The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Eucalyptus citriodora(EAEEC)ethyl acetate and ethanol (EEEC)extracts on wound healing activity. Excision, incision and dead space wound healing activity was examined on wistar rats, dressed with 10% and 200 mg/kg p.o of the extracts respectively. Control groups were dressed with the simple ointment (negative control) and 5% povidone-iodine (standard) respectively. Healing was assessed based on contraction of wound size, mean epithelisation time, hydroxyproline content and histopathologicalexaminations. Excision wound healing study revealed significant reduction in wound size and mean epithelisation time and scar area. In incision model showed significant (p<0.01) variation in breaking strength and dead space model shows increase wet & dry weight of cotton pellet this indicate higher collagen synthesis in the 10% extract-treated group compared to the vehicle group. These findings were supported by histolopathological examinations of healed wound sections which showed greater tissue regeneration, more fibroblasts and angiogenesis in the 200 mg/kg extract-treated group. The extracts of Eucalyptus citriodorais a potential candidate for the treatment of dermal wounds by topical and oral administration. The extracts are deduced to have accelerated the wound repair at all the phases of the healing.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
This document describes a study investigating the analgesic and antipyretic activities of the methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloea bark. Rats were used to test analgesic activity using the hot plate test, with the extract showing a dose-dependent increase in latency time compared to the control. Antipyretic activity was tested using yeast-induced fever in rats, with the extract and paracetamol both reducing elevated temperatures over time. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract found the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, phytosterols, saponins, flavonoids and coumarins.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.18
ABSTRACT- Present investigations evaluated the effect of Argemone mexicana leaves extract on gut of Heliothis
armigera (Hub.) at different solvents. The effect of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in ethanol and acetone solvent after
24 and 96 hours of treatment on Heliothis armigera shows severity of the damage of epithelial lining, epithelial cells
showed vacuoles at certain places. The gut lining was also found to be damaged and the lumen became wider after the
effect of ethanol extract of A. mexicana. In acetone extract of A. mexicana, the thickness of the fore gut wall has been
increased due to clumping of the tissue and hence the diameter of the foregut was reduced. The lumen therefore became
narrower and columnar epithelial cells showed the vacuoles.
Key-words- Heliothis armigera, Argemone mexicana, Ethanol, acetone, Epithelial lining, Epithelial cells, vacuoles, Gut
lining, Gut wall
The aim of the present work is to carry out acute toxicity study for root bark powder of Argemone mexicana. It is one of the potent liver tonics used for liver disorders. The exposure of this powder in the form of aqueous slurry on Swiss mice was carried out and the exposure route was oral single administration with water. The observations of changes in body weight, food and water intake as well as cage side observations were reported. The observations prove that the plant material is found to be nontoxic.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extracts of berries from Solanum nigrum Linn. Rats were treated with various doses of the extract or diclofenac before carrageenan was injected into their paws to induce edema. The 375 mg/kg dose of the extract significantly decreased paw edema comparable to diclofenac, demonstrating good anti-inflammatory activity. The extract is believed to act in the late phase of inflammation, possibly by inhibiting prostaglandin release through effects on arachidonic acid metabolites.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
The document studies the antipyretic (fever-reducing) activity of Scaevola taccada leaf extracts in rats. Preliminary screening found the leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, lipids, terpenoids, glycosides and saponins. Ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts were tested on yeast-induced fever in rats. Both extracts significantly reduced fever, comparable to the standard drug paracetamol. The antipyretic effects may be due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Anti-inflammatory activity of Pupalia lappacea L.JussAnti inflammatory activi...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and egg white-induced paw edema models. The extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg significantly inhibited paw edema in both models, supporting the traditional use of the plant for inflammatory conditions. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin in the extract, which may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects. The results provide a pharmacological basis for the folkloric use of P. lappacea as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sa...Uploadworld
Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
This document describes a study investigating the analgesic and antipyretic activities of the methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloea bark. Rats were used to test analgesic activity using the hot plate test, with the extract showing a dose-dependent increase in latency time compared to the control. Antipyretic activity was tested using yeast-induced fever in rats, with the extract and paracetamol both reducing elevated temperatures over time. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract found the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, phytosterols, saponins, flavonoids and coumarins.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.18
ABSTRACT- Present investigations evaluated the effect of Argemone mexicana leaves extract on gut of Heliothis
armigera (Hub.) at different solvents. The effect of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in ethanol and acetone solvent after
24 and 96 hours of treatment on Heliothis armigera shows severity of the damage of epithelial lining, epithelial cells
showed vacuoles at certain places. The gut lining was also found to be damaged and the lumen became wider after the
effect of ethanol extract of A. mexicana. In acetone extract of A. mexicana, the thickness of the fore gut wall has been
increased due to clumping of the tissue and hence the diameter of the foregut was reduced. The lumen therefore became
narrower and columnar epithelial cells showed the vacuoles.
Key-words- Heliothis armigera, Argemone mexicana, Ethanol, acetone, Epithelial lining, Epithelial cells, vacuoles, Gut
lining, Gut wall
The aim of the present work is to carry out acute toxicity study for root bark powder of Argemone mexicana. It is one of the potent liver tonics used for liver disorders. The exposure of this powder in the form of aqueous slurry on Swiss mice was carried out and the exposure route was oral single administration with water. The observations of changes in body weight, food and water intake as well as cage side observations were reported. The observations prove that the plant material is found to be nontoxic.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extracts of berries from Solanum nigrum Linn. Rats were treated with various doses of the extract or diclofenac before carrageenan was injected into their paws to induce edema. The 375 mg/kg dose of the extract significantly decreased paw edema comparable to diclofenac, demonstrating good anti-inflammatory activity. The extract is believed to act in the late phase of inflammation, possibly by inhibiting prostaglandin release through effects on arachidonic acid metabolites.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
The document studies the antipyretic (fever-reducing) activity of Scaevola taccada leaf extracts in rats. Preliminary screening found the leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, lipids, terpenoids, glycosides and saponins. Ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts were tested on yeast-induced fever in rats. Both extracts significantly reduced fever, comparable to the standard drug paracetamol. The antipyretic effects may be due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Anti-inflammatory activity of Pupalia lappacea L.JussAnti inflammatory activi...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and egg white-induced paw edema models. The extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg significantly inhibited paw edema in both models, supporting the traditional use of the plant for inflammatory conditions. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin in the extract, which may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects. The results provide a pharmacological basis for the folkloric use of P. lappacea as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sa...Uploadworld
Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice.
Assessment of Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection and Susceptibility of Anti...BRNSS Publication Hub
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common and serious health problem affecting many people each year around the world especially females. Therapy of UTI relies on the predictability of the agents causing UTI and knowledge of their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in two major hospitals of Western Nepal. Tools for data collection were a data collection form. A total of 400 patient’s file with suspected UTI were reviewed, out of which 173 (43.3%) of the suspected samples showed the presence of potential pathogens causing UTI. UTI was most prevalent in females of age group of 21–30 years. Escherichia coli was the predominant (65.1%) bacterial pathogen. Amikacin was found to be the most sensitive antimicrobial followed by nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. Ampicillin showed a higher percentage of resistant, compared to other antimicrobials. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process, regular surveillance and monitoring are necessary to provide effective treatment of UTIs.
