This document provides an introduction and overview of nanosuspensions for pharmaceutical applications. It was prepared by Mayuri B. Yadav and guided by Prof. Dr. S. N. Dhole of Modern College of Pharmacy in Pune, India. The document defines nanosuspensions and discusses their advantages such as improved bioavailability. It also outlines various preparation methods including media milling, high pressure homogenization, and the use of emulsions or microemulsions as templates. Evaluation parameters for nanosuspensions and some currently marketed formulations are also mentioned. The applications and conclusion state that nanosuspensions can effectively deliver poorly soluble drugs.
This document provides an introduction and project report on the preparation and evaluation of a nifedipine nanosuspension using the solvent evaporation method. It begins with background information on nanosuspensions and how they can be used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim and objectives are to prepare and evaluate a nifedipine nanosuspension using solvent evaporation. Literature is reviewed on previous studies related to nanosuspensions and the drug nifedipine. The nanosuspension is formulated and characterized through in vitro drug release studies and measurement of particle size and zeta potential.
This document provides an overview of nanosuspensions for drug delivery. It discusses the characteristics of nanosuspensions including improved solubility and stability issues related to particle agglomeration. Methods for manufacturing nanosuspensions like high-pressure homogenization and media milling are described. The document outlines how formulation considerations include the choice of stabilizers and solvents. A variety of applications for nanosuspensions in fields such as pulmonary drug delivery are presented. Recent advances in targeted delivery and commercially available nanosuspension products are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of nanosuspensions. It defines nanosuspensions as colloidal dispersions of nanosized drug particles stabilized by surfactants with particle sizes less than 1 micrometer. The key benefits of nanosuspensions are improved dissolution velocity, saturation solubility, and bioavailability for poorly soluble drugs. Common preparation methods include wet milling, high pressure homogenization, and precipitation with a compressed antisolvent. Characterization techniques involve measuring particle size, zeta potential, crystal morphology, and dissolution. Nanosuspensions can enhance bioavailability and enable targeted and controlled drug delivery through various administration routes.
A Nanosuspension is a submicron colloidal dispersion of drug particles. A pharmaceutical nanosuspension is defined as very finely colloid, Biphasic, dispersed, solid drug particles in an aqeous vehicle , size below 1µm ,without any matrix material, stabilized by surfactants and polymers , prepared by suitable methods for Drug Delivery applications, through various routes of administration like oral ,topical ,parenteral ,ocular and pulmanary routes.
Nanosuspensions are colloidal dispersions of drug particles below 1 micron in size, stabilized by surfactants. They can improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs compared to conventional formulations. The document discusses the definition, advantages, preparation techniques including high pressure homogenization and media milling, characterization, and applications of nanosuspensions through various routes of administration such as oral, intravenous, and ocular. Nanosuspensions reduce issues associated with poorly soluble drugs like low bioavailability and lack of dose proportionality.
The document discusses nano-suspensions which are colloidal dispersions of drug particles less than 1 micrometer in size that are stabilized by surfactants. Nano-suspensions improve drug solubility and bioavailability. Two common production methods are media milling which uses high shear forces and high pressure homogenization. Nano-suspensions provide long term stability and can be administered through various routes such as oral, intravenous and pulmonary delivery to improve drug targeting.
This document provides an introduction and project report on the preparation and evaluation of a nifedipine nanosuspension using the solvent evaporation method. It begins with background information on nanosuspensions and how they can be used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim and objectives are to prepare and evaluate a nifedipine nanosuspension using solvent evaporation. Literature is reviewed on previous studies related to nanosuspensions and the drug nifedipine. The nanosuspension is formulated and characterized through in vitro drug release studies and measurement of particle size and zeta potential.
This document provides an overview of nanosuspensions for drug delivery. It discusses the characteristics of nanosuspensions including improved solubility and stability issues related to particle agglomeration. Methods for manufacturing nanosuspensions like high-pressure homogenization and media milling are described. The document outlines how formulation considerations include the choice of stabilizers and solvents. A variety of applications for nanosuspensions in fields such as pulmonary drug delivery are presented. Recent advances in targeted delivery and commercially available nanosuspension products are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of nanosuspensions. It defines nanosuspensions as colloidal dispersions of nanosized drug particles stabilized by surfactants with particle sizes less than 1 micrometer. The key benefits of nanosuspensions are improved dissolution velocity, saturation solubility, and bioavailability for poorly soluble drugs. Common preparation methods include wet milling, high pressure homogenization, and precipitation with a compressed antisolvent. Characterization techniques involve measuring particle size, zeta potential, crystal morphology, and dissolution. Nanosuspensions can enhance bioavailability and enable targeted and controlled drug delivery through various administration routes.
A Nanosuspension is a submicron colloidal dispersion of drug particles. A pharmaceutical nanosuspension is defined as very finely colloid, Biphasic, dispersed, solid drug particles in an aqeous vehicle , size below 1µm ,without any matrix material, stabilized by surfactants and polymers , prepared by suitable methods for Drug Delivery applications, through various routes of administration like oral ,topical ,parenteral ,ocular and pulmanary routes.
Nanosuspensions are colloidal dispersions of drug particles below 1 micron in size, stabilized by surfactants. They can improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs compared to conventional formulations. The document discusses the definition, advantages, preparation techniques including high pressure homogenization and media milling, characterization, and applications of nanosuspensions through various routes of administration such as oral, intravenous, and ocular. Nanosuspensions reduce issues associated with poorly soluble drugs like low bioavailability and lack of dose proportionality.
The document discusses nano-suspensions which are colloidal dispersions of drug particles less than 1 micrometer in size that are stabilized by surfactants. Nano-suspensions improve drug solubility and bioavailability. Two common production methods are media milling which uses high shear forces and high pressure homogenization. Nano-suspensions provide long term stability and can be administered through various routes such as oral, intravenous and pulmonary delivery to improve drug targeting.
