠѨHõ∆O =Ç≤ÏOKÕ "Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ∞ =∂i¯ûã¨∞ì ã≤^•úO`åxfl Kåi„`«Hõ "åºMϺ<åxH˜ *’_çOz WuǨã¨Ñ¨Ù pHõ ˜ HÀ}O J@ì_»∞QÆ∞# Ѩ_ç xâ◊≈|Ì ‰õΩ„@#∞ |^ŒúÅ∞ H˘_»∞`«∞#fl ~°K«#(Å∞) HõxÊOK«‰õΩO_® áÈ~Ú# K«i„`« x~å‡`«Öˇ·# ™ê=∂#º „Ѩ[Å K«i„`«#∞ ~°zOKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. =~°Î=∂<åxfl QÆ∞ÃÑÊ’¡ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘<Õ"å~°∞ QÆ`«O g∞^•, QÆ`åxfl QÆ∞ÃÑÊ’¡ ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ<Õ"å~°∞ Éèq+¨º`«∞Î g∞^• u~°∞QÆ∞ÖËx PkèÑ`º« O K«ÖÏ~ÚOK«QÅ~°x ã¨∞„Ѩã^úŒ ~°K~Ú`« í ¨ Æ ≤ « qq^èŒ Jã≤Î`«fi L^Œº=∂Å∞ q[$Oaèã¨∞Î#fl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ K≥·`«#º=O`«∞Å=Ù`À#fl *Ï~ü˚ PÔ~fiÖò J<åfl~°∞. Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î g∞^Œ PkèѨ`«ºO ™êkèOK«_®xÔH· QÆ`åxfl (K«i„`«) QÆ∞ÃÑÊ’¡ J@ì_»∞QÆ∞ =~åæÅ, JOK«∞ʼnõΩ <≥ ˜ì"ÕÜ«∞|_ç# ‰õΩÖÏÅ „Ѩ[Å∞ `«=∞ "åã¨Î= K«i„`« ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ"åeû# J=ã¨~°O ZO`«QÍ LO^À nx ^•fi~å ã¨Ê+¨ì=∞ø`ÀOk. D q+¨Ü«∞O „áê^è•#º`«#∞ QÆ∞iÎOz `«=∞ K«i„`«#∞ `å"Õ∞ ã¨$l~ÚOK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞† `«=∞ K«i„`«#∞ J}QÍi# =~åæÅ Hõ<åfl J}˜z"Õ¿ã =~åæʼnõΩ ÉÏQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH „ѨѨOK« "åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ `å"Õ∞ „`«qfi ™⁄O`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. "åã¨Î= ™⁄O`« K«i„`« ѨÙ<åkQÍ =~°Î=∂#, Jxfl ã¨=∂*ÏÖ’¡#∂ PkèѨ`«º=~åæÅ∞ K«i„`« Ѩi*Ï˝<åxfl `«=∞ QÆ∞ÃÑÊ’¡ =ÙOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ Éèíq+¨º`«∞efl ™⁄O`«OQÍ xi‡OK«∞HÀ_®xH˜ L^Œ∞º‰õΩÎÅ=Ù`«∞<åfl~°∞. K«i„`« x~å‡}OÖ’ `«=∞ „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. `«=∞ ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxH˜ `À_»Ê_ç, PkèѨ`åºxH˜ JO_»QÍ LO_Õ LxH˜x Ѩ ˜ìOK«∞HÀx PkèѨ`«º K«i„`«Ö’¡x _˘Å¡`«<åxfl „ѨtflOK«_»O ^•fi~å ÃÑ`«ÎO^•s q^èŒOQÍ K«i„`« *Ï˝<åxfl =_»QÆ ˜ì ^•xfl =∂„`«"Õ∞ „Ѩ[ÅÖ’ „ѨKå~°O KÕâß~Ú/KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú: =~åæÅ PkèѨ`åºxfl xÅnã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ã¨=∂[ ã¨OѨ^Œ ã¨$+≤ìHõ~°ÎÖˇ·# ^Œo`«∞Å∞, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# `«=∞ PkèѨ`åºxH˜ QÆO_çÃÑ@ìQÆÅ *Ï˝<åxfl, =∞~°∞QÆ∞#Ѩ~°K«_»"≥∂, ^èŒfiOã¨O KÕÜ«∞_»"≥∂ `«~°QÆ`«∞Å∞, Pk"åã‘Å∞, „ã‘ÎÅ∞, =∞`«'"≥∞ÿ<åsìÅ∞— ™⁄O`« Kåi„`«Hõ K≥·`«#º „¿Ñ~°}`À Q˘O`«∞ KÕâß~Ú. `«=∞ =~°Î=∂#, Éèíq+¨º`ü ~å[H©Ü«∞ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅHõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ QÆ`åxfl eѨC`«∞<åfl~°∞: =∂‰õį_® 'Ѷ¨∞#"≥∞ÿ#— K«i„`« LO^Œh, D ã¨=∂[ x~å‡}OÖ’ `å=Ú =∞ÅK«_»=¸, "åºMϺxOK«_»=¸ KÕã¨∂Î =KåÛ~Ú. J~Ú`Õ Ñ‘_ç`« =~åæÅ∞ ZÖÏO˜ ‰õÄ_® QÆ}hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# áê„`«áÈ+≤OKå=∞h nxfl JO^Œ~°∂ QÆ∞iÎOz Q“~°qOKåÅh <˘H˜¯ ã¨ÊO^Œ<å, „Ѩu K«~°º ÖˉõΩO_® =∞ø#OQÍ ‰õÄ~ÀÛÖË^Œ∞† PkèѨ`«º K«i„`«#∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. JOwHõiOK«ÖË^Œ∞. Jq ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ |ÅÇ‘Ï#OQÍ<Õ J~Ú<å, `«=∞ kèHͯ~° ã¨fi~åxfl „Ѩã¨∞Î`« ѨÙã¨ÎHõ ~°K«~Ú`« ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ ~°K«#Åhfl D <ÕѨ^䌺OÖ’ qxÑ≤OKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ `«=∞ QÆ`åxfl (K«i„`«#∞) ™⁄O`« KÕã¨∞HÀ=_»O, =ã¨∞Î#fl"Õ. f„= J}˜z"Õ`«‰õÄ, x~°∂‡Å#‰õÄ QÆ∞~°=Ù`«∞#fl =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜ =∞ÅK«∞HÀ=_»O, `«^•fi~å =~°Î=∂#OÖ’ „¿Ñ~°} á⁄O^Œ_»O KÕã¨∂Î =ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. DÜ«∞#Onã¨∞Î#fl JHõ∆~åÜ«Ú^è•Å‰õΩ „Ѩã¨∞Î`« ѨÙã¨ÎHõO XHõ H˘`«Î KÕ~°∞Ê. 1857 áÈ~å@OÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`^â◊ q+¨Ü∂xH˘¿ãÎ `«=∞ =Å™êkèÑ`åºxH©, ™ê„=∂[º"å^•xH© <≥uHõ |ÖÏhfl, « Õ « ¨ · =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O áÈ+≤Oz# |$ǨÏ`«Î~° áê„`«#∞ q=iOK«_»O nx „Ѩ^è•# ÅHõ∆ ºO. K«@|^Œ`#∂, ÉèÏ~°`« „Ѩ[Å P"≥∂^•hfl ™êkèOK«_®xH˜ =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å∞ ÉèÏ~°`^â◊ K«i„`«#∞ ì ú « « Õ áÈ~å@OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ |e^•<åÅ#∞ XHõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù q=iã¨∂Î ~ÚOHÀ"≥·Ñ¨Ù J<åºÑ¨^Õâ◊OQÍ '`«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤— „Ѩ[Ö’¡ „ѨKå~°O KÕâß~°∞. =Å™êkèѨ`åºxfl „ѨuѶ¨∞˜OK«_®xH˜ `«y#O`« =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# J<ÕHõ ~Ú`«~° q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ #j~ü K«~°Û‰õΩ ÃÑ_»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. 9 10
  • 8. 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ֒ѨŠq+¨Ü«∂xH˜ "≥àı§=ÚO^Œ∞ 1857 ‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# ã¨OѶ¨∞@# =Åã¨"å^Œ Pi÷Hõ q^è•<åÅ`À zuH˜áÈ~Ú# Ô~·`åOQÆO áÈ~å@OÖ’ áêÖÁæ#fl q=~åÅ#∂, Å#∞ Z=Ô~=~°∞ U q^èŒOQÍ "åºMϺxOKå~À ˆ~MÏ=∂„`«OQÍ K«∂^•ÌO. 1857 J#fl q^è•<åhfl K«∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. ã≤áê~¸Å∞ 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’x Ô~·`åOQÆ HÀ}Ïxfl "≥O@<Õ 'ã≤áê~¸Å u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— J<Õ ÉèÏ=# =∞# =∞<ÀѶ¨ÅHõO ÃÑ· "≥∞^Œ∞Å∞`«∞Ok: K«∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. ã≤áê~¸Å∞ "åã¨=OQÍ 'Peasants in uniform' (Ããx‰õΩÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨xKÕã∞#fl Î · ¨Î POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ HÍÅO #∞O_ô <Õ ˜^•HÍ D ÉèÏ=<Õ dominant ÉèÏ=#QÍ K«ÖÏ=∞}© Ô~·`«∞Å∞) J<Õ q+¨Ü«∂xfl x~°ÌfiO^ŒOQÍ x~°∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. XHõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù „Ѩ*Ï ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl J=Ù`ÀOk. 1857 "åã¨Î= ã¨fiÉèÏ"åxfl QÆ∞iÎOz#ѨC˜H© POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞ L^ÕÌâ◊ºÑ¨Ó~°fiHõOQÍ x~°∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î<Õ nxfl '*ÏfÜ«∞ áÈ~å@O— J#_»OÖ’x ã¨=∞㨺efl =∞#=ÚO^Œ∞OKå~°∞. nxfl 'ã≤áê~¸Å u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— ('Sepoy Mutiny') Jx „ѨKå~°O KÕâß~°∞: ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ∞ Uk U"≥∞ÿ#ѨʘH© q[$Oaèã¨∞Î#fl *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ ǨÏ"åÖ’ 1857 áÈ~åÏhfl ‰õÄ_® D ÉèÏ"å<Õfl #=∂‡Åx PtOKå~°∞. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ∞ WÖÏ #=∞‡_»O =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å '*ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ áÈ~å@O—QÍ JOwHõiOK«_»O Ѩ@¡ ™ê^è•~°} ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ∞ "≥ÚQÆ∞æ K«∂Ѩ٠~å[H©Ü«∂ʼnõΩ =ÚYºO. D 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— J<Õ ÉèÏ=O 1857‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz J<ÕHõ `«∞<åfl~°∞. ~å[ºO ‰õÄ_® D kâ◊QÍ<Õ |ÅOQÍ „ѨKå~°O KÕ™ÈÎOk. „Ѩã¨∞Î`« ѨÙã¨ÎHõ ~°K«~Ú`« ~Ú`«~° HÀ}ÏÅÃÑ· =∞ã≤QÆ∞_»¤ HõѨC`«∞Ok† áÈ~å@OÖ’ „Ѩ[Å ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl =∞~°∞QÆ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ ‰õÄ_® áÈ~å@OÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞ÉèÏ"å<Õfl K«∂ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. D Ѩ~∞° ã¨∞Ok. XHõ"à◊ ™ê=∂#º „Ѩ[Å∞ ‰õÄ_® áêÖÁæ<åfl~°<Õ q+¨Ü∞« O =ÚO^Œ∞H˘¿ãÎ "åÔ~O^Œ∞‰õΩ Î Õ '*ÏfÜ«∞ áÈ~å@O—Ö’ =Úã≤¡OÅ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl x~°∂Ñ≤OKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞: `«# áêÖÁæ<åfl~°#fl „Ѩâ◊fl [xã¨∞ÎOk. nx ^•fi~å =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ∞ „ѨKå~°O KÕã≤# 'POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ "å^Œ<å #∞QÆ∞}OQÍ Ñ¨Å∞ ™êH∆ͺ^è•~åÅ#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞Ѩ~°∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. "≥∞~°∞ÔQ·# áêÅ#— J<Õ Ñ¨zÛ J|^ŒÌѨ٠=ÚiH˜ =∞M∫Ï ziyáÈ~Ú =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ '"åã¨Î= `˘q∞‡k J^蕺ܫ∂Å∂, qÅ∞"≥·# J#∞|O^è•Å∞ L#fl D ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’x „Ѩu ~°∂ѨO— |Ü«∞@ Ѩ_»∞`«∞Ok. "åi <≥·uHõ PkèѨ`åºxH˜ QÆO_ç Ѩ_»∞`«∞Ok. Wk =Å㨠J^蕺ܫ∞=¸ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ JOâßxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# qÅ∞"≥·# ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl JOkOK«@O áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ ZO`« =∂„`«O ~°∞zOK«x q+¨Ü«∞O. JO^Œ∞ˆH "åà◊√§ ~°zOz# ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅhfl `Àáê@∞ =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O Ѩ@¡ H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∂ =™ÈÎ#fl ѨÅ∞ JáÈǨÏÅ∂, J#∞=∂<åÅ∂, 1857 áÈ~åÏhfl 'ã≤áê~¸Å u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞— QÍ `«yæOz K≥¿ÑÊ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕâß~Ú. D ^Œ∞~°∂ǨÏÅ#∞ Ѩ~ÀHõ∆OQÍ |^ŒÌÅ∞H˘˜ì "åã¨Î=~°∂áêxfl =∞#=ÚO^Œ∞K«∞`«∞Ok. ÉèÏ"å<Õfl <å˜ áê~ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ ^•fi~å ‰õÄ_® „ѨKå~°O KÕâß~°∞. "≥Ú^Œ ˜ J^蕺ܫ∞O 1857 áÈ~åÏxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# Hõ^äŒ#∞ JO>Ë „áê~°OÉèíO, *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ „ѨÉèÏ=O`À (~Úk "åã¨Î=OQÍ J„QÆ=~°æ, J„QÆ=~°‚, '*ÏfÜ«∞"å^ŒO—) H˘#™êyOѨÙ, qq^èŒ =~åæÅ áê„`«, Ѩ`«<åÅ#∞ ˆ~MÏ=∂„`«OQÍ q=iOz =∞#efl „Ѩ^è•# q._ç ™ê"å~°¯~ü "≥∞^ŒÖˇ·#"å~°∞ 1857 áÈ~å@OÖ’H˜ '*ÏfÜ«∞ÉèÏ"åxfl— K˘Ñ≤ÊOz ^•xfl =ã¨∞Î=Ù J~Ú# =Úã≤¡OÅ áê„`« ^ŒQÆæiH˜ fã¨∞ÔHà◊√ÎOk. '„Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º áÈ~å@O— QÍ "åºMϺxOz ^•x ã¨fiÉèÏ"åxfl, „ѨÉèÏ"åhfl PHÍâßxÔHuÎ K«∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. 'ã¨fi`«O„`«— ÉèÏ~°`« „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ‰õÄ_® nxfl '„Ѩ^äŒ=∞™êfi`«O„`«º áÈ~å@O— Ô~O_»= J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ áÈ~å@OÖ’ ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ‰õΩ n@∞QÍ áêÖÁæx „áê}`åºQÆO QÍ<Õ #q∞‡ =∞#efl ‰õÄ_® #=∞‡O@∞Ok. WÖÏ KÕÜ«∞_»O ^•fi~å =Åã¨áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ KÕã≤# =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å QÆ∂iÛ K«iÛã¨∞ÎOk. ÉËQÆO Ǩτ[`ü =∞ǨÏÖò ÖÏO˜ H˘O`«=~°‰õΩ `≥eã≤# =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ #∂Ï `˘OÉèˇ· ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ áÈ~å_ç ™êfi`«O„`«ºO ™êkèOz# 'Ѷ¨∞#`«—#∞ ~å}∞Å`Àáê@∞QÍ =∞#‰õΩ U=∂„`«O `≥eÜ«∞x ÉËQÆO JrA<£, =ÚO^Œ~ü, ǨÏcÉÏ, Jã¨æs „ѨKå~°O KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞#flk. ÉËQÆO, ѨK«Û^Œ∞ã¨∞ÎÅ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ |e^•<åÅ#∞ `≥eÜ«∞*ËÕã¨∞ÎOk. ѨÙ~°∞+¨ ˆHO„^Œ K«i„`«#∞ |^ŒÌÅ∞ H˘_»∞`«∂ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å#∞ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ K«iÛOK«_»O ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxH˜ Q˘Ñ¨Ê qÅ∞=#∞ HÍh D Ô~O_»∂ "å^Œ#Å∂ ѨÓiÎQÍ ã¨`åºÅ∞ HÍ=#fl q+¨Ü«∂xfl W©=e J<ÕHõ KÕ‰õÄiÛOk. 'Ѩ~åÌ#j<£— (Ѩ~åÌÅ =∂@∞#fl "å~°∞)Å∞QÍ ÉèÏqOK«|_Õ =Úã≤¡O =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ Ѩiâ’^è#Å∞ |Å"≥∞# ™êH∆ͺ^è•~åÅ`À x~°∂Ñ≤ã∞<åfl~Ú. áÈ~å@ xiú+ì¨ ã¨fiÉèÏ"åxfl QÆ∂iÛ Œ ÿ ¨Î Public Space Ö’H˜ =zÛ =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ HÀã¨O áÈ~å_ç |eHÍ=_»=∞<Õ q+¨Ü«∞O =Úã≤¡O ~ÚOHÍ J<ÕHõ J#∞=∂<åÅ∞#flѨʘH© Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Åhfl ~Úk ˆH=ÅO 'ã≤áê~¸Å u~°∞QÆ∞ „ã‘ÎÅ QÆ∂iÛ L#fl JáÈǨÏefl ѨÏѨOK«Å∞ KÕã¨∞ÎOk. HÍh D =Úã≤¡O =∞Ç≤Ïà◊efl Icons ÉÏ@∞— HÍ^Œ#fl "åã¨Î"åxfl <˘H˜¯ K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. Zi™ÈìH±û, ~°∞„^•OQÆ∞ú =ÚYs˚ ÖÏO˜ QÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤, „ѨKå~°O KÕã≤ =Úã≤¡O „ã‘ÎÖÖ’ „¿Ñ~°} HõeyK«_»OÖ’ ~ÚѨʘ =Úã≤¡O "å~°∞ áÈ~å@OÖ’ ™ê=∂#º „Ѩ[Å ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl |ÅOQÍ x~°∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ 11 12