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
This document evaluates the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Murraya koenigii leaf extract. It summarizes two experiments: 1) HRBC membrane stabilization method, which found that M. koenigii extract stabilized red blood cell membranes up to 69.15% at 1000 μg/ml, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. 2) Protein denaturation inhibition method, which found that M. koenigii extract inhibited protein denaturation up to 85.35% at 800 μg/ml. The study supports the use of M. koenigii in treating inflammation due to the presence of flavonoids and carbazole alkaloids that have known anti-inflammatory activity.
This document describes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation called Trushanadi loha. The formulation contains 14 plant and mineral ingredients. An aqueous extract was tested in rats. Blood glucose levels were measured. The extract produced a 40% reduction in blood glucose levels in normal rats, demonstrating significant anti-diabetic activity. The formulation was also found to be non-toxic in acute oral toxicity tests in rats at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg. Overall, the study provides evidence that Trushanadi loha has anti-diabetic properties and a safe toxicity profile.
Antifungal Activity of Honey with Curcuma Starch against RhodotorulaBee Healthy Farms
In vitro activity of natural honey alone and in combination with curcuma starch against rhodotorula mucilaginosa in correlation with bioactive compounds and diastase activity.
The mixture of curcuma starch and honey could lead to the development of new combination antibiotics against Rhodotorula infections. This synergistic interaction between two natural agents (non-toxic) against R. mucilaginosa may be helpful for humankind, particularly in this part of the globe, in combating antifungal resistance.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
In Vivo Assay of Analgesic Activity of Methanolic and Petroleum Ether Extract...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on the analgesic (pain-relieving) effects of methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Vitex negundo (leaves) in mice. The study found that both extracts significantly reduced pain behaviors in mice in a dose-dependent manner in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, indicating that they possess peripheral analgesic properties. The methanolic extract showed stronger analgesic effects than the petroleum ether extract. The results provide support for the traditional use of V. negundo leaves to treat painful conditions and suggest that compounds in the plant like flavonoids may contribute to its analgesic activity.
The document evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (KVC), the root powder of Smilax zeylanica, in rodent models. The results showed that KVC significantly increased the reaction time in hot plate test and inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing responses in mice, indicating its analgesic effects. KVC also significantly reduced formalin-induced paw edema in rats and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, demonstrating its anti-inflammatory properties. The study confirms the traditional use of KVC for pain and inflammation management.
44.Antimicrobial activity in leaf extract of Neem(Azadirachta indica Linn.)Annadurai B
1) The study investigated the antimicrobial activity of extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves against several human pathogenic bacteria.
2) Methanol and ethanol extracts of neem leaves were tested using disc diffusion and microdilution assays at concentrations from 200-25 mg/ml.
3) The results showed that both extracts inhibited the growth of Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, with the methanol extract demonstrating the highest level of inhibition against Bacillus pumilus and the ethanol extract showing the strongest effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative Effect of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Buchholzia Coriacea ...Scientific Review SR
This study was designed to investigate the comparative effect of aqueous and methanol extract
of Buchholzia coriacea seeds on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Twenty four albino rats of both
sexes weighing 162.53±3.55 g were used. For the aqueous extract, 12 animals were divided into 4 groups of 3
rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administer ed 0.5 ml of diclofenac sodium (reference
anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg body
weight of the aqueous extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. For the methanol extract, 12 animals
were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administered 0.5 ml of
diclofenac sodium (reference anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100,
300 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the methanol extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. Thirty
minutes after treatment of animals in both the aqueous and methanol groups with the drug and extract, 0.2 ml
of 2% carrageenan was injected into the left hind paw of each animal under the sub plantar aponeurosis. Paw
volume of rats were measured before and after carrageenan injection at 30 minutes interval over a period of 3
hours (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180) minutes, to determine the anti -inflammatory response of both extracts,
using carrageenan-induced paw odema method. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the
aqueous extract contains terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids while the methanol extract contains saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, terpeno ids and steroids. Proximate analysis of
Buchholzia coriacea seeds revealed that crude fibre has the lowest percentage of (1.10±0.05), ash content
(5.20±0.01), crude fat (4.10±0.02) moisture content (9.10±0.13), crude protein (10.20±0.20) and
carbohydrate with the highest percentage of (70.10±0.04). In terms of percentage inhibition, paw volume was
brought to near normal levels by the methanol extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight which showed
better anti-inflammatory activity than 500 mg/kg body weight o f the same extract as well as all doses of the
aqueous extract and even more than the reference drug. Overall, the anti -inflammatory effect may be traced
to single or synergistic activity of phytoconstituents present in the methanol extract.
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
Phytochemical investigation, screening of anti-inflammatory activity of Aspar...SriramNagarajan16
This study investigated the phytochemistry and anti-inflammatory activity of Asparagus gonoclados Baker roots. Physiochemical analysis of the roots found 5.07% alcohol soluble ash, 31.96% alcohol soluble extract, and 0.65% moisture content. Qualitative chemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, phenolics, tannins, and fixed oils in the ethanolic extract. The extract significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats in a dose-dependent manner, with 55.96% inhibition at 300 mg/kg. The study suggests the ethanolic extract has anti-inflammatory properties likely due to its phytochemical
This study analyzed the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of tea grown with different agricultural practices. Tea extracts from organically grown tea (using vermicompost and vermiwash) showed higher total phenolic content and stronger free radical scavenging activity compared to conventionally grown tea (using inorganic fertilizers), as measured by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays. The study also found significant acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in tea extracts, with the strongest inhibition seen in organically grown tea extracts.
This study evaluated the antiasthmatic potential of a polyherbal formulation containing extracts of four plants - Solanum xanthocarpum, Aegle marmelos, Caesalpinia bonduc, and Murraya koenigii. Experimental models in rats and guinea pigs were used to assess mast cell stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic effects. The results demonstrated that the polyherbal formulation dose-dependently inhibited mast cell degranulation and protected against histamine- and acetylcholine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs, suggesting antiasthmatic effects through mast cell membrane stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic mechanisms of action. This
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Blood glucose and lipid reducing activities of the oral administration of aqu...Alexander Decker
1. The study investigated the effects of repeated oral administration of an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on blood glucose and lipid levels in male Wistar rats over 56 days.
2. The extract significantly reduced blood glucose and serum lipid levels like total cholesterol and triglycerides in a dose-dependent manner. It also significantly increased HDL cholesterol.
3. The extract maintained or slightly reduced body weight in the rats. It significantly reduced food intake, which may be due to effects on appetite or metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract.