This document provides information about drug nanocrystals including their definition, properties, preparation methods, applications, and case studies. It defines drug nanocrystals as pure solid drug particles with a mean diameter below 1000 nm. The main preparation methods described are media milling, high-pressure homogenization, and precipitation. Applications discussed include oral, ophthalmic, parenteral, and respiratory drug delivery due to properties like increased dissolution velocity and saturation solubility from smaller particle size. Two case studies on valasartan and simvastatin nanocrystals are also summarized.
This document discusses nanosuspensions as a drug delivery system for poorly soluble drugs. It defines a nanosuspension as solid drug particles less than 1 micron in size, stabilized by surfactants and polymers in an aqueous vehicle. Top-down and bottom-up methods are used to prepare nanosuspensions, including wet milling, high pressure homogenization, and precipitation techniques. Nanosuspensions can improve drug solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability, making them useful for oral and parenteral drug delivery applications. Characterization techniques include particle sizing, zeta potential measurement, and assessing crystal structure, entrapment efficiency, and dissolution properties.
Nanosuspension: Way to Enhance the Bioavailibility of Poorly Soluble DrugVIJAY SINGH
Nanosuspensions are colloidal dispersions of drug particles in a liquid where the drug particles are smaller than 1 micron in size. This small size increases the dissolution rate and saturation solubility of poorly water soluble drugs, enhancing their bioavailability. There are two main methods to produce nanosuspensions - top-down methods that break down larger drug particles, such as high pressure homogenization, and bottom-up methods such as precipitation that build nanoparticles up from the molecular level. Stabilizers are needed to prevent particle agglomeration and ensure physical stability. Nanosuspensions show promise for improving delivery of many poorly soluble drug candidates.
This document discusses how nanosizing drug particles can improve drug performance. It begins by noting that 90% of drug candidates have poor solubility. Nanosizing can increase surface area and dissolution rate, improving bioavailability. The document then examines how nanosizing impacts pharmacokinetics, enabling faster onset, extended duration, and reduced variability. An ideal injectable is proposed - one that is both fast-acting and long-lasting. Studies on a marketed long-acting injectable are presented, showing its nano-sized particles enable steady drug levels for a month. In conclusion, particle size engineering is seen as a promising approach, though more studies are needed to fully optimize size and drug release profiles.
A PHARMACEUTICAL NANOSUSPENSION IS DEFINED AS: “Very finely dispers solid drug particles in an aqueous vehicale for either oral and topical use or parenteral and pulmonary administration.
Nanocrystals are pure drug particles in the nanometer size range that can increase drug solubility and bioavailability without using surfactants. Various "bottom up" and "top down" methods are used to produce drug nanocrystals including precipitation, cryo-vacuum processing, wet milling, and high pressure homogenization. Drug nanocrystals have potential applications for oral, transdermal, and targeted cancer delivery and imaging. Further research is still needed to reduce nanocrystal toxicity before clinical use.
This document summarizes a presentation on novel solid oral drug formulations. It discusses advances in controlled drug delivery including oros and matrix/reservoir systems. It also discusses bioavailability enhancement techniques for poorly soluble drugs such as nanocrystals and solid dispersions. Nanocrystals are defined as nanoparticles composed entirely of drug with improved dissolution and saturation solubility. Methods for preparing nanocrystals include milling, homogenization and precipitation. Solid dispersions involve dispersing a drug in a carrier to improve solubility and can be classified as eutectic mixtures, solid solutions, or amorphous precipitations.
Formulation and in-vitro Evaluation of Disclofenac Microspheres for Sustained...Sunil Vadithya
This document outlines a study to develop diclofenac microspheres for sustained drug delivery. Microspheres were prepared using various polymers via an ionotropic gelation method and evaluated for yield, particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. Five formulations were developed using sodium alginate, HPMC, ethylcellulose, or eudragit alone or in combination. The microspheres were characterized for surface morphology, yield between 79-88%, and showed potential for sustained release of diclofenac.
Nanosponges:Targeted drug delivery system rasika walunj
The document discusses nanosponges as a novel drug delivery system. Nanosponges are porous polymeric nanoparticles that can encapsulate drugs and release them in a controlled manner. They are synthesized using polymers and crosslinkers. Nanosponges have advantages like improved drug stability and bioavailability. Characterization techniques like particle size analysis, SEM, and drug release kinetics are used to evaluate nanosponges. Nanosponges find applications in solubility enhancement, topical products, and as carriers for enzymes, vaccines and antibodies.
Introduction
Need of Nanosuspension
Advantages of Nanosuspension
Disadvantages of Nanosuspension
Method Of Preparation
Formulation Considerations
Characterization of Nanosuspension
Current Marketed Formulations
Pharmaceutical Applications
This document discusses nanoemulsions and their use as drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction that defines nanoemulsions as thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil, water and surfactant with droplet sizes between 50-500nm. It then covers the classification, advantages, limitations and methods of preparing nanoemulsions. The document discusses characterizing techniques and various applications of nanoemulsions for drug delivery, including parenteral, intranasal, ocular, tumor targeting, pulmonary and oral routes. In conclusion, nanoemulsions can increase drug solubility, bioavailability and targeting potential for various therapeutic applications.
The document provides information about Abdul Muheem and his research on nanoemulsions. It includes definitions of nanoemulsions, introduction to the topic, formulation additives used, advantages of nanoemulsions, and techniques for preparation such as high pressure homogenization and microfluidization. It also discusses characterization of nanoemulsions including droplet size analysis, viscosity determination, and applications in areas such as cosmetics, antimicrobial uses, and drug delivery.