  • 9. 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨=∂[O Ѷ∞¨ ’~°OQÍ qѶÅ"≥∞Ok. „ѨÉ∞íè `«fiO Ug∞ KÕÜ∞« >Ë^x =Úã≤O ã¨=∂[O '"Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ∞— ¨ ÿ ¡ Œ ¡ 1857‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz 'L`«~° ÉèÏ~°`O HO„^ŒHõ (North Indian cetric) "å^Œ#‰õΩ Î « ˆ ã¨}Q˘K«∞ÛQÍh P ÉÏ^茺`« „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO g∞^ŒHõ<åfl `«=∞ g∞^Õ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO^Œ#fl q+¨Ü«∞O S^Œ= J^蕺ܫ∞"≥∞ÿ# ' PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò =Úã≤¡OÅ∞— |^ŒúÅ∞ H˘_»∞`«∞Ok. áÈ~å@O L`«Î~° ~ÚѨʘÔH·<å QÆ∞iοãÎ =∞Ozk. ÉèÏ~°`«^ÕâßxˆH Ѩiq∞`«=∞"≥∞ÿO^Œh, ^ŒH˜∆} ÉèÏ~°`«O nxH˜ ã¨ÊOkOK«ÖË^Œh XHõ domi- D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ '^Œo`«∞Å∞— XHõ Model x ‰õÄ_® `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã≤ L<åfl~°∞. L`«Î~° nant JáÈÇ¨Ï ~ÚѨʘH© |ÅOQÍ „ѨKå~°OÖ’ LOk. L`«Î~° ÉèÏ~°`« PkèѨ`«º "å^Œ∞Å∞ „Ѩ^âòÖ’ 1857 áÈ~å@OÖ’ áêÖÁæ#fl =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Ö# T^•^Õq áêã≤, ~°≠Ö’¯sÉÏ~Ú "≥Ú^ŒÖ# Õ ·ˇ ·ˇ `«=∞ PkèѨ`åºxfl ѨkÅOKÕã¨∞HÀ_®xH˜ D q+¨Ü«∂xfl ÉÏQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩO@∂ 'g~åOQÆ#—Å#∞ Icons QÍ KÕã≤ „ѨKå~°OÖ’ Ãјì ^Œo`« ã¨=∂[ „¿Ñ~°} HÀã¨O |$ǨÏ`«~"∞≥ # ΰ ÿ =ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ D J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ JOkOz# ã¨=∂Kå~°O =ÚO^Œ∞ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. =∞i `å"≥∞O^Œ∞‰õΩ D q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ "≥#∞Hõ|_®¤~À =Úã≤OÅ∞ ¡ WHõ D "å^Œ# "≥∂HõiÖÏ¡eûO^Õ ! `«=∞#∞ `å=Ú „ѨtflOK«∞HÀ"åe. „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅÖ’ "≥e¡qiã≤# áÈ~å@OÖ’ =∞øbfiÅ∞ (W™ê¡O ^è•i‡Hõ ѨO_ç`«∞Å∞) x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# áê„`«#∞ =¸_»= SHõº`«#∞ ™È^•Ç¨Ï~°}OQÍ q=iã¨∞Ok P~°= J^蕺ܫ∞O. D J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ KåÖÏ JѨÓ~°fiO Î J^蕺ܫ∞O K«iÛã¨∞ÎOk. =∞øbfiÅ QÆ∂iÛ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ XHõ =¸ã¨áÈ`« PÖ’K«# LOk. J#^Œy# q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ ~°K«~Ú`« áê~î°‰õΩʼnõΩ JOkOKå~°∞. JѨʒ¡ =∞`åʼnõΩ Jf`«OQÍ "å~°∞ H=ÅO ^è•i‡Hõ q+¨Ü∂ňH Ѩiq∞`«=∞ø`å~°h, Ãã‰õΩºÅ~ü q+¨Ü∂Ö’¡ „â◊^úŒ K«∂Ñ≤OK«~h ˆ « « ° Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑhH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏhHõO =∞^茺 =ºHõÎ"≥∞ÿ# ѨÅ∞=Ù~°∞ ÉèÏqã¨∞OÏ~°∞. WOH˘OK≥O B`åûÇ≤ωõΩÖˇ# 'P^è∞Œ xHõ`å—"å^Œ∞Å∞ =Úã≤O ã¨=∂[O Î · ¡ |Å"≥∞ÿ# ¿ãflǨÏÉèÏ"åxfl J<ÕHõ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}Å`À q=iOKå~°∞. „ѨÉèí∞=ÙÅ #∞O_ç „Ñ¨[Å "≥#∞Hõ|_»_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O D =∞øbfiÖË J<Õ `˘O^Œ~°áê@∞ x~°‚Ü«∂ʼnõΩ =ã¨∞ÎOÏ~°∞. D =~°‰õΩ =∞`åʼnõΩ Jf`«OQÍ =∞"Õ∞Hõ"≥∞ÿ L=∞‡_ç â◊„`«∞=Ù q∂^Œ ™êyOz# áÈ~°∞Ö’x J^蕺ܫ∞O D `«Ñ¨C_»∞ J=QÍǨÏ#ʼnõΩ ã¨=∂^è•#O K≥|∞`«∞Ok. 1857 áÈ~å@OÖ’#∂, qâıëêOâßÅ∞ áê~î‰Ωõ efl PHõ@∞ì‰Ωõ O@∂ P model #∞ <Õ_∞» J#∞ã¨iOKåeû# P=â◊ºHõ`#∞ ° « `«~åfi`« '*ÏfÜ≥∂^Œº=∞O— Ö’#∂ =∞øÖÏ<åÅ∞ áÈ+≤Oz# áê„`« ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞# „ѨKå~åxH˜ Ѩ~ÀHõOQÍ <˘H˜¯ K≥|∞`«∞Ok. =∞`«``Ϋ fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO J<ÕHõ =∂^躌 =∂Å ^•fi~å qâ◊$YÅOQÍ ∆ « <ÀK«∞HÀHõáÈ=_»O =Å¡ =∞øÖÏ<åÅ áê„`«#∞ =∞#O ã¨iQÍæ J~°úO KÕã¨∞HÀÖËHõ áÈ`«∞<åflO. "åºÑ≤ã¨∂Î Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅ =∞^茺 JQÍ^è•Å∞ ÜÕ∞~°Ê_»∞`«∞#fl <Õ ˜ ^Œ∞+¨¯~° ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ kÜ≥∂|O^£‰õΩ K≥Ok# =∞øÖÏ<åÅ∞ HÍh, ~Ú`«~°∞Å∞ HÍh, =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ HÀã¨O KÕã≤# 1857 #∞O_ç SHõº`å áê~îåÅ∞ <Õ~°∞Û HÀ"åeû# J=ã¨~°O ZO`À LOk. `åºQÍÅ∞ ã¨O㨇~°}©Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ#q. =∞i <Õ ˜ =∞øbfiÅ∞ "åi#∞O_ç U=∂„`«O „¿Ñ~°} =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å ^ÀÑ≤_ô q^è•<åÅÃÑ· ã¨=∞~°â◊OYO ѨÓiOz# ~åAÅ∞–~å}∞Å∞, á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞<åfl~°<Õk 'JÖ›OHÍ ã¨∂~å— JO`« ˜ „Ѩâ◊fl. „Ѩ[ŠѨ@¡ ZO`« Ç≤ÏO™ê`«‡HõOQÍ HõOÃÑh „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO =º=ǨÏiOzO^À q=iOKÕ U_»Œ= 1857 áÈ~åÏxH˜ HõÅO`À JO_»O^ŒÅOkOz# HõÅO Ü≥∂^è∞Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ <åÅæ= Œ » Œ J^蕺ܫ∞O '<åQÆiHõ`å— ~åÜ«∞ÉÏ~°∞Å∂, „ѨKå~°‰õΩÅ∂ Jx _»OÉÏÅ∞ ѨeH˜# POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ J^蕺ܫ∞O q=iã¨∞ÎOk. áÈ~å@Ü≥∂^èŒ∞ÅÖ’ L`åûǨÏO xOѨ_»OÖ’ L~°∂Ì [~°fle[O Jã¨Å∞ <åQÆiHõ`å |O_®~åxfl |Ü«∞@ÃÑ_»∞ÎOk. „Ѩ[Å#∞ terrorise KÕÜ«∞_»=∞<Õ^•xfl „Ѩ|Å áê„`«#∞ áÈ+≤OzOk. 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡O— áÈ~å@HÍ~°∞ÅO^Œ~°∂ 'L~°∂Ì— Ö’ =zÛ# =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å∞ XHõ 'q^è•#O—QÍ ZÖÏ ~°∂á⁄OkK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~À `Õ@`≥Å¡O KÕã¨∞ÎOk. D ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO ^•fi~å „¿Ñ~°} á⁄O^•~°∞. 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞— Ãã`O `«=∞ „ѨH@#Å#∞ 'L~°∂—Ì Ö’<Õ · « õ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ POˆQÜÚʼnõΩ `˘`«∞Å∞QÍ =º=ǨÏiOz# "å~°∞ ¡ « Î ~ÚKåÛ~°∞. JO>Ë 'L~°∂—Ì #∞ =Úã≤OÅ `«ÅʼnõΩ JO@QÆ ,ì˜ =∞`«O ~°OQÆ∞ ѨÙeq∞ `«~åfi`«~åfi`« ¡ Î `«~åfiu HÍÅOÖ’ 'Ѩ^ŒÇ¨~°}ÏÅ *ÏfÜ«∞<åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞— QÍ ZÖÏ J=`å~°"≥∞`åÎ~À Zxq∞^Œ= =∞`«`ffiHõiOz 'ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞— ÉèÏëê q<åâ◊<åxH˜ 1857 `«~åfi`Õ c*ÏÅ∞ Ѩ_®¤Ü∞x =∞#‰õΩ « « J^蕺ܫ∞O q=iã¨∞ÎOk. D J^蕺ܫ∞O `åºQÍÖÁHõ~°∞ KÕ¿ãÎ Éè’QÆÉèÏQͺÅ#∞ÉèíqOKÕk ã¨Ê+¨ì=∞ø`«∞Ok. ~ÚOHÀ~å Jx „Ѩtflã¨∞ÎOk. 13 14
  • 10. 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’ Z=i<≥·<å „Ñ¨`ÕºHõOQÍ PHõ@∞ìH˘x K≥OѨ Kè≥à◊√§=∞xÑ≤OKÕ „Ѩâ◊flÅ 1857 Ö’ '=Úã≤¡O— áê„`«#∞ '„Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ— K≥áêÊeû# J=ã¨~°=ÚO^• JO>Ë `«Ñ¨Ê =~å¬Å∞ ‰õΩiÑ≤OKÕk z=~°^# `˘q∞‡^Œ= J^蕺ܫ∞O.1857 áÈ~å@OÖ’ áêÖÁæx ã¨~fi=¸ ·≥ ° ‰õΩO_® LOk† =ÚYºOQÍ =∞`À<å‡^Œâ◊‰õΩÎÅ∞ q[$Oaèã¨∞Î#fl D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ nx J=ã¨~°O HÀÖ’Ê~Ú, `«~åfiu HÍÅOÖ’ ‰õÄ_® =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å ^•+‘ìHÍxH˜ QÆ∞Ô~·# =Úã≤¡OÅ K«i„`« ~ÚOHÍ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk.'