Hepatoprotective activity of actinopteris radiata linnpharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Actinopteris radiata (EEAR) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in rats. EEAR was found to significantly reduce serum markers of liver damage like SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, indicating hepatoprotection. Histopathological analysis also showed EEAR helped retain normal liver cellular architecture compared to the toxic control. The protective effects are likely due to flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids and phenols in EEAR. The study demonstrates EEAR's potential as a hepatoprotective
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Assessment of Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection and Susceptibility of Anti...BRNSS Publication Hub
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common and serious health problem affecting many people each year around the world especially females. Therapy of UTI relies on the predictability of the agents causing UTI and knowledge of their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in two major hospitals of Western Nepal. Tools for data collection were a data collection form. A total of 400 patient’s file with suspected UTI were reviewed, out of which 173 (43.3%) of the suspected samples showed the presence of potential pathogens causing UTI. UTI was most prevalent in females of age group of 21–30 years. Escherichia coli was the predominant (65.1%) bacterial pathogen. Amikacin was found to be the most sensitive antimicrobial followed by nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. Ampicillin showed a higher percentage of resistant, compared to other antimicrobials. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process, regular surveillance and monitoring are necessary to provide effective treatment of UTIs.
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
This document evaluates the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Murraya koenigii leaf extract. It summarizes two experiments: 1) HRBC membrane stabilization method, which found that M. koenigii extract stabilized red blood cell membranes up to 69.15% at 1000 μg/ml, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. 2) Protein denaturation inhibition method, which found that M. koenigii extract inhibited protein denaturation up to 85.35% at 800 μg/ml. The study supports the use of M. koenigii in treating inflammation due to the presence of flavonoids and carbazole alkaloids that have known anti-inflammatory activity.
This document describes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation called Trushanadi loha. The formulation contains 14 plant and mineral ingredients. An aqueous extract was tested in rats. Blood glucose levels were measured. The extract produced a 40% reduction in blood glucose levels in normal rats, demonstrating significant anti-diabetic activity. The formulation was also found to be non-toxic in acute oral toxicity tests in rats at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg. Overall, the study provides evidence that Trushanadi loha has anti-diabetic properties and a safe toxicity profile.
Antifungal Activity of Honey with Curcuma Starch against RhodotorulaBee Healthy Farms
In vitro activity of natural honey alone and in combination with curcuma starch against rhodotorula mucilaginosa in correlation with bioactive compounds and diastase activity.
The mixture of curcuma starch and honey could lead to the development of new combination antibiotics against Rhodotorula infections. This synergistic interaction between two natural agents (non-toxic) against R. mucilaginosa may be helpful for humankind, particularly in this part of the globe, in combating antifungal resistance.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
In Vivo Assay of Analgesic Activity of Methanolic and Petroleum Ether Extract...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on the analgesic (pain-relieving) effects of methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Vitex negundo (leaves) in mice. The study found that both extracts significantly reduced pain behaviors in mice in a dose-dependent manner in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, indicating that they possess peripheral analgesic properties. The methanolic extract showed stronger analgesic effects than the petroleum ether extract. The results provide support for the traditional use of V. negundo leaves to treat painful conditions and suggest that compounds in the plant like flavonoids may contribute to its analgesic activity.
The document evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (KVC), the root powder of Smilax zeylanica, in rodent models. The results showed that KVC significantly increased the reaction time in hot plate test and inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing responses in mice, indicating its analgesic effects. KVC also significantly reduced formalin-induced paw edema in rats and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, demonstrating its anti-inflammatory properties. The study confirms the traditional use of KVC for pain and inflammation management.
44.Antimicrobial activity in leaf extract of Neem(Azadirachta indica Linn.)Annadurai B
1) The study investigated the antimicrobial activity of extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves against several human pathogenic bacteria.
2) Methanol and ethanol extracts of neem leaves were tested using disc diffusion and microdilution assays at concentrations from 200-25 mg/ml.
3) The results showed that both extracts inhibited the growth of Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, with the methanol extract demonstrating the highest level of inhibition against Bacillus pumilus and the ethanol extract showing the strongest effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative Effect of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Buchholzia Coriacea ...Scientific Review SR
This study was designed to investigate the comparative effect of aqueous and methanol extract
of Buchholzia coriacea seeds on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Twenty four albino rats of both
sexes weighing 162.53±3.55 g were used. For the aqueous extract, 12 animals were divided into 4 groups of 3
rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administer ed 0.5 ml of diclofenac sodium (reference
anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg body
weight of the aqueous extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. For the methanol extract, 12 animals
were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administered 0.5 ml of
diclofenac sodium (reference anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100,
300 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the methanol extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. Thirty
minutes after treatment of animals in both the aqueous and methanol groups with the drug and extract, 0.2 ml
of 2% carrageenan was injected into the left hind paw of each animal under the sub plantar aponeurosis. Paw
volume of rats were measured before and after carrageenan injection at 30 minutes interval over a period of 3
hours (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180) minutes, to determine the anti -inflammatory response of both extracts,
using carrageenan-induced paw odema method. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the
aqueous extract contains terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids while the methanol extract contains saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, terpeno ids and steroids. Proximate analysis of
Buchholzia coriacea seeds revealed that crude fibre has the lowest percentage of (1.10±0.05), ash content
(5.20±0.01), crude fat (4.10±0.02) moisture content (9.10±0.13), crude protein (10.20±0.20) and
carbohydrate with the highest percentage of (70.10±0.04). In terms of percentage inhibition, paw volume was
brought to near normal levels by the methanol extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight which showed
better anti-inflammatory activity than 500 mg/kg body weight o f the same extract as well as all doses of the
aqueous extract and even more than the reference drug. Overall, the anti -inflammatory effect may be traced
to single or synergistic activity of phytoconstituents present in the methanol extract.
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
Phytochemical investigation, screening of anti-inflammatory activity of Aspar...SriramNagarajan16
This study investigated the phytochemistry and anti-inflammatory activity of Asparagus gonoclados Baker roots. Physiochemical analysis of the roots found 5.07% alcohol soluble ash, 31.96% alcohol soluble extract, and 0.65% moisture content. Qualitative chemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, phenolics, tannins, and fixed oils in the ethanolic extract. The extract significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats in a dose-dependent manner, with 55.96% inhibition at 300 mg/kg. The study suggests the ethanolic extract has anti-inflammatory properties likely due to its phytochemical
This study analyzed the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of tea grown with different agricultural practices. Tea extracts from organically grown tea (using vermicompost and vermiwash) showed higher total phenolic content and stronger free radical scavenging activity compared to conventionally grown tea (using inorganic fertilizers), as measured by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays. The study also found significant acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in tea extracts, with the strongest inhibition seen in organically grown tea extracts.
This study evaluated the antiasthmatic potential of a polyherbal formulation containing extracts of four plants - Solanum xanthocarpum, Aegle marmelos, Caesalpinia bonduc, and Murraya koenigii. Experimental models in rats and guinea pigs were used to assess mast cell stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic effects. The results demonstrated that the polyherbal formulation dose-dependently inhibited mast cell degranulation and protected against histamine- and acetylcholine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs, suggesting antiasthmatic effects through mast cell membrane stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic mechanisms of action. This
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Blood glucose and lipid reducing activities of the oral administration of aqu...Alexander Decker
1. The study investigated the effects of repeated oral administration of an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on blood glucose and lipid levels in male Wistar rats over 56 days.