MICROSPONGE: A NOVEL APPROACH IN GASTRO-RETENTION DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (GRDDS)Snehal Patel
Oral controlled release dosage forms face several physiological restriction like inability to retain and position the controlled drug delivery system within the targeted region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to fluctuation in gastric emptying. This results in non‑uniform absorption pattern, inadequate medication release and shorter residence time of the dosage form in the stomach. As the fallout of this episode there is inadequate absorption of the drug having absorption window predominantly, in the upper area of GIT. These contemplations have provoked to the development of oral controlled release dosage forms with gastroretentive properties. Microsponge hold certification as one of the potential approaches for gastric retention. Microsponge are porous spherical empty particles without core and can remain in the gastric region for delayed periods. They significantly increase the gastric residence time of medication, thereby enhance bioavailability, improves patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency, lessen the medication waste, enhance retention of medication which solubilize only in stomach, enhance solubility for medications that are less soluble at a higher pH environment. In the present review method of preparation, characterization, advantages, disadvantages and applications of floating microsponge are discussed. Please cite
Microsponge drug delivery system is a novel drug delivery technique using porous microspheres called microsponges for controlled release and targeted drug delivery. Microsponges are typically 5-25 μm in diameter and can entrap a wide range of active ingredients. They can be prepared using liquid-liquid suspension polymerization or quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion methods. Microsponges provide advantages like extended release, reduced irritation and side effects, and ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They have applications in topical delivery of drugs for conditions like acne, inflammation and fungal infections. Common evaluation parameters are particle size, drug loading efficiency, in vitro drug release and compatibility studies. Several commercial products use micro
This document discusses microspheres, which are small spherical particles used to deliver drugs in a sustained or controlled release manner. It defines microspheres and notes their sizes can range from 50nm to 2mm. The document outlines the prerequisites for ideal microparticle carriers and various polymers that can be used in microsphere preparation. It also describes common microsphere manufacturing methods like single emulsion, double emulsion, solvent evaporation, spray drying, and the BRACE process. The mechanisms of drug release from microspheres and their advantages for drug delivery are summarized.
Ashni Delivery Systems & NanoCrystal TechnologyJ Turner
Ashni Naturaceuticals was on the forefront of novel delivery format discovery for supplements, nutritional products, functional foods and beverages. We were one of the first nutritional science companies to develop nanotechnology applications.
This document discusses silicon nanocrystals. It defines a nanocrystal as a crystalline nanoparticle with at least one dimension less than or equal to 100 nm. It explains that silicon nanocrystals can emit light even though bulk silicon cannot. The document discusses two methods for preparing silicon nanocrystals: electrochemical etching of silicon wafers and pulverization. Electrochemical etching uses hydrofluoric acid to dissolve silicon and form a porous structure containing silicon nanocrystals. Pulverization produces silicon nanocrystal agglomerates in powder form.
This document provides information about drug nanocrystals including their definition, properties, preparation methods, applications, and case studies. It defines drug nanocrystals as pure solid drug particles with a mean diameter below 1000 nm. The main preparation methods described are media milling, high-pressure homogenization, and precipitation. Applications discussed include oral, ophthalmic, parenteral, and respiratory drug delivery due to properties like increased dissolution velocity and saturation solubility from smaller particle size. Two case studies on valasartan and simvastatin nanocrystals are also summarized.
This document discusses nanosuspensions as a drug delivery system for poorly soluble drugs. It defines a nanosuspension as solid drug particles less than 1 micron in size, stabilized by surfactants and polymers in an aqueous vehicle. Top-down and bottom-up methods are used to prepare nanosuspensions, including wet milling, high pressure homogenization, and precipitation techniques. Nanosuspensions can improve drug solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability, making them useful for oral and parenteral drug delivery applications. Characterization techniques include particle sizing, zeta potential measurement, and assessing crystal structure, entrapment efficiency, and dissolution properties.
Nanosuspension: Way to Enhance the Bioavailibility of Poorly Soluble DrugVIJAY SINGH
Nanosuspensions are colloidal dispersions of drug particles in a liquid where the drug particles are smaller than 1 micron in size. This small size increases the dissolution rate and saturation solubility of poorly water soluble drugs, enhancing their bioavailability. There are two main methods to produce nanosuspensions - top-down methods that break down larger drug particles, such as high pressure homogenization, and bottom-up methods such as precipitation that build nanoparticles up from the molecular level. Stabilizers are needed to prevent particle agglomeration and ensure physical stability. Nanosuspensions show promise for improving delivery of many poorly soluble drug candidates.
This document discusses how nanosizing drug particles can improve drug performance. It begins by noting that 90% of drug candidates have poor solubility. Nanosizing can increase surface area and dissolution rate, improving bioavailability. The document then examines how nanosizing impacts pharmacokinetics, enabling faster onset, extended duration, and reduced variability. An ideal injectable is proposed - one that is both fast-acting and long-lasting. Studies on a marketed long-acting injectable are presented, showing its nano-sized particles enable steady drug levels for a month. In conclusion, particle size engineering is seen as a promising approach, though more studies are needed to fully optimize size and drug release profiles.
A PHARMACEUTICAL NANOSUSPENSION IS DEFINED AS: “Very finely dispers solid drug particles in an aqueous vehicale for either oral and topical use or parenteral and pulmonary administration.
Nanocrystals are pure drug particles in the nanometer size range that can increase drug solubility and bioavailability without using surfactants. Various "bottom up" and "top down" methods are used to produce drug nanocrystals including precipitation, cryo-vacuum processing, wet milling, and high pressure homogenization. Drug nanocrystals have potential applications for oral, transdermal, and targeted cancer delivery and imaging. Further research is still needed to reduce nanocrystal toxicity before clinical use.
This document summarizes a presentation on novel solid oral drug formulations. It discusses advances in controlled drug delivery including oros and matrix/reservoir systems. It also discusses bioavailability enhancement techniques for poorly soluble drugs such as nanocrystals and solid dispersions. Nanocrystals are defined as nanoparticles composed entirely of drug with improved dissolution and saturation solubility. Methods for preparing nanocrystals include milling, homogenization and precipitation. Solid dispersions involve dispersing a drug in a carrier to improve solubility and can be classified as eutectic mixtures, solid solutions, or amorphous precipitations.
Formulation and in-vitro Evaluation of Disclofenac Microspheres for Sustained...Sunil Vadithya
This document outlines a study to develop diclofenac microspheres for sustained drug delivery. Microspheres were prepared using various polymers via an ionotropic gelation method and evaluated for yield, particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. Five formulations were developed using sodium alginate, HPMC, ethylcellulose, or eudragit alone or in combination. The microspheres were characterized for surface morphology, yield between 79-88%, and showed potential for sustained release of diclofenac.