ѨÙ@ìHõ=ÚO^Õ ^Õâ◊„^ÀǨïÅ *Ïa`åÖ’¡— =Úã≤¡OÅ #"≥∂^Œ∞ `«y#O`« „ѨKå~åxH˜ <ÀK«∞HÀHõ q㨇~°}‰õΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`ÀO^Œ#fl |Å"≥∞ÿ# „Ѩâßfl„™êÎxfl =∞# [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl q+¨=∞ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ ^Õâ◊O HÀã¨O =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ KÕã≤# `åºQÍÅ#∞ =∞m§–=∞m§ g∞kH˜ Z‰õΩ¯ÃÑ_»∞`«∂, K«i„`« ~°K<å âß„™êÎxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# ѨÅ∞ HÀ}ÏÅ#∞ ã¨Ê $tã¨∞Ok. « Î QÍ#O KÕÜ«∂eû# J=ã¨~°O LOk. JO`«Hõ<åfl =ÚYºOQÍ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõ"Õ∞ Ѩ~°=∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ J~Ú+¨OQÍ áÈ~å@OÖ’ áêÖÁæ<åeû# =zÛ# ~°≠ÏhûÅH©∆ ‡ ÉÏ~ÚH˜ JO`« „ѨKå~°O ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ ì „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åxfl <≥~°"Õ~°∞ã¨∞ÎOk. =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å ^•ã¨ºâ◊$OMÏÖÏÅ #∞O_ç '=∂`«$Éèí∂q∞— x ÅaèOz#@∞ì? HõuÎ KÕ`|˜ì QÆ∞„~°O q∂^Œ sîqQÍ ‰õÄ~ÀÛx LO_Õ P"≥∞ q„QÆÇÅ∞ JxflKÀÏ¡ « ¨ q=ÚHõÎO KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ QÆi˚ã¨∞Î#fl Ѷ≤~°Oy ‰õΩǨÏ~åÅ#∞ JkfifÜ«∞ ^è≥·~°ºO`À PeOQÆ#O ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ `å=∞~°`«OѨ~°QÍ "≥eã≤#@∞ì? ~°≠Ïhû ~å}˜ Hõ<åfl =∞iO`« JOH˜`« ÉèÏ=O`À, KÕã∞¨ H˘h, K≥@¡ H˘=∞‡Å‰õΩ LifÜ«∞|_ç TÜ«∞ÅÅ∂y WOHÍ WÖÏ Z<Àfl ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ ~°H`~Ê° } Îõ « ™êǨÏã¨O`À POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ#∞ kèHõ¯iOz# ÉËQÆO ǨÏ[~°`ü =∞ǨÏÖò‰õΩ JO`« „áê^è•#º`«, KÕã≤#O^Œ∞‰õÄ, ã¨~°fiO `åºQÆO KÕã≤#O^Œ∞‰õÄ ã¨fi`«O„`«º ÉèÏ~°`« „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO =Úã≤¡OÅ „ѨKå~°O ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÅaèOK«ÖË^Œ∞? Popular memory Ö’ ÅH©∆ ‡ÉÏ~ÚH˜ JO`« Ѩ ˜+¨ì ˆHq∞zÛOk? `åºQÍÅ ÉÏ@Ö’ ™êy#O^Œ∞‰õΩ ã¨fi`«O„`« ÉèÏ~°`«OÖ’ "åà◊§‰õΩ XiyO^ÕO˜? ™ê÷#O ZÖÏ, ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÅaèOzOk ÖÏO˜ „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞ =∞#ã¨∞efl =Úã¨∞~°∞ ‰õΩOÏ~Ú. nxfl ÖÏO˜ |Å"≥∞ÿ# „Ѩâ◊flÅ`À =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O ÉèÏ~°`« „ѨÉèí∞`åfixfl xÅnÜ«∂eû# Ö’`«∞QÍ Ñ¨ije¿ãÎ ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞ HÍÅO<å˜ =∞# '*ÏfÜ«∞— <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ =∞#ã¨∞efl J=ã¨~=ÚO^Œx Ѩ~ÀHõOQÍ K≥ÑÙ¨ Ok. ã¨=∂# ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=ÚÖˇ· áÈ~å_ç#O^Œ∞‰õΩ ã¨ÇÏ[=#~°∞Ö’¡ ° ∆ Î ¨ â’kèOKÕ J=HÍâ◊O HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. *ÏfÜ≥∂^Œº=∞ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ KÕ`#OQÍ<À, JKÕ`#OQÍ<À « « ã¨=∂# "åÏ#∞ _ç=∂O_£ KÕÜ«∞QÆeˆQ <≥·uHõ |ÖÏhfl, ǨωõΩ¯h =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜ 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂— Iconsx =∂„`«"Õ∞ *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ ™⁄O`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl áÈ~°áê@∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞O JO^Œ*ã∞On ѨÙã¨HÍ„ã¨O. q=H∆Í~°ÇÏ`«, Jã¨=∂#`å~°ÇÏ`« ÉèÏ~°`^âßxfl HÀˆ~"å~°O^ŒiH© Ë ¨Î Î Î ≤ ≤ « Õ |Ü«∞@Ѩ_»∞`«∞Ok† 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂— imagery x |ÅOQÍ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÃÑ˜ì „Ñ¨Kå~°O KÕã≤# ~ÚÖÏO˜ JHõ∆~å„™êÎÅ#∞ JO^ŒKÕã¨∞Î#fl #j~ü‰õΩ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ѨÓ~°fiHõOQÍ ã¨ÖÏO. Jã¨Å∞ '*ÏfÜ«∞`«— |O_®~°O |Ü«∞@Ѩ_»∞`«∞Ok.â∫~°º„Ѩ`åáêÅ#∞ „ѨfHõQÍ ÅH©∆ ‡ÉÏ~Úx 1857 QÆ∂iÛ L^èŒ$`«"≥∞ÿ# K«~°Û [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ~å=_»O, `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ Z=iH© JÉèíºO`«~åÅ∞ LO_»‰õÄ_»^Œ∞ QÍh, JO`«Hõ<åfl ™êǨÏã¨O`À JO^Œ∞<å `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ ~å=_»O =Ú^•=ǨÏO. =∞# ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ =∞# Hõ^äŒ#∞ =∞#‰õΩ XÑ≤QÍæ =º=ǨÏiOz# ǨÏ[~°`ü =∞ǨÏÖò Hõhã¨O „Ѩ™êÎ=<å~°›O HÍHõáÈ=_»O =∂„`«O `«Ñ¨ÊHõ K≥Ñ≤Ê# ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£‰õΩ Jã¨ûÖÏO. HõÅ=~°Ñ¨~°∞ã¨∞ÎOk. 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂— ~°OQÆ∞`À „Ѩ™ê~°"≥∞ÿ# J„QÆ=~°æ, J„QÆ=~°‚ *ÏfÜ«∞ ÉèÏ=# =Å¡ =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂["Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® '^Œo`«— ã¨=∂[O ‰õÄ_® f„= J<åºÜ«∂xH˜ QÆ∞Ô~·Ok. JO^Œ∞ˆH =∞# '„áê=∂}˜Hõ— K«i„`« ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÖ’¡ QÍh, áê~ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÖ’¡ HÍh, ^Œo`« áÈ~å@HÍ~°∞Å „Ѩ¨™êÎ=# Jã¨ûÅ∞ LO_»<Õ LO_»^∞Œ . XHõ "Õà◊ Z=Ô~<å LO>Ë 'followers' (J#∞K«~∞Å∞) QÍ =∂„`«"∞ · ° Õ LOÏ~°∞ HÍh, leaders ('<åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞—) QÍ LO_»~∞° ! ZO^Œ∞‰õΩO_»~<k |Ç≤Ï~°OQÆ ~°ÇÏ㨺"Õ∞ ° Õ ¨ !! D q^èŒOQÍ JO^Œ~°∂ =∞#ã¨∞Ãјì f„=OQÍ PÖ’zOKåeû# J=ã¨~°=ÚO^Œx <˘H˜¯ xâ◊≈|̉õΩ„@#∞ |^ŒúÅ∞ H˘@ì=∞x =∞#efl `˘O^Œ~°ÃÑ_»∞ÎOk D J^蕺ܫ∞O. 15 16
  • 11. 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ~°K«~Ú`« =∂@ áê„`«^è•~°∞Å∞ `«k`«~° q=~åÅ#∞ ã¨OH˜∆ѨÎOQÍ q=iOKå#∞. Ô~O_»∞, =¸_»∞, <åÅæ= J^蕺ܫ∂ÅÖ’ =~°∞ã¨QÍ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞, =∞øbfiÅ∞, <å˜ HõÅO Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å∞–Ѩ„uHõÅ∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# áê„`«#∞ H˘O`« q™êÎ~°OQÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl#∞. S^Œ= J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ 1857Ö’ ã¨Ü∞« º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’x =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ™êyOz# áÈ~åÏxfl q=iOKå#∞. D Kåi„`å`«‡Hõ q#∞H˘O_»–522647 áÈ~å@OÖ’ L=∞‡_ç â◊„`«∞=Ù‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ – =Úã≤¡O [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂ÅÖ’ QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ lÖÏ¡ "≥e¡qiã≤# JkfifÜ«∞ SHõº`«#∞ P~°= J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’, P ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞ ÃãÖò : 94402 41727 „Ѩ^Œi≈Oz# ~åHõ∆ã¨`åfixfl U_»= J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ `≥eÜ«∞KÕâß#∞. P<å_»∞ =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ q∂^Œ L=∞‡_ç áÈ~å@O [iÑ≤# Ü≥∂^è∞Å a_»Å Ѩiã≤`∞Å#∞, POˆQÜÚʼnõΩ =`åÎã∞QÍ Œ ¤ ÷ « ¡ « ¨ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O [iy 150 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ ѨÓ~°Î~Ú# q„^ÀǨxH˜ áêÅÊ_ç# qcè+¨} =∞#ã¨∞¯Öˇ·# „^ÀǨïÅ "å~°ã¨∞Å∞ JO^ŒÖÏÖˇH˜¯ Éè’QÆÉÏQͺÅ#∞ J#∞Éèqã¨∞#fl "åã¨"åxfl Zxq∞^Œ= J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ q=iOK«QÍ, `˘q∞‡^Œ= è í Î Î ã¨O^Œ~ƒ° OQÍ ˆHO„^Œ, ~åR „ѨÉ∞íè `åfiÅ∞ #∂ÏÜ«∂Éè·ˇ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ ã¨O|~åÅ#∞ [~°áêÅx ù J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ JÅ<å˜ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å `åºQÍÅ∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ q㨇~°}‰õΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`«∞<åflÜ«∞#fl