2. The extract significantly reduced blood glucose and serum lipid levels like total cholesterol and triglycerides in a dose-dependent manner. It also significantly increased HDL cholesterol.
3. The extract maintained or slightly reduced body weight in the rats. It significantly reduced food intake, which may be due to effects on appetite or metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract.
Hepatoprotective activity of actinopteris radiata linnpharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Actinopteris radiata (EEAR) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in rats. EEAR was found to significantly reduce serum markers of liver damage like SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, indicating hepatoprotection. Histopathological analysis also showed EEAR helped retain normal liver cellular architecture compared to the toxic control. The protective effects are likely due to flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids and phenols in EEAR. The study demonstrates EEAR's potential as a hepatoprotective
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study examined the safety of using extracts of Jatropha curcas leaf formulated in a simple ointment base for wound healing. Different groups of rats were treated with ointments containing varying doses of the leaf extract for 21 days. Blood biochemistry and histopathological examination of kidney and liver tissues were performed. The results showed no significant differences in biochemical parameters between treated and control groups. Histopathological examination also showed normal tissue features, except for mild changes in liver tissues of some treated groups. The study concluded that the leaf extract has no harmful effects when used topically for wound healing at the tested doses.
The document examines the safety of using extracts of Jatropha curcas leaf formulated in a simple ointment base for wound healing. Rats were treated with ointments containing different doses of the leaf extract and a control for 21 days. Blood tests and histological examination of liver and kidney tissues found no significant differences between the control and experimental groups, indicating the leaf extract had no harmful effects at these doses. Specifically, biochemical parameters and tissue structures remained normal, suggesting the extract is safe to use topically for wound healing within the tested dosages.
Evaluation of Protective Efficacy of Hydro Alcoholic Extract and Methanol Fra...paperpublications3
Abstract: The objective of the study was to investigate and compare the radioprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) and methanol fraction (MF) of Tamarindus indica pod in mice against electron beam radiation. Animals were treated with 100 mg/Kg body weight of HAE and MF of T. indica for 15 consecutive days before exposing to 6Gy (sublethal dose) whole body EBR. The irradiation of animals resulted in an elevation in lipid peroxidation and reduction in glutathione, total antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. Irradiated group had shown micronucleus in the bone marrow cells. Treatment of mice with HAE and MF before irradiation, reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the irradiated group. Pretreated mice showed a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation followed by elevation in reduced glutathione, total antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. It also showed a reduction in the micronucleus formation in bone marrow cells. The findings of our study indicate the protective efficacy of HAE and MF on radiation induced biochemical and chromosomal changes in mice may be due to its free radical scavenging and increased antioxidant levels. It also reveals MF, a better protective agent than that of HAE of T. indica.
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study on the toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extract. The study found:
1) The tolerated dose of the extract in rats was 800mg/kg while the toxic dose was 1600mg/kg, with behavioral and neurological signs observed at toxic doses.
2) The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be 2663.92 mg/kg in acute toxicity testing.
3) In a 28-day sub-acute toxicity study, rats administered 800mg/kg of the extract daily showed no changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters compared to controls.
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY.pdfgynomark
Amaranthus roxburghianus is one of the traditionally well-known plants with outstanding therapeutic properties, and
is used mostly in treating different diseases in India. Thus, based on these medicinal properties, various investigations
have been undertaken in order to appraise the pharmacological activities and the chemical composition of these
species. Here, we elucidate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Amaranthus roxburghianus ethanolic
leaves extract. phytochemical screening of Amaranthus roxburghianus extract showed the presence of alkaloids,
Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Proteins, Amino Acids. the ethanolic leaves extract of Amaranthus
roxburghianus, possess peripheral and central analgesic activity in animal model. The Amaranthus roxburghianus
leaves extract shows anti-inflammatory activity in different animal model. Flavonoids and tannins are the major
constituents of Amaranthus roxburghianus leaves, which may be responsible for its Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory
activity.
KEYWORDS: Amaranthus roxburghianus, Phytochemical screening, Analgesic activity, Anti-inflammatory activity
Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats using streptozotocin. Creatinine, urea, and inflammatory biomarkers were measured in the rats' blood serum. Creatinine and urea levels were significantly increased in diabetic rats, while an inflammatory marker (IL-10) decreased. Administration of Jatropha curcas extracts to diabetic rats resulted in reductions in creatinine, urea, and inflammatory biomarkers, similar to effects of the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. The extracts showed protective effects against kidney disorders associated with diabetes mellitus.
Analgesic activity of various leaf extracts of saraca indica linn.Younis I Munshi
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the analgesic activity of different leaf extracts of Saraca indica in mice models. The extracts showed dose-dependent analgesic effects in both the formalin-induced pain and tail immersion tests. In the formalin test, the methanol extract at 400 mg/kg produced the highest analgesic activity, inhibiting pain response by 55.87% in the first phase and 49.21% in the second phase. In the tail immersion test, the methanol extract also increased the tail flick latency time the most compared to control, suggesting it may have central analgesic effects. The results indicate that extracts of Saraca indica leaves possess analgesic properties.
Comparative study of phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant ...IJSIT Editor
India is a vast repository of medicinal plants that are used in traditional medical treatments. India gave
‘Ayurveda’ the oldest golden book in herbal medicine system. Medicinal plants play a vital role for the development of
new drugs. Natural products from plant, animal and minerals have been the basis of the treatment of human disease
but plants stood above all. Traditional knowledge can serve as powerful search engine, which will greatly facilitate
intentional, focused and safe natural product drug discovery. These traditions have relatively organized database, and
more exhaustive description of botanical material[1,2]. People of small village are directly in touch with herbs and plant
for treatment purpose, so we have to work together for better result. Although the herbal medicine doesn’t have side
effect but we should follow the strict quality control process. Globalization of herbal medicine system comes with the
better advancement of many oxidative stress related diseases are as a result of accumulation of free radicals in the
body. A lot of researches are going on worldwide directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plants origins. The
aims of this study were to evaluate in vitro phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities and to
screen for phytochemical constituents of Blepharis genus. [Family Acanthaceae] Methonolic crude extract.
The document discusses Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and in vitro antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Ormocarpum cochinchinense. FTIR analysis identified biologically active compounds including phenols, alkanes, carboxylic acids, flavonoids, and amines. Methanol extracts showed the strongest antibacterial activity against tested pathogens like Klebsiella aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The study suggests methanol extracts of O. cochinchinense may have potential for treating bacterial infections.