Nanosponges:Targeted drug delivery system rasika walunj
The document discusses nanosponges as a novel drug delivery system. Nanosponges are porous polymeric nanoparticles that can encapsulate drugs and release them in a controlled manner. They are synthesized using polymers and crosslinkers. Nanosponges have advantages like improved drug stability and bioavailability. Characterization techniques like particle size analysis, SEM, and drug release kinetics are used to evaluate nanosponges. Nanosponges find applications in solubility enhancement, topical products, and as carriers for enzymes, vaccines and antibodies.
Introduction
Need of Nanosuspension
Advantages of Nanosuspension
Disadvantages of Nanosuspension
Method Of Preparation
Formulation Considerations
Characterization of Nanosuspension
Current Marketed Formulations
Pharmaceutical Applications
This document discusses nanoemulsions and their use as drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction that defines nanoemulsions as thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil, water and surfactant with droplet sizes between 50-500nm. It then covers the classification, advantages, limitations and methods of preparing nanoemulsions. The document discusses characterizing techniques and various applications of nanoemulsions for drug delivery, including parenteral, intranasal, ocular, tumor targeting, pulmonary and oral routes. In conclusion, nanoemulsions can increase drug solubility, bioavailability and targeting potential for various therapeutic applications.
The document provides information about Abdul Muheem and his research on nanoemulsions. It includes definitions of nanoemulsions, introduction to the topic, formulation additives used, advantages of nanoemulsions, and techniques for preparation such as high pressure homogenization and microfluidization. It also discusses characterization of nanoemulsions including droplet size analysis, viscosity determination, and applications in areas such as cosmetics, antimicrobial uses, and drug delivery.
MICROSPONGE: A NOVEL APPROACH IN GASTRO-RETENTION DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (GRDDS)Snehal Patel
Oral controlled release dosage forms face several physiological restriction like inability to retain and position the controlled drug delivery system within the targeted region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to fluctuation in gastric emptying. This results in non‑uniform absorption pattern, inadequate medication release and shorter residence time of the dosage form in the stomach. As the fallout of this episode there is inadequate absorption of the drug having absorption window predominantly, in the upper area of GIT. These contemplations have provoked to the development of oral controlled release dosage forms with gastroretentive properties. Microsponge hold certification as one of the potential approaches for gastric retention. Microsponge are porous spherical empty particles without core and can remain in the gastric region for delayed periods. They significantly increase the gastric residence time of medication, thereby enhance bioavailability, improves patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency, lessen the medication waste, enhance retention of medication which solubilize only in stomach, enhance solubility for medications that are less soluble at a higher pH environment. In the present review method of preparation, characterization, advantages, disadvantages and applications of floating microsponge are discussed. Please cite
Microsponge drug delivery system is a novel drug delivery technique using porous microspheres called microsponges for controlled release and targeted drug delivery. Microsponges are typically 5-25 μm in diameter and can entrap a wide range of active ingredients. They can be prepared using liquid-liquid suspension polymerization or quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion methods. Microsponges provide advantages like extended release, reduced irritation and side effects, and ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They have applications in topical delivery of drugs for conditions like acne, inflammation and fungal infections. Common evaluation parameters are particle size, drug loading efficiency, in vitro drug release and compatibility studies. Several commercial products use micro
This document discusses microspheres, which are small spherical particles used to deliver drugs in a sustained or controlled release manner. It defines microspheres and notes their sizes can range from 50nm to 2mm. The document outlines the prerequisites for ideal microparticle carriers and various polymers that can be used in microsphere preparation. It also describes common microsphere manufacturing methods like single emulsion, double emulsion, solvent evaporation, spray drying, and the BRACE process. The mechanisms of drug release from microspheres and their advantages for drug delivery are summarized.
Ashni Delivery Systems & NanoCrystal TechnologyJ Turner
Ashni Naturaceuticals was on the forefront of novel delivery format discovery for supplements, nutritional products, functional foods and beverages. We were one of the first nutritional science companies to develop nanotechnology applications.
This document discusses silicon nanocrystals. It defines a nanocrystal as a crystalline nanoparticle with at least one dimension less than or equal to 100 nm. It explains that silicon nanocrystals can emit light even though bulk silicon cannot. The document discusses two methods for preparing silicon nanocrystals: electrochemical etching of silicon wafers and pulverization. Electrochemical etching uses hydrofluoric acid to dissolve silicon and form a porous structure containing silicon nanocrystals. Pulverization produces silicon nanocrystal agglomerates in powder form.
Particle Size Analysis for Pharmaceutical Homogenization Process DevelopmentHORIBA Particle
Guest speaker Dr. Daniel Huang of Novartis joins HORIBA Scientific (http://www.horiba.com/particle) to speak about homogenization process development.
High-pressure homogenization has been used to prepare emulsions in a broad range of industries. Particle size distribution and emulsion stability are two key properties of the system essential to a successful downstream application. In this study, Daniel and his colleagues have investigated the effects of process conditions on droplet size and coalescence rate of the emulsion systems.
Peptide bonds form during translation within ribosomes and connect amino acids into polypeptide chains that fold into protein structures. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed through a dehydration synthesis reaction between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of the next. This reaction involves the loss of a water molecule as the carboxyl oxygen and amine hydrogen are removed to connect the amino acids. Peptide bonds make up the backbone of proteins by linking the 20 common amino acids together end to end.
The document summarizes the Microsoft anti-trust case in the United States. It discusses how the US Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice investigated Microsoft from 1990-1998 for antitrust violations related to its Windows operating system. It outlines the key allegations against Microsoft, including illegally monopolizing the PC operating systems market and engaging in anti-competitive agreements. It also summarizes Microsoft's defenses, the findings that Microsoft had monopoly power and used it to harm competitors and consumers, and the potential long-term effects of the case on the computer industry.