x~°~ÚOKå~Ú. D "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ "å~°Å∞, HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å q=~åÅ∞ "≥Å∞=_®¤~Ú. P ã¨O^Œ~ƒ° OQÍ ‚ Î ù q+¨Ü«∂xfl K«~°Û‰õΩ J=HÍâ◊O HõeÊã¨∂Î áê~î°‰õΩÅ =ÚO^Œ∞OKå#∞. XHõ~ÀA '`≥Å∞QÆ∞ ã¨∂¯Öò PѶπ [~°fle[O JO_£ =∂ãπ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨<£û— (ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£) HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞OÖ’ ‰õÄ~ÀÛx, W`«~° q∞„`«∞Å`À HõÅã≤ ã¨∂¯Öò kfifÜ«∞ ã¨O=`«û~°O D q^èŒOQÍ `˘q∞‡k J^蕺ܫ∂Å∞QÍ q_»Q˘@ì|_ç ™êy# „QÆO^äŒ ~°K«#Ö’ „Ѩ}ÏoHõ#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ Kտ㠄Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ L<åflO. H˘xfl q+¨Ü∂Å#∞ K«iÛOKÕ@ѨC_»∞ P ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl =∞iO`« ѨiѨÙ+¨O KÕã,≤ áê~î‰Ωõ ʼnõΩ « ì ° 㨄=∞QÆ ^Œ$+≤ì HõÅ∞QÆ*˿㠄Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ ѨÙ#~°∞H˜Î JHõ¯_»Hõ¯_® `«Ñ¨ÊÖË^Œ∞. JÖψQ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞ 150 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ ã¨O|~åÅ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞OÖ’ J=∞~°Qux á⁄Ok# Ü≥∂^è∞ʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# ã¨=∂Kå~°O Æ Œ QÆ∞iOz Ü«∞^ä•ÖÏѨOQÍ =∂Ï¡_»∞‰õΩO@∞O_»QÍ, 1857 q∂^Œ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ã¨OzHõ QÆ`«OÖ’x <å „QÆO^ä•Å ^•fi~å `≥Å∞QÆ∞ áê~î°‰õΩʼnõΩ JOkOz L<åfl#∞ Hõ#∞Hõ '1857 fã¨∞‰õΩ =¿ãÎ ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞O^Œx 'w@∞~å~Ú— "å~°Ñ¨„uHõ ÉÏ^èŒ∞ºÅ∞ J|∞ÌÖò "åÃÇÏ^£ `«# ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞— „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ P q=~åÅ#∞ W=fiÖË^Œ∞. PÖ’K«##∞ q∞„`«∞Å =ÚO^Œ∞Oz, PiìHÖòû Ѩ~OQÍ ã¨ÇÏHõiOKåeûOkQÍ ##∞fl HÀ~å~°∞. õ ° ¨ D „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ KÕiÛ# ѨÅ∞ z„`åÅ∞, áÈ’Å∞ qq^èŒ "≥ÉòÃã·òÅ∞, ÉèÏ~°`« HÍ^Œ<Õ=ÚOk. P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ =∂`Àáê@∞ ã¨=∂"Õâ◊OÖ’ L#fl '`≥Å∞QÆ∞ W™ê¡q∞H± „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO „ѨK«∞iOz# ѨÅ∞ ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú Ñ¨tÛ=∞ ɡOQÍÖò ~å„+¨ì „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û „@ãπì— ã¨OKåʼnõΩÅ∞ JÉσ^Œ∞ÖÏ¡ `«Hõ∆}"Õ∞ ã¨ÊOkã¨∂Î 1857Ö’ =Úã≤¡OÅ „ѨK«∞iOz# „QÆO^äŒO #∞O_ç ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞ÛH˘<åflO. ã¨=∞~°Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å H˘xfl z„`åÅ#∞ áê„`« q∂^Œ „QÆO^äŒO ‰õÄ_® `≥¿ãÎ ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞O^Œ<åfl~°∞. w@∞~å~Ú HÀã¨O ~åÜ«∞É’ÜÕ∞ POˆQ¡Ü«∞ JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ `«=∞ „QÆO^ä•ÅÖ’ ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl =~°‚#Å#∞ |˜ì TÇ≤ÏOz „Ѩ=ÚY ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl „QÆO^äŒOQÍ „ѨK«∞i^•ÌO J<åfl~°∞. P „Ѩ™êÎ=#`À <å ÉÏ^茺`« =∞iO`« z„`«HÍ~°∞Å ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O`À ~°∂á⁄OkOK«_»O [iyOk. Z‰õΩ¯=~ÚºOk. D ѨÙã¨ÎHõ ~°K«#‰õΩ J=ã¨~°=∞QÆ∞ qâı+¨ ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl ¿ãHõiOK«@OÖ’ KåÖÏ P ã¨=∂"Õâ◊OÖ’ ™êy# K«~°ÛŠѶ¨e`«"Õ∞ WѨC_»∞ q∂ KÕ`«∞Ö’¡ L#fl 1857ó „â◊q∞OKåeû =zÛOk. P „â◊=∞#∞ KåÖÏ "Õ∞~°‰õΩ `«yæã¨∂Î |Ǩï„QÆO^äŒ ~°K«~Ú`« Prof. =Úã≤¡OÅ∞. D „QÆO^ä•xfl "≥Ú`«ÎOQÍ `˘q∞‡k J^蕺ܫ∂Å∞QÍ qÉèílOKå#∞. "≥Ú^Œ ˜ Shamshul Islam ( Delhi University, Delhi) „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ `À_®Ê@∞xKåÛ~°∞. <å J^蕺ܫ∞OÖ’ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O P~°OÉèíO #∞O_ç JO`«O ^•HÍ Ñ¨ÓiÎ ~°K«#Å#∞ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ Ñ¨ijeOK«@"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® J=ã¨~°=∞QÆ∞ „QÆO^ä•Å#∞ ã¨∂zOz, Hõ^äŒ<åxfl XHõ =~°∞㨠„Hõ=∞OÖ’, PÜ«∂ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∞, Ѷ¨∞ÏìÅ∞, PÜ«∂ Ѷ¨∞ÏìÅÖ’x P „QÆO^ä•Å∞ ÅÉèíºOHÍHõ <Õ#∞ J=ã¨÷Å∞ Ѩ_»∞`«∞O>Ë, =ºÜ«∞ „Ѩܫ∂ã¨Å HÀiÛ, P 17 18
  • 12. 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ „QÆO^ä•Å#∞ qq^èŒ „áêO`åÅ #∞O_ç `å#∞ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ ¿ãHõiOz <å‰õΩ J=ã¨~°=∞QÆ∞ q∞„`«∞ʼnõΩ, D „QÆO^äO z`«∞„ΠѨux K«kq, ѨÅ∞ ã¨∂K«#Å∞ KÕã# „Ѩ=ÚY áê„uˆHÜ«ÚÅ∞ Œ ≤ ÉèÏQÍÅ#∞ l~åH±û HÍÑ‘Å∞ f~ÚOz ѨOÑ≤OK«_"∞ H͉õΩO_®, `«# ã¨fiO`« „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∞O » Õ J|∞ÌÖò "åÃÇÏ^£ QÍiH˜ (w@∞~å~Ú–ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£), „ѨÓѶπ s_çOQ∑Ö’ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOz# Ö’x „QÆO^ä•Å#∞, `å#∞ ¿ãHõiOz# ѨÅ∞ qÅ∞"≥·# K«i„`« Ѩ„`åÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® l~åH±û =ÚǨÏ=∞‡^£ J|∞ÌÖò =∞f<£ L„q∞ QÍiH˜ (w@∞~å~Ú–ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£), =ÚYz„`åxfl f~ÚOz WKåÛ~°∞. JO^ŒOQÍ _ç*ˇ·<£ KÕã≤# „Ѩ=ÚY z„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ J|∞ÌÖÏ¡ QÍiH˜ (q[Ü«∞"å_»), ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl J^Õ q^èŒOQÍ Baba Saheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University Ããò KÕã# ÅOHÍ ÅH©∆ ‡<å~åÜ«∞} (w@∞~å~Ú–ÃÇÏ^Œ~åÉÏ^£) QÍiH˜, <å „Ñ¨u „ѨÜ∞« `åflxfl ≤ · Lucknow K≥Ok# K«i„`« âßMÏkèÑu Mr.Mahaboob Basha ZO`À =ºÜ«∞„ѨÜ∂ã¨Å ¨ « `«# Pjã¨∞ûÅ`À |ÅO KÕ‰õÄiÛ# =∂ J=∞‡ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ ca*Ï<£‰õΩ, Jxfl ã¨=∞Ü«∂ÅÖ’ HÀiÛ Ñ¨Å∞ „áêO`åÅ #∞O_ç <å‰õΩ J=ã¨~°=∞QÆ∞, <å‰õΩ J=ã¨~°=∞x `å#∞ ÉèÏqOz# ##∞fl „áÈ`«ûÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î, <å ~°K«<å "åºã¨OQÍxH˜ U q^èŒ"≥∞ÿ# J@OHõO HõÅ∞QƉõΩO_® „QÆO^ä•Å#∞ ¿ãHõiOz, =∞iH˘xfl J=¸Åº „QÆO^ä•Å#∂, Ç≤ÏOn, POQÆ¡ ÉèÏ+¨ÅÖ’x `À_®Ê@∞#Okã¨∞Î#fl <å rq`« ã¨Ç¨ÏK«i}˜ ¿+H± ~°q∞*Ï ÉÏ#∞‰õΩ <å ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ѨÓ~°fiHõ ѨÅ∞ Ѩ„uHõÅ#∞ l~åH±û f~ÚOz ѨOÑ≤ ã¨=∂Kå~° ¿ãHõ~°}Ö’ <åÔHO`À `À_®Ê@∞ ^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞ `≥Å∞ѨىõΩO@∞<åfl#∞. #OkOKå~°∞. D „QÆO^ä•xH˜ ~°K«~Ú`«#∞ <Õ<≥·<å, ã¨=∂Kå~° ¿ãHõ~°} =^ŒÌ #∞O_ç, P <Õ#∞ ã¨Éèíº`«fiO HõeyÜ«Ú#fl Centre For Study of Society and Secu- ã¨=∂Kå~°O ѨÙã¨HO ~°∂ѨO fã¨∞H˘x áê~î‰Ωõ ʼnõΩ KÕ~=~°‰Ωõ ™êy# D <å „Ñ¨Ü∞« `«flOÖ’ Îõ ° ˆ larism (Mumbai), <å‰õΩ ѨiK«Ü«∞O L#fl Indian Association of Muslim So- ÃÑ# ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl „Ѩ=ÚY∞Å∞, ã¨xflÇ≤Ï`«∞Å∞, q∞„`«∞Å∞ „Ѩ`º« HõOQÍ ã¨ÇÏHõiOz<å, Ѩ~ÀHõOQÍ · ∆ ¨ ∆ cial Scientists (New Delhi), Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi) KÕÜ«¸`« xzÛ#"å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® ѨÅ∞=Ù~°∞<åfl~°∞. P HÍ~°}OQÍ D „QÆO^äŒO '=º+≤ìHõ$+≤— ÖÏO˜ ã¨Oã¨Å #∞O_ç ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ LѨÜÚHõ=∞QÆ∞ ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÅaèOzOk. Jawahar ÷ « Î QÍ <Õ#∞ ÉèÏqOK«@O ÖË^Œ∞† 'ã¨=∞+≤ìHõ$+≤— Ѷ¨e`«=∞x QÆ ˜ìQÍ #=Ú‡`«∞<åfl#∞. D Lal Nehru University (New Delhi), Alighar Muslim University (Alighar) Å ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ <å Hõ$+≤Ö’ Jxfl q^è•Å KÕÜ«¸`«x=fi_»"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_®, K«Hõ¯x ã¨ÅǨÅ∞– „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∂Å #∞O_ç KåÖÏ ã¨=∂Kå~°O ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl#∞. ã¨=∂Kå~° ¿ãHõ~°}Ö’ ã¨∂K«#Å#∂ JOkOz# „Ѩu XHõ¯iH©˜ <å ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ѨÓ~°fiHõ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞. =∞„^•ã¨∞Ö’x Hõ<≥fl=∞~å „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∞O, q[Ü«∞"å_»Ö’x Ram Mohan Free Li- ÉèÏ~°`« ^Õâ◊OÖ’x Jxfl ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å∞ ã¨^Œ=QÍǨÏ#`À, brary & Readig Room, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞Ö’x „áêOfÜ«∞ „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∞O, q#∞H˘O_» ã¨^•ƒù=#`À, ™ê=∞~°ã¨º "å`å=~°}OÖ’, Jxfl ~°HÍÅ Jã¨=∂#`«Å#∞ `˘ÅyOK«∞‰õΩx, Ö’x âßMÏ „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∞O, ÃÇÏ^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞, JbѶ∞~ü, _èb,¡ =∞„^•ã¨∞, ÉÁOÉÏ~Ú, áêÏfl, · ¨ ç âßOuÜ«Ú`«OQÍ Q“~°=„Ѩ^Œ"≥∞ÿ# rq`åÅ#∞ ™êyOKåÅ#flk <å PHÍOHõ∆. D Pâ◊Ü«∞ "Õ@áêÖˇO, ~å[=∞O„_ç `«k`«~° „áêO`åÅÖ’ QÆŠѨÅ∞ „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∂Å JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞, ™ê^èŒ# kâ◊QÍ <Õ#∞ Z#∞fl‰õΩ#fl ~°OQÆOÖ’ ~°K«~Ú`«QÍ <å Ju z#fl „Ѩܫ∞`åflxH˜ ã≤|ƒOn <åÔHO`À ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOKå~°∞. KÕÜ«¸`«xã¨∞Î#fl „Ѩu XHõ¯iH˜ ¿Ñ~°∞¿Ñ~°∞<å ^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞. D „QÆO^ä•xfl K«kq# áê~î°‰õ D ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxH˜ „Ѩ=∂}"åHõºO ~åã≤zÛ Prof. I. Thirumali, Head of the q∞„`«∞Å #∞O_ç =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞–KÕ~∞ÊÅ∞, ã¨∂K«#Å∞–ã¨ÅǨÅ#∞, `«á⁄ÊѨCÅ#∞ q#„=∞OQÍ ° Department of History, Sri Venkateswra College, Delhi University (DelhI) PǨfixã¨∞Î<åfl#∞. <å „Ñ¨Ü∞`åflÅ#∞ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. ÉÏÉÏ™êÃÇÏÉò JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü HO„nÜ«∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O « ˆ (ÅHÀfl) K«i„`« âßMÏkèѨu =∞ǨÏ|∂Éò ÉÏëê ѨiK«Ü«∞"åHõºO ~åã≤=fi_»"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl q=∞~°≈<å`«‡Hõ ^Œ$+≤ì`À K«kq J=ã¨~°O JxÊOz# =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ KÕ~°∞ÊÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® ã¨∂zOKå~°∞. D q^èŒOQÍ <å‰õΩ Jxfl q^è•Å ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOz#–„áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOz# ÃÑ^ŒÌÅ∞, 19 20
  • 13. 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ JOH˜`«O... =Úã≤O =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ʼnõΩ ¡ =∞iÜ«Ú „Ñ≤Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ# J~åúOy ¿+H± ~°q∞*Ï ÉÏ#∞‰õΩ Pf‡Ü«∞OQÍ... 21 22
  • 14. 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ J^蕺ܫ∞O – 1 D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ ÉèÏ~°`å=xÖ’x „Ѩ^è•# ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Öˇ·# Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂– =Úã≤¡OÅ =∞^茺 Ѩ ˜+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# SHõº`« =ºHõÎ"≥∞ÿOk. D SHõº`«#∞ QÆ=∞xOz# „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞ HõÅ=~°Ñ¨_®¤~°∞. D SHõº`« `«=∞ JkèHÍ~° „áêÉèí="≥·Éèí"åʼnõΩ Q˘_»¤e ÃÑ@∞ì HÍQÆÅ^Œx ÉèÜ∞« Ѩ_# POˆQÜÚÅ∞ qÉèlOK«∞–áêeOK«∞ ‰õΩ˜Å hux J=∞Å∞ѨiÛ, í ç ¡ « í K«i„`«#∞ =„H©H}ʼnõΩ QÆ∞iKÕã,≤ ѨÅ∞ ‰õΩÜ«Ú‰õΩʼnõΩ áêÅÊ_ç "≥Ú`«O q∂^Œ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ#∞ õ Î Î =∞`« O ¿Ñ~° ∞ `À =∂#ã≤ H õ O QÍ Ç≤ Ï O^Œ ∞ =ÙÅ∞–=Úã≤ ¡ O Å∞QÍ qÉè í l OK« @ OÖ’ Hõ$`«Hõ$`«∞ºÅÜ«∂º~°∞. D „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ =Úã≤¡OÅ q∂^Œ Jã¨`«º„ѨKå~åÅ#∞ JO|~åxfl JO>Ë^•HÍ ™êyOKå~°∞. P „ѨKå~åʼnõΩ JHõ~~∂ѨO HõeÊOz xH˜ÑO KÕã≤ ã≤~Ñ~åÛ~°∞. ∆°° ∆ Ψ ÷° ¨ P „Ѩ"åǨÏOÖ’ ã¨fi^Õj K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ H˘@∞ìHõáÈÜ«∂~°∞. z=~°‰õΩ POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ ‰õΩ„@ ѶeOz WO_çÜ∂ qÉè[# =~°‰Ωõ ™êyOk. D q^èOQÍ qÉè[#‰õΩ ^•ifã≤# Ѩiã≤`∞« Å∞, ¨ « í Œ í ÷ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ P ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ [iy# ^•~°∞}ÏÅ∞, á⁄~°∞QÆ∞ ^Õâ◊OQÍ U~°Ê_ç# áêH˜™êÎ<£`À [iy# Ü«Ú^•úÅ∞ `«^Œ∞Ѩi U~°Ê_ç# L„kHõΠѨiã≤÷`«∞Å∞ JÅ<å˜ SHõº`«‰õΩ `«∂@∞¡ á⁄_çz qaè#fl [# „âı}∞ÅÖ’ Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~°O L#fl ã¨^•ƒù=#‰õΩ zK«∞ÛÃÑÏì~Ú. 1857 <å˜ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`«ºã¨O„QÍ=∞O ÉèÏ~°°`«^Õâ◊ K«i„`«Ö’ =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O q∂^Œ "≥∂Ѩ|_ç# qÉèí[# J#∞ ~°∞A=ÙHÍx HÍÖËx =∞Ǩϟ[˚fiŠѶ¨∞@ìO. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ áÈ~å@ Ѩ ˜=∞‰õÄ, â∫~°º„Ѩ`åáêʼnõÄ, x~°∞Ѩ=∂# <Õ~°O ã¨$+≤ìOz# „Ѩ`ÕºHõ =∂#ã≤Hõ Ѩiã≤÷u K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å#∞, ~°K«~Ú`«Å#∞ ‰õÄ_® ^ÕâÉHH˜ xÅ∞=Ù@^ŒO. D áÈ~å@OÖ’, ÉèÏ~°`^âÑÙ¨ JuÃÑ^ŒÌ JÅÊ ã¨OMϺHõ =~°"∞# ◊ íè Θ Ì « Õ ◊ æ ≥ÿ `åH˜Ok. ÉèÏ~°`« qÉè[<å#O`«~° Ѩi}Ï=∂Å =Å# JѨ~å^èŒ ÉèÏ=#‰õΩ QÆ∞iKÕÜ∞|_ç# í « =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O J^Œ∞ƒù`«"≥∞ÿ# ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl JOkã¨∂Î =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ™êyOk. D =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O ã¨∞+¨µáêÎ=ã¨÷Ö’H˜ x„+¨¯q∞OzOk. P HÍ~°}OQÍ qâ◊$OYÅOQÍ áÈ~° ∞ Ö’ J„QÆ É è Ï QÍ# xÅz P^Œ ~ ° ≈ =O`« " ≥ ∞ ÿ # áê„`« # ∞ x~° fi Ç≤ Ï Oz W`« ~ ° „ѨKå~°=∞ø`«∞#fl JáÈǨÏÅ#∞–Jã¨`åºÅ#∞ P kâ◊QÍ ™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl J#∞z`« K«~°ºÅ#∞ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂ʼnõΩ `«Å=∂}˜Hõ=∞~ÚºOk. =Úã≤¡"Õ∞`«~° ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [# ã¨=¸Ç¨Å`À =∞"Õ∞Hõ"≥∞ÿ, Ѩ~å~Ú áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ L"≥fi`«∞Î# ™êy# ã¨=∞~°OÖ’ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fi =Úã≤O ã¨=∂[O "åã¨"åÅ`À |ÅOQÍ uÑ≤ÊH˘@ìÖHáÈ~ÚOk. =Úã≤"∞`«~° ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜ ¡ Î Ëõ ¡ Õ áê„`«#∞ KÕѨ ˜ì `«# q^Œ∞ºHõÎ ^èŒ~å‡xfl JѨÓ~°fi"≥∞ÿ# suÖ’ x~°fiiÎOzOk. `«# ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ =∞ǨÏ`«Î~° `åºQÆ=∞Ü«∞ áê„`«#∞ q=iOK«ÖËHõáÈ~ÚOk. K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞, Ѩiâ’^茉õΩÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® Jã¨`åºÅ [_ç"å#Ö’ ‰õΩ<åiÅ∞¡`«∞#fl D áÈ~å@OÖ’ JѨÓ~°fi `åºQÍÅ`À, Jã¨=∂# |e^•<åÅ`À =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ѨÙh`«∞ÅÜ«∂º~°∞. P_»–=∞QÆ, ÉÏÅ∞_»∞–=$^Œ∞ú_»∞ `Õ_® ÖˉõΩO_® ã¨=∞~°jÅ áê„`« =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# x*Ïx*ÏÅ#∞ x~åúiOz „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ "åã¨Î"åÅ∞ JOkOK« x~°fiÇ≤Ïã¨∂Î, ZHõ¯_® ~årѨ_»‰õΩO_® `«=∞ „áê}ÏÅ#∞ |eÃјì ã¨fi^Õâ◊O #∞O_ç =Å㨠ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~°∞. JÅ<å_»∞ `«=∞ ™êfi~°÷O HÀã¨O =Åã¨"å^Œ K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ ã¨$+≤ìOz# áêʼnõΩÅ#∞ `«iq∞ H˘ÏìÅ#fl ^Œ$_è» ã¨OHõÅÊO`À Jx~°fiK«hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# `åºQÍÅ`À K«i„`« =Úã≤¡O =ºuˆ~Hõ K«i„`« JHõ∆~° ~°∂ѨOÖ’ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_ç#O^Œ∞# P „ѨÉèÏ=O #∞O_ç ã¨fi^Õj ã¨$+≤ìOKå~°∞. z=~°‰õΩ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O W™ê¡q∞H± ‰õΩ„@ Jx POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞ K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® |Ü«∞@Ѩ_» ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å# =Úã≤¡O Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å `åºQÆ ÉèÏqOz#O`« ˜ „Ѩ^è•# áê„`«#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. K«i`«Å∞ JHõ∆~° ~°∂ѨOÖ’ xH˜∆ѨÎO HÍÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~Ú. 23 24
  • 15. =Úã≤OÅ∞ ¡ 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ Ñ[ʼnõΩ KÕ~∞° =HÍx ã¨=∂Kå~°O „ ¨ ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’x Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡O [#ã¨=¸Ç¨Å =∞^茺 ã¨^•ƒù=#‰õΩ, ã¨^Œ= JO^Œ∞=Å# ™ê^è•~°} K«i„`« „QÆO^ä•ÅÖ’ `åºQÆ^èŒ#∞Öˇ·# =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ KåÖÏ QÍǨÏ#‰õΩ ~ÚÖÏO˜ Ѩi}Ï=∂ÖË P@OHõOQÍ =∂i „Hõ=∞„Hõ=∞OQÍ PÜ«∂ =~°‰Ωõ HõxÊOK«~∞° . XHõi^Œ~∞° HõxÊOz<å J##º ™ê=∂#º"≥∞# "åi ™êǨÏã¨O, `åºQÍÅ∞, Ì ÿ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å =∞^茺 =∂#ã≤Hõ Z_»O U~°Ê_»ÏxH˜ „Ѩ^è•#O HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú. Ju ™ê^è•~°} ™ê÷~Ú q=~°}Å`À =~°‚#Å`À ã¨iÃÑ@ì|_®¤~Ú. |Ǩïà◊ „áêK«∞~°ºOÖ’ D JQÍ^ä•xfl =∞iO`« ÃÑOz áÈ+≤Oz XHõ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [#ã¨=¸Ç¨xH˜ UÔH·Hõ L#fl áêѨÙÅ~ü K«i„`« „QÆO^ä•ÅÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ g~Àz`« QÍ^äŒÅ∞ ã¨Ô~·# ™ê÷#O á⁄O^ŒÖËHõ „Ѩux^äŒ∞Å∞QÍ „ѨHõ ˜OK«∞‰õΩx ~å[º"Õ∞ÖÏÅx Ptã¨∞Î#fl ~å[H©Ü«∞ =∞`À<å‡^Œâ◊‰õΩÎÅ∞ áÈÜ«∂~Ú. PÜ«∂ Hõ^äŒ<åÅ∞ „áêOfÜ«∞ K«i„`« „QÆO^ä•ÅÖ’QÍx, áê~î°º ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅÖ’QÍx –=º‰õΩÎÅ∞ D J"åOKè«hÜ«∞ "å`å=~°}Ïxfl ÉÏQÍ "å_»∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~Ú. 㨄Hõ=∞OQÍ KÀ@∞ KÕã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞. Ѷ¨e`«OQÍ Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î `«~åʼnõΩ JÅ<å˜ J=¸Åº =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# K«i„`«#∞ =∞iO`«QÍ =„H©HõiOz =Úã≤¡"Õ∞`«~° ã¨=∂Kå~°O JO^Œ‰õΩO_® áÈ~ÚOk. „Ѩ[Ö’¡ JáÈǨÏÅ#∞–Jáê~å÷Å#∞ ã¨$+≤ã∞¨ <åfl~Ú. D ^Œ∞„+¨ÊKå~åxfl KåÖÏ Ñ¨H_ƒOnQÍ ì Î õ » H˘#™êyã¨∂Î H˘O`« "Õ∞~°‰õΩ q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOKå~Ú. D Jã¨`«º„ѨKå~°O „Ѩ[Å#∞ ZO`«QÍ „ѨÉèÏq`«O KÕã≤O^ŒO>Ë =Úã≤¡"Õ∞`«~°∞Å∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ `åºQÍŠѨ@¡ J*Ï˝<åxfl =ºHõÎO KÕ¿ãO`« ™ê÷~Ú =~°‰õΩ ™êyOk. JѨÓ~°fi `åºQÍÅ K«i„`« JO^ŒiH© `≥eÜ«∂e D J"åOKè«hÜ«∞ Ѩiã≤÷ux K«Hõ¯k^•Ìeû# J=ã¨~°O ZO`À LOk. ÉèÏ~°`« ^Õâ◊OÖ’x Jxfl ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å `åºQÍÅ∞ „Ѩu XHõ¯ ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂xH˜ `≥eÜ«∂eû LOk. |Ǩïà◊ ã¨O㨯 $f ã¨Éèíº`«Å`À qÅã≤Å∞¡`«∞#fl ѨÅ∞ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å QÆ_»¤ J~Ú#@∞O˜ WO_çÜ«∂Ö’x [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å =∞^茺 ã¨∞ǨÏ$^•ƒù= "å`å=~°}O U~°Ê_»_®xH˜ K«i„`«Ö’ PÜ«∂ ã¨=¸Ç¨Å∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# áê„`« P „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ã¨=¸Ç¨xH˜ =∂„`«"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® W`«~° ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂ʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® 1856Ö’ H˘=Ùfi ѨÓÜ«∞|_ç# H˘`«Î ~°HõO `«∂ÏÅ qxÜ≥∂QÆO `«=∞ =∞`« qâßfi™êʼnõΩ qѶ¨∂`«=∞x `≥eÜ«∂eû# J=ã¨~°O KåÖÏ LOk. P„QÆÇ≤ÏOz# ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ `«∞áê‰õΩÅ#∞ â◊√„ÉèíO KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ K«iÛOK«∞‰õΩO@∞#fl ^Œ$â◊ºO. aè#fl`«fiOÖ’ UHõ`«fiO, UHõ`«fiOÖ’ aè#fl`åfixfl JO`«~åfiÇ≤ÏHõQÍ JOwHõiã¨∂Î, ™ê=∂#º K«i„`« „QÆO^ä•Å ^•fi~å `ÕeQÍæ ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÅaèOKÕ J=HÍâ◊O HõÅã≤"≥∞Åã≤ x=ã≤ã¨∞Î#fl |Ǩïà◊ ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂ʼnõΩ =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ ¿ã=Ö’ ѨÙh`«"≥∞ÿ# ÖË#O^Œ∞#, HõàÏ~°∂áêʼnõΩ, ™êÇ≤Ï`«º „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞ʼnõΩ, „ѨKå~° =∂^茺=∂ʼnõΩ =Úã≤¡OÅ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å áê„`«, PÜ«∂ `åºQÍÅ K«i„`« `≥eã≤#ѨC_»∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ qq^èŒ âߡѶ¨∞hÜ«∞ `åºQÆ K«i„`«Å∞ Hõ^ä• =ã¨∞Î=Ù HÍÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~Ú. P HÍ~°}OQÍ =Úã≤¡OÅ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å =∞^躌 # Ѩ~ãÊ~°O Q“~°=O U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. P Q“~°=O ^•fi~å „¿Ñ=∂aè ° ¨ `åºQÍÅ∞, P<å˜ g~Àz`« áÈ~å@ Ѷ¨∞ÏìʼnõΩ =∞# ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’ ã¨Ô~·# ™ê÷#O =∂<åÅ∞ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_»`å~Ú. ÅaèOK«ÖË^Œ∞. HõàÏ–™êÇ≤Ï`«º =∂^茺=∂Å ^•fi~å [#ÉÏǨïà◊ºOÖ’H˜ "åi `åºQÍÅ∞ P "å`å=~°}O aè#fl ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å =∞^茺 ã¨^Œ=QÍǨÏ#, ã¨^•ƒù=#, „ѨãiOK«HáÈ=@O =Å# P `«~∞° "åu `«~åʼnõΩ PÜ«∂ Kåi„`«Hõ q+¨Ü∂Å∞ `«y#O`«QÍ ¨ õ « ã¨Ç≤Ï+¨µ‚`«‰õΩ ѨÙ<åk J=Ù`«∞Ok. D "å`å=~°}OÖ’ =∂„`«"Õ∞ Ö∫H˜Hõ =º=ã¨÷ Ѩi_è»qÅ∞¡ ѨiK«Ü«∞O HÍÖË^Œ∞. `«∞Ok. D ™ê#∞‰õÄÅ =∂#ã≤Hõ ã≤÷uÖ’ =∞`« q^ÕfiëêÅ∞ =∞˜ìÖ’ HõÅã≤ âßOu– 25 26