Antifertility Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Prosopis cineraria in Male Al...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study evaluated the antifertility effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Prosopis cineraria in male albino rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two treatment groups that received either 150 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg of the leaf extract daily for 35 days. The extract decreased testis and epididymis weight and sperm motility, viability, and count in a dose-dependent manner. It also reduced testosterone levels and caused abnormal sperm morphology. After 65 days without further treatment, fertility markers increased in the treated groups but did not return to control levels. The study suggests the leaf extract has antifertility properties in male rats.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antifertility effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Prosopis cineraria in male albino rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two treatment groups that received either 150 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg of the P. cineraria extract daily for 35 days. Treatment resulted in decreased testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle weights as well as reduced sperm motility, viability and counts. Serum testosterone levels also declined in the treatment groups. However, after a 65 day recovery period without treatment, the fertility parameters increased toward normal levels, indicating the antifertility effects were reversible. The study suggests the P. c
Effect of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Aquilaria subintegra on aphrodi...Mohammed Muayad TA
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts on parameters related to aphrodisiac properties in mice. 30 male mice were divided into groups receiving various doses of the extract or saline by oral gavage for 21 days. Sexual behavior was observed by introducing females and recording mounts and intromissions. Offspring number, sex ratio, and pregnancy rate were measured. Blood was collected to measure testosterone. Results showed the 50 mg/kg dose increased mounts initially, while the 100, 500, 1000 mg/kg doses increased offspring number but did not affect other parameters compared to controls. The study suggests the extract may increase breeding rate but not have strong aphrodis
Similar to WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORALIN RATS (20)
Molecular docking studies of abelmoschus esculentus for anti diabetics and a...Jing Zang
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) or bhendi also known as ladies finger is an important vegetable crop in India, and African regions. Abelmoscus esculentus having the medicinal property of anti inflammatory , anti diabetics, anti oxidant activities . In this studies we are going to analysis the anti diabetics and anti inflammatory property of Abelmoscus esculentus by using molecular docking studies. Diabetics is a major cause of death and the number of new cases, as well as the number of individuals living with Diabetics, is expanding continuously. Now a days It is one of the most common diseases in the worldwide .Foot ulceration remains a major health problem for diabetic patients and has a major impact on the cost of diabetes treatment. One major complication of diabetes is foot ulceration, which occurs in as many as 15–25% of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients over their lifetimes. The phytochemicals of Abelmoscus esculentus are analysed and optimized with the Arguslab to investigate the interactions between the target compounds and the amino acid residues of the Mafa and Mmp9. All the compound have shown binding pose between from – 3.25 to -7.95 and -7.95 into -11.40 out of ten compound . [E,E] Farenesal with Mafa protein and gossypol with Mmp9 protein show best ligand energy -10.55 and -8.88 Kcal/mol with 1 and 1 hydrogen bond of distance is 3.0 and 2.3 respectively .
Molecular docking studies of gloriosa superba for anti cancer and anti tuberc...Jing Zang
Gloriosa superba is a medicinal plant generally found in western parts of Tamilnadu and kerala in India. Gloriosa superba having the medicinal property of anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti Tuberculosis and mutagenic activities. In this studies we are going to analysis the anti cancer and anti tuberculosis property of Gloriosa superba by using molecular docking studies. Cancer is a major cause of death and the number of new cases, as well as the number of individuals living with cancer, is expanding continuously. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide . Tuberculosis is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria , usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. The phytochemicals of Gloriosa superba are analysed and optimized with the Arguslab to investigate the interactions between the target compounds and the amino acid residues of the E7 and DAHP. All the compound have shown binding pose between from – 3.25 to -7.95 and -7.95 into -11.40 out of ten compound .Chrysophanic acid with E7 protein and Colchicine with DAHP protein show best ligand energy -9.52049 and -7.47679Kcal/mol with 1 and 3 hydrogen bond of distance is 2.3 and 2.2,2.9 and 3.2 respectively .
A systemic review on antibiotic use evaluation in paediatricsJing Zang
Drug utilization is the marketing, distribution, prescription, and use of drug in a society, with special emphasis on the resulting medical, social and economic consequences. Antibiotics are valuable discoveries of modern medicine and their definitive and or appropriate use has led to a decline in the morbidity and mortality associated with various infectious diseaseswhile inappropriate use of antibiotics can increase morbidity, mortality, patient cost and bacterial antibiotic resistance.Antimicrobial agents are among the most commonly prescribed drug in Paediatrics. Because of an overall rise in health care costs, lack of uniformity in drug prescribing and the emergence of antibiotic resistance, monitoring and control of antibiotic use are of growing concern and strict antibiotic policies should be warranted. The caution use for antimicrobial agents is very important as their unavailability or resistance can be life threatening. Irrational drug use is a common practice in developing countries. In India, clinician often prescribe three or four drugs to treat the most trivial conditions for the sake of satisfying the patients need to receive drugs or the drug sellers need for profit. Thus drug use evaluation studies are required for all drugs in general and particularly for antibiotics.
A review on medicinal properties of Camel milkJing Zang
Many research findings proved that Camel milk is closer to human milk than any other milk. It is often easily digested by lactose-intolerant individuals. It is rich in healthy vitamins and minerals, especially B vitamins, vitamin C and iron. The lactoferrin in camel milk has antibacterial, antiviral and anti-tumor properties. It contains disease-fighting immunoglobulins which are small in size, allowing penetration of antigens and boosting the effectiveness of the immune system. It is a rich source of insulin and also it containing approximately 52 units of insulin in each liter of camel milk, making it a great treatment option for Type 1 or Type 2 diabetics as well as Gestational Diabetes. This review focused on the medicinal properties of camel milk which will be more useful to generate value added products formation from camel milk.
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid dispersion for Dissolution Enhancement of...Jing Zang
The document summarizes research on developing solid dispersions of the poorly water soluble drug nifedipine to enhance its dissolution rate. Solid dispersions of nifedipine were prepared using different polymers (sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium, eudragit E-100) at various weight ratios using solvent evaporation. The best formulation with croscarmellose sodium at a 1:7 ratio showed over 70% increased dissolution compared to nifedipine API. This formulation was further adsorbed onto neusilin US2 to form a ternary mixture, which showed over 30% higher dissolution than the marketed product. Tablets prepared from the ternary mixture were stable
Glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic extract of RauwolfiaJing Zang
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemistry, acute toxicity and glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic roots extract (HMREt) of Rauwolfia serpentina. The qualitative analysis of HMREt showed the presence of many important phyto-constituents except anthraquinones, carbohydrates and saponins whereas quantitatively it found rich in total phenols. In acute toxicity study, orally administrated HMREt from 5-250 mg/ kg was observed safe and non-sedative while its doses from 500-2500 mg/kg were found sedative and induced mortalities (17-100%) within 4 hours of administration. The median lethal dose (LD50) of same extract was calculated as 1412.54 mg / kg (log LD50 = 3.15 mg/ kg) from log doses verses probit graph. The HMREt in doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg induced significant percent decrease in blood glucose level at 30, 60 and 120 minutes in normo-hyperglycemic test mice as compared to control and negative control groups (p<0.05). The results concluded that HMREt has glucose lowering potential either by developing glucose tolerance or by pancreatic action in normo-hyperglycemic mice.