Solubility enhancement by using various techniques Prajakta Chavan
This document discusses various techniques for enhancing the solubility of drugs, including particle size reduction, hydrotropy, cosolvency, solubilization by surfactants, solid dispersions, pH adjustment, high pressure homogenization, supercritical fluid recrystallization, sonocrystallization, complexation, spray drying, inclusion complex formation, liquisolid technique, microemulsions, and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. Particle size reduction techniques like micronization and nanosuspensions increase surface area to enhance dissolution rate and solubility. Other techniques utilize excipients like surfactants, cosolvents, and polymers to solubilize drugs.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology of proteins and peptides. It discusses the historical perspective of peptide research beginning in the 1930s. Key developments include the elucidation of the structures of oxytocin and vasopressin by Dr. Vincent du Vigneaud in the 1950s. The document compares neuropeptides to conventional neurotransmitters and describes the biosynthesis and regulation of proteins. It also covers topics such as proteins and peptides as drugs, peptide agonists and antagonists, and techniques for identifying, isolating, and characterizing peptides. The future potential of designer proteins is also mentioned.
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They are distinguished from proteins by typically containing fewer than 50 amino acid units. Peptides are formed through condensation reactions between carboxyl and amino groups of separate amino acids, releasing a water molecule. Peptide bonds are rigid and planar, contributing to protein structure stability. Peptides serve many important biological functions and can be classified based on their production method, including through ribosomal translation, nonribosomal synthesis, and enzymatic digestion of proteins in foods. Bioactive peptides derived from food proteins can have beneficial effects like lowering blood pressure, cholesterol, and antimicrobial properties.
High pressure processing (HPP) is a non-thermal food preservation technique that uses high water pressure to kill microorganisms and inactivate enzymes in food. It allows foods to be preserved without heat, maintaining texture, flavor and nutrition. HPP uses pressures of 100-1000 MPa for a few minutes to kill pathogens and extend shelf life. It has been widely adopted since the 1990s for products like guacamole, juices and dairy. HPP provides a safe alternative to thermal pasteurization and allows preservation of thermosensitive qualities in foods like proteins and vitamins.
This document provides an overview of 100 CAD exercises divided into 2D and 3D sections. The objective is to help readers learn CAD skills and self-assess their abilities. It includes 50 2D and 50 3D exercises for practice. Readers can download the original DWG files to learn, practice or improve the designs. Upon completing all the exercises, readers will have gained skills to tackle real-life CAD problems.
The document summarizes a presentation on developing paclitaxel nanoparticles using human serum albumin (HSA) as a polymer. Paclitaxel is insoluble in water and has low bioavailability. Nanoparticles can increase paclitaxel's stability, target delivery to tumor sites, and reduce toxicity. The method involves dissolving paclitaxel in chloroform and mixing it with an HSA solution to form an emulsion. The chloroform is then evaporated to form paclitaxel-loaded HSA nanoparticles.
Recent innovation in liquid dosage form 1by sachinSachin Prajapati
The document summarizes recent innovations in oral liquid formulations, including suspensions and emulsions at the nano and micro scale. It discusses nano suspensions, micro suspensions, microemulsions, nanoemulsions and multiple emulsions. For each formulation type, it provides definitions, methods of preparation, advantages and examples of drugs where these formulations have improved solubility, bioavailability and onset of action. The key benefits of these advanced oral liquid formulations are improving the delivery of poorly soluble drugs.
Rahul Molla's document discusses recent advances in nanosponges as a drug delivery system. Nanosponges are porous polymeric particles that can be used for controlled drug delivery through various routes of administration including topical, oral, and parenteral. The document outlines the advantages of nanosponges such as increased drug solubility and controlled release as well as factors that influence nanosponge formulation and common preparation methods. Evaluation techniques for nanosponges including particle size, drug loading efficiency, and in vitro drug release are also summarized. Finally, the document discusses applications of nanosponges in cancer therapy, topical drug delivery, and antiviral delivery.
This document provides information about paclitaxel nanoparticles, including:
1. It introduces paclitaxel and human serum albumin, which are used to develop paclitaxel nanoparticles.
2. The method of preparing paclitaxel nanoparticles involves mixing paclitaxel, chloroform, and a 25% human serum albumin solution to form nanoparticles.
3. The document provides details on the drug and polymer profiles, including properties, storage conditions, and clinical uses of paclitaxel and human serum albumin.
This document provides an overview of nanoparticles, including their types, advantages, disadvantages, methods of preparation, and applications. It defines nanoparticles as solid colloidal particles between 10-1000nm that can be used to deliver drugs through various routes of administration. The two main types are nanospheres, which have a matrix structure where drugs are dispersed, and nanocapsules, which have a reservoir structure with a polymeric shell surrounding an oily core containing dissolved drugs. Nanoparticles provide benefits like increased drug bioavailability, sustained release, and targeted drug delivery. However, they also have disadvantages such as high manufacturing costs and potential long-term toxicity. Common preparation methods include solvent evaporation, solvent displacement, salting out, and
In this ppt ,i have covered the introduction of microspheres,various preparation methods of microspheres, advantages and disadvantage of microspheres,types and evaluation parameters of the microspheres.
The document discusses nanoparticles and their use as drug delivery vehicles. It defines nanoparticles as solid colloidal particles between 1-1000 nm in size that can be used to encapsulate, dissolve or attach drugs. Nanoparticles are classified as nanospheres or nanocapsules depending on their structure and can be made from natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers. The document discusses various methods for formulating nanoparticles, including polymerization, solvent evaporation and supercritical fluid technology. The advantages of nanoparticles for drug delivery are also summarized.
This document discusses solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), which are a promising drug delivery system. SLNs consist of nanoparticles made of physiological lipids that can incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The document outlines several preparation methods for SLNs, including high pressure homogenization and ultrasonication. It also discusses the advantages of SLNs, such as their small size, high drug loading capacity, and avoidance of organic solvents, as well as some limitations. Overall, the document presents an overview of SLNs for use as a versatile drug delivery system.
