The document discusses nanotechnology and its applications. It begins with an introduction to nanoscience and defines nanoparticles. It then discusses various types of nanoparticulate systems including polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles, dendrimers, silica nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and carbon nanoparticles. Methods for preparing nanoparticles including coacervation, polymerization, supercritical, and dispersion methods are summarized. Applications of nanoparticles in drug delivery, cancer treatment, gene therapy, cosmetics, and biosensing are highlighted. The document concludes that nanotechnology can potentially improve drug delivery and make a major impact on human health.

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VIJAYA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES FOR WOMEN
ENIKEPADU, VIJAYAWADA
NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Presented by
Ayushi Maheshwari
IV B.Pharmacy
(157N1R0008)
Under the guidance of
Mrs. A.V.S Himabindu., M. Pharm
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutics

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3. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 TYPES OF NANOPARTICULATE SYSTEMS
 POLYMERS FOR NANO PARTICLES
 PREPARATION OF NANO PARTICLES
 EVALUATION OF NANO PARTICLES
 APPLICATIONS
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION
Nanoscience can be defined as study of
materials at atomic and molecular scales.
Nanoparticles are defined as particulate
dispersions or solid particles with a size in
the range of 10- 1000 nm.
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Nanotechnolgy is providing solutions to
several pharmaceutical drug delivery
issues. With the emergence of
nanotechnology, researchers become more
interested in studying the unique
properties of nanoscale materials.

5. ADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES
Suitable for different routes of administration.
Carrying capacity of nanoparticles is high.
Shelf- stability of drug increases.
 Ability to sustain and control drug release patterns.
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DISADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES
 The manufacturing costs of nanoparticle are high which result in
overall product cost.
 Limited drug loading.
Toxic metabolites may form.

6. TYPES OF NANOPARTICULATE SYSTEMS
 Polymeric Nanoparticles are
colloidal in nature having the size of 10-
1000 nm. The polymers used are
chitosan, gelatin, polyactic acid.
 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles are
lipid base colloidal tripalmitate with the
size of 50-1000 nm.
They are prepared by the cold
homogenization method.
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7.  Liposomes are colloidal carriers
having the size of 80-100 nm. The
liposomes are formed by sonication
i.e lipids are dispersed into the
aqueous media. depends on
concentration of lipids or surfactant,
and osmotic pressure.
 Inorganic Nanoparticles are
the nanoparticles which includes
metal oxide or non oxide ceramics
and magnetic nanoparticles. This has
been used for analysis of images by
using of magnetic resonance and high
resolution interference.
e.g. Gold Nanoparticle
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8.  Dendrimers are tree-like
structures having compartmentalized
chemical polymer. These can deliver
bioactives like drug, vaccines,
materials and genes to desired sites.
 Silica Nanoparticles they
have higher biocompatibility, and
high porous matrix.
Xerogels has highly porous and
surface area by sol-gel technique.
Phenytoin, cisplatin, nifedipine,
doxorubicin are drugs incorporated
with xerogels.
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9.  Nanoemulsions are oil-in- water(o/w) emulsions with mean
droplet diameters ranging from 50 to 1000 nm. These are isotropic in
nature and thermodynamically stable.
They are nanosized aggregates of amphiphilic monomer units.
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10.  Carbon Nanoparticles are hexagonal networks of carbon
atoms.
Length and diameter of these tubes are 1nm and 1-100 nm in
length. Nanotubes are of two type’s i.e single walled nanotubes
(SWNTS) and multi walled nanotubes (MWNTS). The surfaces of
CNT’S are covered by amphiphilic di block copolymers.
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11. POLYMERS FOR NANOPARTICLES
 Natural Hydrophilic Polymers
 Proteins - Gelatin, albumin, lectins, legumin.
 Polysaccharides - alginate, dextran, chiston, agarose.
 Synthetic Hydrophobic Polymers
 Pre- polymerized polymers – poly (e-carplactone), PECL, PLA
(poly lactic acid).
 Polymerized in process polymers – Poly (isobutyl
cyanoacrylate), Poly (butyl cyano acrylate).
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12. METHOD OF PREPARATION OF
NANOPARTICLES
Nanoparticles can be prepared by four methods
 Coacervation method
 Polymerization method
 Supercritical method
 Dispersion method
 Solvent evaporation method
 Emulsification or Solvent diffusion method
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13.  Coacervation or Ionic Gelation
Method
Coacervates are formed as a result of
electrostatic interaction between two
aqueous phases, whereas, ionic
gelation involves the material
undergoing transition from liquid to
gel release.
 Polymerization Method
In this method, monomers are
polymerized to form nanoparticles
dissolved in polymerisation medium.
The nanoparticles suspension is then
purified to remove various stabilizers
and surfactants. This technique has
been reported for making
polybutylcyanoacrylate.
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14.  Supercritical method
This method is used to dissolve the solid material under high
pressure and temperature, thus forming a homogeneous supercritical
phase. Supercritical CO2 is the most widely used supercritical fluid.
The solution is expanded through a nozzle and small particles are
formed.
At the opening of the nozzle point there is a sudden pressure drop
that forces the dissolved material(the solid) to precipitate out of the
solution resulting the formation of nanoparticles.
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15.  Dispersion method is a common technique used to prepare
biodegradable nanoparticles from poly (lactic acid) (PLA) poly
(cyanoacrylate) (PCA).
 Solvent Evaporation Method
In this method, the polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent such as
chloroform.
The mixture of polymer and drug solution is then emulsified in an
aqueous solution containing a surfactant or emulsifying agent to form
oil in water (o/w) emulsion. . After the formation of stable emulsion,
the organic solvent is evaporated either by reducing the pressure.
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• Emulsification Salting out
Organic solvent used is totally dissolved in water. (Ex. acetone)
The saturated aqueous solution prevents acetone from mixing
with water. Diffusion of emulsion droplets in large amount of
water result in an abrupt drop of salt concentration of the
continuous phase leading to extraction of organic solvents and
precipitation of nanoparticle.

17. EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICLES
 Density
• Helium or air using a gas pycnometer
• Density gradient centrifugation
 Molecular Weight
• Gel permeation chromatoghraphy using refractive index detector.
 Specific surface area
Specific surface area = 6 / density X diameter of particles
 Surface Charge and Electronic Mobility
• Surface charge of particle can be determined by measuring particle
velocity in Electrical field.
• Zeta potential can also be determined by measuring the electron
mobility.
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18. APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES
 In drug delivery system for
peptides and proteins - The increasing
number of new molecules of
biotechnological origin such as monoclonal
antibodies, hormones and vaccines, as well
as their therapeutic potential, makes protein
delivery an important area of research.
 In ocular delivery systems - Many
investigations have been made to use
nanoparticles for prolonged release of drugs
to the eye.
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19.  In drug carrier system – Nanotechnology enabled drug delivery
system with optimized physical,chemical and biological properties can
serve as an effective delivery tools for currently available bioactivities.
Some nanobased drug delivery tools are liposome,
dendrimer,polymeric nanoparticles.
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20.  In Gene Therapy – In gene therapy, a normal gene is inserted in
place of an abnormal disease –causing gene using a carrier molecule.
Nanotechnology can help to reproduce or to repair damaged tissue.
 In Cosmetics – Nanoparticles are used in various cosmetic products
like Deodorant, Soap, Toothpaste, Shampoo, Hair conditioner, Anti-
wrinkle cream, Moisturizer, Foundation etc.
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 In Cancer Treatment - Nanoparticles in cancer treatment
reduce the drug exposure of healthy tissues by limiting drug
distribution to target organ.

22.  As Biosensor and Bio-labels -
Biosensors are used in target
identification, toxicity determination.
These tools are employed for
determination of
physiological-biochemical indicator
associated with disease or disrupted
metabolic conditions of body.
 In Drug Discovery - Nanoparticles
will enhance drug delivery process,
through miniaturization, automation,
speed and reliability of assays.
Nanoparticles used in the biodetection of
pathogens in humans and detoxifying
agents.
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23. CONCLUSION
 Nanotechnology focuses on the very small and it is uniquely suited
to creating systems that can better deliver drugs to tiny areas within
the body.
 Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology is an emerging field that could
potentially make a major impact on human health.
 There is no doubt to presume that in next ten years that market will
be flooded with nano-enabled delivery devices and materials.
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24. REFERENCES
 Abhilash, M*, ‘‘Potential applications of Nanoparticles’’,
International Journal of Pharma and BioSciences(2010) ,Vol.
1 (1), pp. 67.
 Gupta A, Arora A, Menakshi A, Sehgal A*, Sehgal R.,
“Nanotechnology and Its Applications in Drug Delivery” ,A
Review. Int J Med and Mol Med 2012; 3(1): 1-9.
 Haritha, Basha SP, Koteswara RP*, Vedantham C., “ A brief
introduction to methods of preparation, applications and
characterization of nanoemulsion drug delivery systems”.,
IJRPB 2013; 1(1).
 Kwon K*, Kim S, Park K, Kwon IC., “ Nanotechnology in
Drug Delivery: Past, Present, and Future”., AAPS 2009; 10:
581.
 Mohan Raj V.J*. and Chen Y., Research article,
“Nanoparticles-A Review”, tjpr,june2006;5(1);561-573.
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