Nutritive and Anti-nutritive composition of Wild grown Canavalia gladiata seedsJing Zang
The wild Canavalia gladiata seeds were widely distributed in Nupeland, North Central Nigeria. It was obtained and processed by decoating, sun drying and grinding into powder. Using petroleum ether (40-60oC), the fats was extracted, the protein content, ash content, crude fibre, moisture, carbohydrate with respective values of 3.60±0.14, 11.1±0.83, 4.25±0.11, 3.39±0.27, 5.85±0.47 and 72.3±0.08 % as well as the mineral contents were determined using standard methods. The mineral composition determined from the C. gladiata seeds shows higher values of potassium, zinc, iron and calcium 25.15±0.03, 25.89±0.27, 18.3±0.14 and 17.25±0.49 mg/100 g respectively. This seed analyzed contains low yield of anti-nutritional contents which suggested that, it could be safe for human consumption since it fell below the lethal dose limit. The sample contains reasonable amount of essential and non-essential amino acids with yield varying between 48 and 52%. The presence of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the C. gladiata was 96 and 4% respectively. The higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acid present makes this seed desirable for consumption by the person with heart diseases. In addition, from the data obtained this oil becomes attractive options for commercial purposes since it is suitable for the manufacture of soaps, lubricating oil, candles as well as pharmaceutical industries.
Pharmacovigilance in South Africa: Undocumented undergraduate training and pr...Jing Zang
Pharmacovigilance is a clinical discipline that is gaining more and more attention worldwide and in Africa. The rolling out of large scale programs on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria has heightened the need to step up efforts to have pharmacovigilance concepts to be operationalized in clinical practice. A quick search in PubMed and Google Scholar and a review of available literature was conducted in order to establish whether medical, nursing and pharmacy undergraduate students are taught pharmacovigilance concepts and skills for effective practice. It seems that there is a paucity of data on the undergraduate training in pharmacovigilance in South Africa. It may be that there might be inadequate training on pharmacovigilance during undergraduate training of medical, nursing and pharmacy students in South Africa. More studies are needed to document the views and experiences of South African students and healthcare professionals on training and practice of pharmacovigilance.
Black Seed (Nigella sativa) Possess Bioactive Compounds Act as Anti-Helicobac...Jing Zang
This document reviews the anti-Helicobacter pylori properties of black seed (Nigella sativa). It summarizes research showing that N. sativa contains bioactive compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, the primary cause of gastric ulcers. Specifically, thymoquinone, the most abundant constituent of N. sativa essential oil, has demonstrated anti-H. pylori effects. Studies have found N. sativa extracts inhibit the growth of H. pylori in vitro and are effective in eradicating H. pylori infections in human patients. The review concludes that N. sativa possesses therapeutic properties that can help protect against gastric damage caused by H. py
This document describes the development and validation of a new spectrofluorimetric method for the estimation of desvenlafaxine succinate in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Key points:
1) The method utilizes the native fluorescence of desvenlafaxine succinate with an excitation wavelength of 274 nm and emission wavelength of 305 nm in pH 6 phosphate buffer.
2) The method was found to be linear over a concentration range of 100-900 ng/ml. Validation studies established the method's accuracy, precision, selectivity, robustness and ruggedness according to ICH guidelines.
3) The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of desvenlafaxine succinate in commercial extended-
This study evaluated the anti-osteoporotic effects of Bonton Active Granules in an ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Rats were divided into four groups: a normal control group, an ovariectomized disease control group, and two ovariectomized groups treated with different doses of Bonton Active Granules. Treatment with Bonton Active Granules significantly decreased serum alkaline phosphatase levels and increased serum calcium levels compared to the disease control group, indicating reduced bone resorption. It also improved femoral bone parameters, bone breaking strength, and bone histopathology in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that Bonton Active Granules has anti
This document describes the development and validation of a spectrophotometric method for the determination of the antiepileptic drug rufinamide in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Rufinamide forms a colored complex with the dye bromocresol green under acidic conditions that can be extracted with chloroform and measured spectrophotometrically. The method was optimized and validated according to ICH guidelines, demonstrating good linearity, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity for quantifying rufinamide concentrations between 10-50 μg/mL. The method was successfully applied to analyze rufinamide levels in commercial tablet formulations, indicating it is suitable for the routine analysis of this drug in quality control testing.
The study evaluated the antimicrobial activities of crude methanol extracts and partitioned fractions of four Bangladeshi medicinal plants - Abrus precatorius, Magnolia pterocarpa, Dracaena spicata, and Ravenala madagascariensis. Fractions from M. pterocarpa and D. spicata exhibited zones of inhibition up to 23mm and 18mm, respectively, against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The carbon tetrachloride fraction of A. precatorius showed the largest zone of inhibition of 15mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. R. madagascariensis demonstrated generally weak antimicrobial activity with zones up to 9mm. The results suggest that fractions
In vitro enzyme inhibition studies on new sulfonamide derivatives of 4-tosyl ...Jing Zang
Sulfonamides are considered to be pharmaceutically important class of compounds. In the present work, N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide (3) was synthesized by the reaction of 2,4-dimethylaniline (1) and 4-tosyl chloride (2; 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride) using 10% aqueous Na2CO3 solution as reaction medium. At the second step, the synthesized molecule 3 was made to react with different alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-o) to yield the target compounds, 5a-o, using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as reaction medium and lithium hydride as an activator. The synthesis of all the compounds was verified by spectral techniques using IR, 1H-NMR and EIMS; and further examined for their anti-enzymatic activities. The synthesized compound 5f represented a suitable inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and lipoxygenase enzymes.
This document describes the development and validation of a quantitative method for determining penbutolol and its metabolite 4-hydroxy penbutolol in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method involves solid phase extraction of the analytes from plasma followed by separation using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated according to FDA guidelines and showed good linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, selectivity and stability. The developed and validated LC-MS/MS method was found to be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of penbutolol in human volunteers.
In vitro sun screening activity of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea (Camellia Si...Jing Zang
Currently, there is demand for the development of herbal sunscreen formulations to suppress harmful effects of UV rays. In this regard, this study, was conducted to investigate the sun screen potential of Sri Lankan Orthodox black tea (made from buds and top most leaves of Camellia sinensis L plant) using three grades (Dust No:1, Broken Orange Pekoe and Orange Pekoe) using UV spectroscopic technique and Mansur equation. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value was determined using 20% aqueous extracts (Black tea brews). The results revealed that all three tea samples had markedly high absorbance values (1.4 to 4.2) at 290-320 nm range and SPF values above 15 which are considered as the threshold value for good sunscreen. The SPF value of Dust No:1, B.O.P.F and O.P were respectively 36, 23 and 22. This is a novel finding for Sri Lankan black tea. It is concluded that Sri Lankan black tea, especially, Dust No: 1 can function as an efficient sunscreen agent and has great promise to be developed as cheap, safe and effective topical botanical sunscreen acting via multiple mechanisms (considering its other reported bioactivities).
The document reports on a clinical study and in silico structure-based drug design study related to osteoarthritis (OA) and nitric oxide (NO). The clinical study found significantly higher serum nitrite levels, a marker of NO production, in OA patients compared to controls. An in silico molecular docking study was conducted to search for new inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitors, as excessive iNOS is involved in excessive NO formation leading to OA. Several potential iNOS inhibitors were identified and the best binding was found for inhibitor 3, which formed hydrogen bonds with key amino acid residues in the active site of iNOS.