The document discusses microspheres as carriers for controlled drug delivery. It defines microspheres as small, insoluble, spherical particles consisting of a polymer matrix and drug. Various methods for preparing microspheres are described, including single and double emulsion techniques. Characterization techniques like particle size analysis and release studies are also summarized. Potential applications of microspheres include vaccine delivery, targeted drug delivery to specific sites like the eyes, and controlled release formulations.
Challenges in trancorneal drug deliveryBibin Mathew
Ophthalmic drug delivery is one of the challenging endeavors which is being faced by the pharmaceutical scientist, owing to the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the eye, that renders it impervious to foreign substances. Topical administration of ophthalmic medications is the most common method for treating conditions that affect the exterior parts of the eye. The unique anatomy and physiology of the eye makes it difficult to achieve an effective drug concentration at the target site. Therefore, the major challenge remains to efficiently deliver a drug past the protective ocular barriers accompanied with a minimization of its systemic side effects.Conventional eye drops currently account for more than 90% of the marketed ophthalmic formulations. However, after instillation of an eye drop, only a small amount of the applied drug penetrates the cornea and reaches the intraocular tissues, which is due to the rapid and extensive precorneal loss caused by drainage and high tear fluid turn-over. Tear drainage leads to absorption of the administered dose by the nasolacrimal duct, leading to side effects. As a consequence of the precorneal loss, the ocular bioavailability is usually less than 10%. Furthermore, rapid elimination of the eye drops administered often results in a short duration of action which leads to increase in frequency of administration.
A medication is applied to the eye to treat the diseases on the surface of the eye such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and keratitis sicca, as well as to provide intraocular treatment through the cornea for diseases such as glaucoma and uveitis. Topical administration of antibacterial medication to the conjunctival sac is usually an effective avenue for treating bacterial conjunctivitis.[2]
An ideal topical drug delivery system should possess the following characteristics:
1. Good corneal and conjunctival penetration.
2. Prolonged precorneal residence time.
3. Easy instillation.
4. Appropriate rheological properties.
ABSTRACT
The parenteral administration route is the most effective and common form of delivery for active drug substances with poor bioavailability and the drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. Drug delivery technology that can reduce the total number of injection throughout the drug therapy period will be truly advantageous not only in terms of compliance, but also to improve the quality of the therapy and also may reduce the dosage frequency. Such reduction in frequency of drug dosing is achieved by the use of specific formulation technologies that guarantee the release of the active drug substance in a slow and predictable manner. The development of new injectable drug delivery system has received considerable attention over the past few years. A number of technological advances have been made in the area of parenteral drug delivery leading to the development of sophisticated systems that allow drug targeting and the sustained or controlled release of parenteral medicines.
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging from 1 to 1000 nm in size that can be used for targeted drug delivery. There are two main types of nanoparticles - nanospheres, which are matrix structures where the drug is dispersed throughout, and nanocapsules, which have a liquid core surrounded by a membrane where the drug is housed. Nanoparticles can be formulated using various methods, the most common being solvent evaporation, solvent diffusion, and polymerization. They offer advantages for drug delivery such as reducing dosing frequency and side effects while increasing drug targeting to specific tissues.
The document discusses liquid sustained release systems. It describes various approaches to developing liquid sustained release formulations including suspensions, liquid crystalline phases, drug-resin complexes, in situ gel formation, microencapsulation, and emulsions/multiple emulsions. Key advantages of liquid sustained release systems are ease of administration to pediatric and geriatric patients, dose adjustment flexibility, and potentially better bioavailability than solid dosage forms. Evaluation methods for these systems include assessing properties like viscosity, drug entrapment efficiency, drug release profiles, and sterility. Potential applications mentioned include use of these formulations to deliver hormones, drugs for eye diseases, asthma medications, and others.
Microsponges are polymeric delivery systems composed of porous microspheres that can be used to deliver drugs topically, orally, and for biomedical applications. They provide controlled release of active ingredients, increase drug payload, and reduce side effects. The document discusses the preparation, characterization, and various applications of microsponge drug delivery systems.
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This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by outlining the ideal characteristics of an ophthalmic delivery system. It then describes various advanced, controlled, particulate, and vesicular drug delivery systems for ocular administration. It discusses limitations of conventional eye drops and advantages of advanced delivery systems. Factors affecting intraocular bioavailability are highlighted. The objectives and approaches to improve ocular drug delivery, including enhancement of bioavailability and various dosage forms are summarized.
sterile product and formulation technology presentationKhan Ramiz
This document provides an overview of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), including nanoparticles, liposomes, and niosomes. It classifies and defines each system. Nanoparticles are sub-nanosized structures that can encapsulate or attach drugs. Liposomes are bilayer vesicles that encapsulate drugs in an aqueous core. Niosomes are similar to liposomes but composed of non-ionic surfactants. The document discusses preparation methods, advantages and disadvantages, and applications of each delivery system to improve drug targeting and therapeutic effects.
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1. Prepared by
Guided by:
MAYURI B .YADAV
PROF. Dr. S. N. DHOLE
FIRST SEMESTER, M.PHARM,
ASSO. PROFFESOR
DEPT OF PHARMACEUTICS
DEPT OF PHARMACEUTICS
Modern College Of Pharmacy (For Ladies), Moshi, Pune
12/13/2013
2
3. INTRODUCTION
Definition :
A pharmaceutical nanosuspension is defined as “very finely
dispersed solid drug particles in an aqueous vehicle, stabilized
by surfactants, for either oral and topical use or parentral
and pulmonary administration, with reduced particle size, leading
to an increased dissolution rate and therefore improved
bioavailability”.
Average particle size ranges from 200-600nm.
In nanosuspension technology, the drug is maintained
in the required crystalline state with reduced particle size,
leading to an increased dissolution rate and therefore
Improved bioavailability..
12/13/2013
3
4. Need of Nanosuspension
More than 40% of drugs are poorly soluble in water, so they show problems in
formulating them in conventional dosage forms. Also, for class II which poses a
significant challenge for the formulators.
Major issues associated with poorly water-soluble compounds
Poor bioavailability.
Fed/fasted variation in bioavailability .
Lack of dose-response proportionality .
Suboptimal dosing .