  • 16. =Úã≤OÅ∞ ¡ 1857 ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ™ê=∞~°ã¨ºO =∞iO`«QÍ Ñ¨ ˜+¨ì=∞ø`«∞Ok. âßOu–™ê=∞~°™êºÅ`À qÅã≤Å∞¡`«∞#fl U„Ñ≤Öò 8# LitHõ∆ qkèOKå~°∞. D ã¨OѶ∞¨ @#`À ã≤áê~¸Å∞ =∞iO`«QÍ ~zÛáÈÜ«∂~°∞. Ô ã¨=∂[OQÍx, ^Õâ◊OQÍx x~å@OHõOQÍ JÉèí∞º#flu kâ◊QÍ ™êyáÈ`«∞Ok. D "å`å=~°}OÖ’ ã¨fi^Õj Ãã·x‰õΩÅ #∞O_ç u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ „Ѩ=∂^•xfl TÇ≤ÏOz# HõOÃÑh Ãã·xHÍkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ ÉϺ~°H±Ñ¨Ó~ü Ãã·xHõ™ê÷=~°OÖ’x ã≤áê~¸Å#∞ J==∂#Hõ~° „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞ â◊OMÏ~å=O suÖ’ x~åÜ«Ú^èŒ∞Å#∞ KÕâß~°∞. „Ѩ^=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞ â◊OMÏ~å"åxfl Dãπì WO_çÜ∂ HõOÃÑh H˘Å∞=ÙÖ’ Œä « ã¨fi^Õj Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_»∞ =∞OQÆà◊ áêO_Õ#∞ LifÜ«∞_»O, `«=∞#∞ x~åÜ«Ú^èŒ∞Å#∞ L#fl ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ ɡOQÍÖòÖ’x |~°Ç¨ÏOѨÓ~üÖ’ (Berhanpore) ѨÓiOKå~°∞. KÕÜ«∞_»O ÖÏO˜ J==∂#Hõ~° q^è•<åÅ =Å# ã≤áê~¸Å∞ =∞iO`«QÍ =∞O_çѨ_®Ì~°∞. D u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞‰õΩ `«Hõ∆} „Ѩ^è•# HÍ~°}O POˆQ¡Ü«∞ Ãã·xHÍkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ „Ѩ"Õâ◊Ãјì# P P„QÆǨÏO HõOÃÑh P^èŒfi~°ºOÖ’x W`«~° „Ѩ=ÚY Ãã·xHõ ™ê÷=~åʼnõΩ áêH˜Ok. ã¨fi^Õj H˘`«~HO `«∂ÏÅ∞ HÍ=@O qâı+O. D `«∂ÏʼnõΩ =Úã≤OÅ∞ Jq„`«"∞# [O`«∞=ÙQÍ Î°õ ¨ ¡ ≥ÿ áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ KÕã# "åQÍÌ<åÅ#∞ `«ÑÊ, ™ê„=∂[º qã¨~} HÍOHõ`À ã¨fi^Õj ã¨O™ê÷<åÅ#∞ ≤ ≤ ΰ ∆ ѨiQÆ}˜OKÕ Ñ¨O^Œ∞Å∞, Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ Ѩq„`«OQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕ QÀ=ÙÅ #∞O_ç fã≤# H˘=Ùfi#∞ |Å=O`«OQÍ ™êfinè#O KÕã∞‰õΩO@∞#fl HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ K«~º° Å∞, "å˜ Ñ¨~º° =™ê<åÅ∞, ¨ ѨÓÜ«∞@O [iyOk. P `«∂ÏÅ#∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOKåÅO>Ë `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ P H˘=Ùfi#∞ ã≤áê~¸Å P„QÆÇyflH˜ P[ºO áÈã≤Ok. D <ÕÑ^ºŒä OÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`å=xÖ’ „Ѩ^=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ¨ ¨ Œä <À˜`À H˘~°HÍeû =ã¨∞Ok. P HÍ~°}OQÍ `«=∞ qâßfi™êʼnõΩ qѶ∂`«O HõeOKÕ #∂`«# Î ¨ æ ã¨O„QÍ=∞ Ѩ`åHõO ZyiOk `«∂ÏÅ "å_»HO =Å# =∞`« „Éè+`fiO, ‰õΩÅ „Éè+`fiO `«Ñʨ ^Œx ã≤áê~¸Å∞ ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. õ í ì¨ « í ì¨ « POQÆ¡ ÃãxHÍkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ H˘`«Î `«∂ÏÅ#∞ `«ÑÊxã¨iQÍ "å_®ÅO@∂ |Å=O`« · ¨ q∂~°òÖ’ ~°ye# u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ *ÏfiÅ ÃÑ@ì_»O`À ã≤áê~¸Å∞ P„QÆÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑhÖ’x 19= ^Œà◊O 1799Ö’ POˆQ¡Ü«ÚʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ ˜Ñ¨Ó ã¨∞ÖÏÎ<£ ™êyOz# =∞Ǩϟ[˚fiÅ ã≤áê~¸Å∞ #∂`«# `«∂ÏÅ#∞ "å_®eûO^Õ #O@∂ POˆQ¡Ü«∂kèHÍ~°∞Å∞ [#=i áÈ~å@ K«i„`« =ÚyâßHõ, 1857Ö’ "≥ÚQÆÖò áê^Œ∞ëê |ǨÏ^Œ∂Ì~ü ëê [Ѷ¨~ü <åÜ«∞ 1857 Ö’ Ǩï‰õΩO *Ïs KÕâß~°∞. P P^ÕâßÅ#∞ ã¨fi^Õj ã≤áê~ÚÅ∞ áê˜OK« W+¨Ñ_Ö^∞Œ . ì ¨ » Ë Hõ`«fiOÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`å=xÖ’x ѨÅ∞ „áêO`åÅÖ’ ™êy# ã¨=∞~°O ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞ D <ÕѨ^䌺OÖ’ POˆQ¡Ü«∂kèHÍ~°∞Å P[˝Å#∞ 1857 Ѷ≤„|=i 26# ѨtÛ=∞ ɡOQÍÖò K«i„`« ѨÙ@ÅÖ’ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O QÍ „Ѩã≤kú K≥OkOk. POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ ~åRO =Úi¬^•ÉÏ^£ ã¨q∂áê#QÆÅ |~°Ç¨ÏOѨÓ~üÖ’ Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ J=∞Å∞ KÕÜ«∞ q=H∆ÍѨÓ~°fiHõ K«~º° Å∞, q∞uq∂i# ÃÑ`«#O, Jxfl ~°OQÍÅÖ’ J„ѨuǨÏ`«OQÍ ™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl Î x~åHõiOKå~°∞.POˆQÜÚÅ P[˝Å#∞ LÅ¡OѶ∞≤ ã¨∂Î `«∂ÏÅ "å_»HÍxH˜ 㨿ãq∞~å J<åfl~°∞. ¡ « Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑh ^ÀÑ≤_ô =Ú#flQÆ∞"å˜x ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«ÖËx ã¨QÆ@∞ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«Ú_»∞, ã≤áê~¸Å =∞`« qâßfi™êÅ#∞ U=∂„`«O ÖˇHõ¯KÕÜ«∞x JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ `«∂ÏÅ POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ K«~°ºÅ‰õΩ H˜xã≤# Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑxH˜ K≥Ok# ã≤áê~¸Å∞, `«=∞ "å_»HõO `«Ñ¨Êxã¨~°x „ѨHõ ˜OKå~°∞. P "å`å=~°}OÖ’ „ÔH·ã¨Î= =∞`«ã¨∞÷Öˇ·# POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞ ã¨fiO`« ã¨O™ê÷<åÅÖ’ ˆH=ÅO „a©+¨~°¡ Jcè+¨ìO "Õ∞~°‰õΩ =∂„`«"Õ∞ #_»∞K«∞HÀ"åeû# `«=∞#∞ L^ÕÌâ◊ºÑ¨Ó~°fiHõOQÍ =∞`«„Éèí+¨µìefl KÕÜ«∂Å#∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°x ã≤áê~¸Å∞ ^Œ∞ã≤÷uH˜ QÆ∞Ô~·#, P`«‡Q“~°=O QÆÅ ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ∞ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. P HÍ~°}OQÍ `«=∞ q∂^Œ XuÎ_ç `≥ã∞#fl POˆQÜ∂kèHÍ~°∞ŠѨ@¡ P„QÆÇÏO ¨Î ¡ « ¨ áÈ~åÏxH˜ c*ÏÅ∞ "Õâß~°∞. =ºHõO KÕâß~°∞. P P„QÆÇÏ =ºH©H~}Ö’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ HõÅHõ`åΉΩ ã¨q∂áê# ÉÏ~°HÑÓ~üÖ’x Î ¨ Îõ° õ ± ¨ 1857 U„Ñ≤Öò 24# #∂`«# `«∂ÏÅ "å_»HÍxfl q∂~°ò ÃãxHõ ™ê÷=~°OÖ’x · HõOÃÑh Ãã·xHõ ™ê÷=~åxH˜ K≥Ok# 34= ã¨fi^Õj Ãã·xHõ ^Œà◊OÖ’x =∞OQÆà◊ áêO_Õ ã≤áê~¸Å∞ Y~åYO_çQÍ x~åHõiOKå~°∞. D K«~º° `À P„QÆÇÏOz# POˆQÜ∂kèHÍ~°∞Å∞ ≤ ¡ « =∂iÛ 29# Ãã·xHÍkèHÍ~°∞Å q∂^Œ HÍÅ∞ÊÅ∞ [iáê~°∞. D K«~°º`À =∞O_çѨ_ç# ã≤áê~¸Å#∞ x~°ƒùOkèOz Ãã·xHõ qKå~°} [iÑ≤ Mˇ·^Œ∞Ö’ LOKå~°∞. D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ POˆQ¡Ü«∂kèHÍ~°∞Å∞ =∞OQÆà◊ áêO_Õ q∂^Œ Ãã·xHõ qKå~°} [iÑ≤ PÜ«∞#‰õΩ 1857 Mˇ·^Œ∞Ö’ `«∂ÏÅ "å_»HÍxfl x~åHõiOz# Ãã·x‰õΩŠѨ@¡ POˆQ¡Ü«∂kè HÍ~°∞Å∞ KåÖÏ 27 28