HPTLC determination of carotenoid profile in the leaf and bark samples of lor...Jing Zang
Influence of host plants on the carotenoid profile of Loranthus longiflorus leaf and bark samples collected from Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus religiosa host trees were determined by HPTLC method. The methanol extract of L. longiflorus leaf samples obtained from C. equisetifolia host trees showed 9 compounds while it was 8 compounds in the leaf samples collected from F. religiosa host tree. Among the compounds, 5 and 3 compound in each sample, respectively, was identified as carotinoids while the others were unknown. Four compounds from each leaf samples collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 4- 6 & 8) and F. religiosa (peak no. 1-3 & 6) host trees showed similar Rf values (0.15, 0.19, 0.23 & 0.53, respectively). Similarly, the methanol extract of L. longiflorus bark sample collected from C. equisetifolia and F. religiosa host trees contained 8 compounds each. Of these compounds only 3 from each sample was identified as carotenoids whereas others were unknown and none of these compounds showed any similar Rf values. One compound from leaf and park samples of L. longiflorus collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 6 & 4) and F. religiosa (peak no. 4 & 3) showed similar Rf values (0.23 & 0.26), respectively.
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
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Migraine is the most common problem affecting large population, with prevalence frequency 10-12 %. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of migraine in a low income community in Karachi from June-Oct, 2013. Three hundred and seven participants were involved in this study. For this purpose cross-sectional community based questionnaire was designed in accordance with the diagnostic criteria given by International Headache Society. Data collection was carried out by personal visit to patients and through clinics. It was observed that females (65.5%) are more affected from migraine then male. 32.9% housewives reported that they are suffering from migraine. This medical problem is common among youngsters (38.1%) than old citizens. Employees working in different organizations (39.7%), were found to be mostly affected from migraine then self employed persons. Majority of the migraine patients (41%) reported that they are suffering from common symptoms including: photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting etc. Dietary habits of individuals were found to be closely associated with migraine such as use of caffeine, chocolate are prominent; and their use is common among 75% patients cumulatively. It was evaluated that certain disease conditions i.e. stress (33.6%), depression (22.1%) and anxiety (18.9%) are more common among sufferers of migraine.
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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2. Velmurugan and Geetha et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 62-71
Aboriginal bush medicine for thousands of
years.Infusions made of E. citriodora leaves were
taken internally to reduce fevers and ease gastric
conditions, and applied externally as a wash for the
analgesic, anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory
properties.Aborigines would make leaves into a
poultice and apply them to ease joint pain and
speed up the healing of cuts, skin conditions,
wounds and infections.Respiratory infections, colds
and sinus congestion were treated by inhaling the
vapours of steamed leaves, and to treat rheumatism
the leaves were made into beds or used in steam
pits heated by fire.The therapeutic qualities of the
leaves and its essential oil were eventually
introduced and integrated into many traditional
medicine systems, including Chinese, Indian
Ayurvedic and Greco-European.The essential oil
found in the leaves is a powerful antiseptic.The
essential oil obtained from the leaves is
antibacterial.The oil can be gargled for sore throat
and can also take internally for a wide range of
complaints.The resin contains tannin and is
powerful astringent. Itis used internally in the
treatment of diarrhea and bladder inflammation.A
lemon-scented essential oil is obtained from the
leaves. It is used especially in perfumery but also
medicinally.The leaves and resin used as
antiproliferative [8].In the traditional system of
medicine, the leaves are reported to be useful in the
treatment of wound healing[9]. However, there are
no records of systematic pharmacological studies
that support the claim of traditional use of
Eucalyptus citriodoraleavesfor treatment of wound
healing. The present study, an effort has been made
to establish the scientific validity for the wound
healing property of ethyl acetate and ethanolic
extracts of Eucalyptus citriodoraleavesusing rats.
ethanol by maceration. The solvent was removed
by distillation under reduced pressure and
evaporation. The resulting semisolid mass was
vacuum dried by using rotary flash evaporator.
Final extractswas screened for the presence of
various
phytoconstituents
like
alkaloids,
flavonoids, saponin, tannin, carbohydrates and
glycosides etc. [10]
Number of
animals
Dose in mg/kg
Report
MATERIAL AND METHODS
3
3
5mg/kg
50mg/kg
No death
No death
3
500mg/kg
No death
3
2000mg/kg
No death
Experimental Animals: All the experiments were
carried out using Wister albino rats (150-200 g).
The animals were placed at random and allocated
to treatment groups in polypropylene cages with
paddy husk as bedding. Animals were housed at a
temperature of 24 ± 2oC and relative humidity of
30–70%. A 12:12 light: day cycle was followed.
All animals were allowed free access to water and
fed. Ethical clearance was obtained from
Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) of
Sri Krishna Chaithanya College of pharmacy,
Madanapalle,
Andhra
Pradesh.
No:
SKCP/IAEC/PGCOL/11-12/08.
Acute toxicity studies [11]:
The acute toxicity study was carried out with
extractsof EC as per OECD 423 Guidelines. Wistar
albino mice with weight ranging (25-30 g) were
taken for the experiment. The animals were made
into a group of 3 each, dose of ethyl acetate and
ethanol extracts were given according to the body
weight (mg/kg), starting dose of 5 mg /kg was
given to the first individual animal, no death was
occurred, higher doses were given to next group of
animals. The animals were observed for a further
14 days for any signs for delayed toxicity.
Collection and authentication of the plant
material: The leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora had
been collected from the field of Government
hospital, Madanapalle, Chittoor District, Andhra
pradesh, India. The plant was
identified and
authenticated
by
the
Botanist
Dr.
K.
MadhavaChetty, Assistant Professor, Department
of botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi.
From the observation the ethyl acetate and ethanol
extracts of leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora were
screened for acute toxicity study by OECD
guidelines 423 for determining the LD50. The
results showed that LD50 was found to be
2000mg/kg. Therefore studies carried out with
1/10th of LD50 as 200mg/kg.
Extraction and phytochemical analysis: The
fresh leaves ofEucalyptus citriodora were collected
and dried under shade and ground into powder with
mechanical grinder. The powder was passed
through sieve no.30 and stored in a container. The
dried powder of leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora
was defatted with petroleum ether. The defatted
powder material (marc) thus obtained was
successively extracted with Ethyl acetate and
Formulation
of
crude
extracts:
The
concentrations of the both extracts ointment was
formulated using simple ointment base as the
63
3. Velmurugan and Geetha et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 62-71
vehicle. For 10% (w/w) extracts ointment, 10 g of
the dry ethyl acetate extract was incorporated in
100 g of ointment base and warmed at 50-55°C,
with constant stirring until a homogeneous extractcream formation was obtained. For 10% (w/w)
ethanol ointment, 10 g of the dry ethanol extract
was used in place of 10 g of the ethyl acetate
extract. The extract ointment was weighed into
eppendorff tubes and left to equilibriate at room
temperature for 3 days, before use.
falling of the dead tissue remnants without residual
raw wound.