Use of harsh excipients, i.e., excessive use of co-solvents and other excipients .
Use of extreme basic or acidic conditions to enhance solubilization
12/13/2013
4
5. Major Advantages of Nanosuspensions
Can be applied for the poorly water soluble drugs.
Reduced tissue irritation in case of subcutaneous/intramuscular
administration.
Rapid dissolution and tissue targeting can be achieved by IV route of
administration.
Oral
administration of nanosuspensions provide rapid and improved
bioavailability.
Higher bioavailability and more consistent dosing in case of ocular
administration and inhalation delivery .
Long-term physical stability due to the presence of stabilizers.
Nanosuspensions can be incorporated in tablets, pellets, hydrogels and
suppositories
12/13/2013
5
6. Disadvantages :
Physical stability, sedimentation and compaction can causes problems.
It is bulky sufficient care must be taken during handling and transport.
Uniform and accurate dose cannot be achieved unless suspension .
12/13/2013
6
8. Cont……
Co-surfactants:Transcutol, glycofurol, ethanol ,iso-propanol , bile salts Dipotassium
glycerrhizinate etc.
Other additives:Buffers (acetate, phosphate)
cryprotectants (sucrose as sugar)
osmogent (mannitol, sorbitol).
12/13/2013
8
9. Properties of Nanosuspensions
Physical Long-term stability
Internal structure of Nanosuspensions
Adhesiveness
Crystalline state and morphology
Increase in Saturation Solubility and Dissolution Velocity of drug
Nanosuspension Provide passive targeting
Nanosuspension provide Versatility
Nanosuspension enhance Bioavailability
Nanosuspension provide Long-term physical stability
12/13/2013
9
12. Microemulsions
as Templates
Bottom up
Technology
Techniques to
prepare
Nanosuspensions
Emulsions as
Templates
Hydrosols
Top down
Technology
Media Milling
Nanocrystals
12/13/2013
High pressure
homogenization
in water
DissoCubes
High pressure
homogenization in
non aqueous
solvents
Nanopure
Combined
precipitation and
HPH
Nanoedge
12
13. Bottom up Technology: (Hydrosols)
the drug + organic solvent
Mixed with
miscible antisolvent
water-solvent mixture the drug
precipitates
Limitation
the drug needs to be
soluble in at least one
solvent and this solvent
needs to be miscible
with nonsolvent.
Top Down Technology
Media Milling (Nanocrystals),
High Pressure Homogenization in water (Disso cubes),
High Pressure Homogenization in non aqueous media (Nanopure)
combination of Precipitation and High-Pressure Homogenization (Nanoedege) .
12/13/2013
13
14. Media milling (NanoCrystals)
Principle
The high energy and shear forces
generated the impaction of the
milling media with the drug provide the
energy input to break the
microparticulate drug into nano-sized
particles. The milling medium is
composed of glass, zirconium oxide or
highly cross-linked polystyrene resin.
mean diameters<200nm is 30–60 min.
Advantages:
Drugs that are poorly soluble in
both aqueous and organic media
little batch-to-batch variation.
Narrow size distribution of the final
nano-sized product.
12/13/2013
Liversidge et al. (1992).
Fig, Schematic representation of the
media milling process
Limitations :
The major concern is the generation of
residues of milling media, which may be
introduced in the final product as
a result of erosion.
14
15. High pressure homogenization
R.H.Muller developed Dissocubes technology in 1999
Operated at pressure varying from 1000-1500 bars (2800–21300psi) and up
to 2000 bars with volume capacity of 40ml (for laboratory scale).
Principle :
Based on cavitation in the aqueous phase.
The particles cavitations forces are sufficiently
high to convert the drug micro particles into
nano particles. The concern with this method
is the need for small sample particles before
loading and the fact that many cycles of
homogenization are required
Advantages
Figure:- the high-pressure
homogenization process
Disadvantages :
Prerequisite of micronized drug
Narrow Size Distribution Of The
particles.
Nanoparticulate Drug Present In The Final Product Prerequisite of suspension formation
Allows Aseptic Production Of Nanosuspensions using high-speed mixers before
subjecting
12/13/2013
15
For Parenteral Administration
Low Risk Of Product Contamination
16. Homogenization in non-aqueous media
Nanopure
the drug suspensions in the non- aqueous media were homogenized at 0º C
or even below the freezing point and hence are called "deep-freeze"
homogenization
Advantages :
The dispersion medium need not be removed.
Evaporation is faster and under milder conditions.
This is useful for temperature sensitive drugs.
For i.v. injections, isotonic nanosuspensions are obtained by homogenizing
in water-glycerol mixtures.
12/13/2013
16
17. Combined precipitation and homogenization
(Nanoedge)
The drug is dissolved in an organic solvent and this solution is mixed with a
miscible anti-solvent for precipitation. In the water-solvent mixture, the solubility is
low and the drug precipitates. Precipitation has also been coupled with high
shear processing.
Advantages
The major drawback of the precipitation technique, such as crystal growth
and long-term stability, can be resolved using the Nanoedge technology
12/13/2013
17
18. Nanojet technology
Principle :
Emulsions as templates Apart from the
use of emulsions as a drug delivery
vehicle,they can also be used as
templates to produce
nanosuspensions .The emulsions
templates is applicable for those
drugs that are soluble in either
volatile organic solvent or partially
water-miscible solvent.
An organic solvent or mixture of solvents
loaded with the drug is dispersed in the
aqueous
phase
containing
suitable
surfactants to form an emulsion The
organic phase is then evaporated under
reduced pressure so that
The
drug
particles
precipitate
instantaneously to form a nanosuspension
stabilized by surfactants..
Advantages :
Use of specialized equipment is not
necessary.
Particle size can easily be controlled by
controlling
the size of the emulsion droplet.
Ease of scale-up if formulation is
12/13/2013
optimized properly.
•Disadvantages
Safety concerns because of the use
of hazardous solvents in the process.
High
amount
of
surfactant/stabilizer is required as
compared
to
the
production
techniques described earlier.
18
19. Microemulsions as templates
(Eccleston 1992)..
Principle :
The drug can be either loaded in the internal phase or pre-formed
microemulsions can be saturated with the drug by intimate mixing.The
suitable dilution of the microemulsion yields the drug nanosuspension
by the mechanism described earlier.
Advantages :High
Drug
Solubilization,
Long
Shelf-life
And
Ease
Of
Manufacture, Make Them An Ideal Drug Delivery Vehicle.
Need For Less Energy Input For The Production Of Nanosuspensions By
Virtue Of Microemulsions.
12/13/2013
19
20. EVALUATION PARAMETER
Evaluations of
Nanosuspensions
In Vitro Evaluation
In Vivo Evaluation
Particle size & distribution
Particle charge (zeta Potential)
Crystalline state & Morphology
Saturation solubility & dissolution rate
Solubility
12/13/2013
Evaluation of
surface
modified
Surface hydrophilicity
Adhesion properties
Interaction with body
proteins
20
21. In vitro Evaluations
Mean particle size and size distribution:
The mean particle size and the width of particle size distribution called
Polydidpersity Index are determined by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS).
Laser Diffractometry (LD) particles ranging from 0.05- 80μm upto 2000µm.
Atomic Force microscop is used for visualization of particle shape.
Particle charge (Zeta Potential):
Particle charge determines the stability of nanosuspension. For
electrostatically stabilized nanosuspension a minimum zeta potential of ±30mV
Crystalline state and particle morphology:
Differential Scanning colorimeter (DSC) determines the crystalline
structure.. The X-Ray Diffraction[30] (XRD) is also used for determining change
in physical state and extent of amorphous drug. Scanning electron microscopy
is also used to get exact information about particle morphology.
12/13/2013
21
22. Saturation solubility and dissolution velocity:
Saturation solubility is compound specific constant depending upon
temperature and the properties of dissolution medium. Kelvin equation and
the Ostwald-Freundlich equations can explain increase in saturation
solubility
Stability :
stabilizers are used to decrease the chances of Ostwald ripening and to
improve the stability of the suspension by providing a steric or ionic barrier.
Stabilizers like cellulosic, Poloxamers, Polysorbates, lecithin, polyoleate and
Povidones are generally used in the nanosuspensions.
PH:
Drug content:
Total volum of nanosuspension = total volum of nanosuspension x amount of drug in
aliquot/volum of aliquot
12/13/2013
22
23. In Vivo Evaluation
Generally the formulations are administered by required route and the plasma
drug concentrations are determined by HPLC-UV visible spectrophotometry. Surface
hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity (which determines interaction with cells prior to
phagocytosis), adhesion properties and the interaction with body proteins are
generally evaluated by in vivo parameters
Interaction with body proteins :
In vitro interaction between nanoparticles and mucin can be studied by
incubation of mucin and nanoparticles (1:4 weight ratio) either in acidic or in neutral
medium. The incubation is carried out under stirring at temperature of 37ºC. The
dispersions is then be centrifuged, is incubated for 2 h at 37º C. According to
this procedure, the absorbance of mucin can be measured by colorimetry at λmax
of the drug.
12/13/2013
23
26. PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS
Oral Drug Delivery
Parental Administration
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery
Pulmonary drug Delivery
Target Drug Delivery
Topical Formulations
Mucoadhesion Of The Nanoparticles
12/13/2013
26
27. CONCLUSION
Nanosuspensions appear to be a unique and yet commercially viable
approach to poor bioavailability that are associated with the delivery of
hydrophobic drugs, including those that are poorly soluble in aqueous as well
as organic media. Production techniques such as media milling and high pressure
homogenization have been successfully for large-scale production of
nanosuspensions. Attractive features, such as increased dissolution
velocity, increased saturation solubility, improved bioadhesivity, versatility in
surface modification and ease of post-production processing, have widened the
applications of nanosuspensions for various routes.
12/13/2013
27
28. Geeta V. Yadav* And Sushma R. Singh A Review Article On Nanosuspension: A
Promising Drug Delivery System Pharmacophore (An International Research
Journal)Pharmacophore 2012, Vol. 3 (5), 217-243
Nakarani M., Misra K., Patel K.,Vaghani S., Itraconazole Nanosuspension For
Oral Delivery: Formulation, Characterization And In Vitro Comparison With
Marketed Formulation Daru Vol. 18, No. 2 2010 84-91.
Singh K.*, Chandra D., & Et.Al. Nanosuspension: Way To Enhance The
Bioavailibility Of Poorly Soluble, International Journal Of Current Trends In
Pharmaceutical Research Ijctpr, 2013: Vol. 1(4): 277-287
Shah M. , Dr. Patel N., Dr. M.R. Patel, Dr. K.R. Patel Nano Suspension: A Novel
Approch For Drug Delivery System Journal Of Pharmaceutical Science And
Bioscintific Research Volume 1,Issue 1: July-August 2011 (1-10)
. Patravale V. B., Date A. And Kulkarni R. M. A Review Article On
Nanosuspensions: A Promising Drug Delivery Strategy Journal Of Pharmaceutics
And Pharmacology Jpp 2004, 56: 827–840
12/13/2013
28
29. Patravale V. B., Date A. And Kulkarni R. M. A Review Article On Nanosuspensions: A
Promising Drug Delivery Strategy Journal Of Pharmaceutics And Pharmacology Jpp
2004, 56: 827–840
Jawahar*
N., Subramanya Nainar Meyyanathan2, Venkatachalam Senthil1,
Kuppusamy Gowthamarajan1,Kannan Elango3 Study On Studies On Physico-Chemical
And Pharmacokinetic Properties Of Olanzapine Through Nanosuspension Vol
5(10)2013; 196-202.
Chingunpituk J., A Review On Nanosuspension Technology For Drug Delivery
Walailak J Sci & Tech 2007; 4(2): 139-153.
Barrett E. Rabinow A Review On Characterization Of Drug Nanosuspensions
Workshop On Characterization Of Nanomaterials For Medical And Health Applications
May 19, 2005.
Ana Maria Mendes Cerdeira State That Production And Stabilization Of
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