Incision wound
Wistar albino rats weighed about 150-200g were
divided into four groups of six rats each.
Group I : Control simple ointment applied
topically.
Group II : 5% w/w Povidone iodine ointment
applied topically.
Group III
: 10% EAEEC ointment applied
topically.
Group IV
: 10% EEEC ointment applied
topically.
Wound healing activity in rats:
Excision wound
Wistar albino rats weighed about 150-200g were
divided into four groups of six rats each.
Group I : Negative control simple ointment applied
topically.
Group II : 5% w/w Povidone iodine ointment
applied topically.
Group III
: 10% EAEEC in ointment
applied topically
Group IV
: 10% EEEC in ointment applied
topically
The rats were anaesthetized prior to and during
creation of the wounds with ketamine
hydrochloride (ip, 100 mg/kg). The dorsal fur of
the animals was shaved with an electric clipper. A
longitudinal paravertebral incision of 5 cm long
was made through the skin and cutaneous tissue on
the back as described by Ehrlich and Hunt [17].
After the incision, the parted skin was sutured 1 cm
apart using a surgical thread and curved needle.
The wounds were left undressed [18]. The sutures
were removed on 8th post wound day and continued
the application of the extract. Animals were treated
daily with drugs as mentioned above from 0 th day
to 10th post-wounding day. The wound breaking
strength [19] was determined on 10th day by
tensiometer.
All animals were anesthetized prior to and during
creation of the wounds with ketamine
hydrochloride (ip, 100 mg/kg). The rats were
inflicted with excision wounds as described by
Morton and Malone [12] and suggested by
Kamathet al.[13]. An impression was made on the
dorsal thoracic region 1 cm away from vertebral
column and 5 cm away from ear on the
anaesthetized rat. The dorsal fur of the animals was
shaved with an electric clipper and the anticipated
area of the wound to be created was outlined on the
back of the animals with methylene blue using a
circular stainless steel stencil. A full thickness of
the excision wound of circular area of 500 mm2 and
2 mm depth was created along the markings using
toothed forceps, scalpel and pointed scissors.
Haemostasis was achieved by blotting the wound
with cotton swab soaked in normal saline. The
entire wound was left open [14]. All surgical
procedures were performed under aseptic
conditions. Animals were treated daily with drugs
from 0th day to 11th post-wounding day. The wound
closure rate was assessed by tracing the wound
using transparent paper and a permanent marker.
The wound areas recorded were measured using
graph paper [15, 16]. The percentage of wound size
for each animal of group on predetermined days i.e.
0, 3, 6, 9 and 11 post –wounding days for final
analysis of results. Changes in wound area were
calculated, giving an indication of the rate of
wound contraction. The period of epithelialisation
was calculated as the number of days required for
Dead space wound model
Wistar albino rats weighed about 150-200g were
divided into three groups of six rats each.
Group I : Negative control.
Group III
: received 200 mg/kg EAEEC
orally.
Group IV
: received 200 mg/kg EEEC orally.
Dead space wounds were inflicted by implanting
sterile cotton pellets (10 mg each), one on either
side in the groin region on the ventral surface of
each rat. All animals treated daily as mentioned
above in this model from 0th day to 10th post
wounding day. On the 10th post wounding day, the
granulation tissue formed on the implanted cotton
pellets was carefully removed under anesthesia.
The wet weight of the granulation tissue collected
was noted. The tissue samples were dried at 60° C
for 12 h and weight was recorded [20].
Determination
of
total
collagen
Hydroxyproline assay [21]: On the 10th day, the
animals from each group were euthanized using
diethyl ether and used to determine hydroxyproline
content. The protein content of the tissue was
estimated using the techniques described by
Neuman and Logan17. The granulation tissue was
64
4. Velmurugan and Geetha et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 62-71
hydrolyzed in 6N HCl for 24 h at 110 oC in sealed
glass tubes. The hydrolysate was neutralized to pH
7.0. The samples (200µl) were mixed with 1ml of
0.01M CuSO4 followed by the addition of 1ml of
2.5N NaOH and then 1ml of 6% H2O2. The
solution was mixed and shaken occasionally for 5
min. All the tubes were incubated at 80 ◦C for 5min
with frequent vigorous shaking. Upon cooling, 4ml
of 3N H2SO4 was added with agitation. Finally,
2ml of 5% p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde was
added. The samples were incubated at 70 ◦C for 16
min, cooled by placing the tubes in water at 20 ◦C,
and the absorbance was measured at 500 nm using
a digital photo colorimeter (EI Products, India).
The amount of Hydroxyproline in the samples was
calculated using a standard curve prepared with
pure L-Hydroxyproline at the same time.
epithelization(13.16±0.75,
13.83±0.75
&
12.94±0.51days)
when compared to control
(16.25±1.16 days). It’s also showed a scar area of
16.23±2.55,
16.96±3.23&
15.54±2mm2
as
compared to control 21.61±2.92mm2.
Incision and Cotton pellet granuloma models: In
incision and cotton pellet granuloma models, the
extracts and standard showed significant different
in tensile strength 355.83±8.88, 392.16±9.75 &
459.5±8.10
when
compared
to
control
(180.33±9.21) and also showed significant increase
in wet and dry weight [(178.83±3.22 169.16±4.38
&186.5±2.04)
(49.5±1.50,
46.83±1.8
&
51.66±1.44)] of cotton pellet compared to control
[(118.83±3.25) (34.66±1.56)] in cotton pellet
model. Increase in hydroxyproline content
indicates increased collagen synthesis which in turn
leads to enhanced wound healing. The
hydroxyproline content was found to be
significantly increased in Group-II, III & IV (p <
0.01) as compared with control.
Histopathological studies: For histological
studies, pieces of granulation tissues from dead
space wound model were fixed in 10% neutral
formalin solution for 24 h and dehydrated with a
sequence of ethanol-xylene series of solutions. The
materials were filtered and embedded with paraffin
(40-60 °C) and 3 μm microtome sections were
taken. The sections were processed in alcoholxylene series and stained with hemotoxylin-eosin
dye. The histological changes were observed under
a microscope. Slides were examined qualitatively
undera light microscope, for collagen formation,
fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, epithelization
and granulation tissue formation [22].
DISCUSSION
Wound healing involves various phases. Initially
involves acute inflammatory phase followed by the
synthesis of collagen and other extra cellular
macromolecules, which are later removed to form a
scar [23]. Drugs, which influence one phase, may
not necessarily influence another. Hence different
models have been used in our study to assess the
effect of various phases. The present studies
reflected that ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of
leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora (200 mg/kg) was
effective in all the models of wound healing
activity. The study of the effect on excision model
showed that the Eucalyptus citriodora increased
the wound contraction, decreased epithelization and
scar area. The treated group of wound showed
complete healing of wounds with almost normal
architecture of the collagen and reticulin.
Significant increase in skin breaking strength
which was a reflection of increased collagen levels
by increased cross linking of collagen fibers. In
addition, increase in dry granulation tissue weight
indicated the presence of higher protein content
[24].The above statement was proved by results of
hydroxyprolineeatimation. Earlier studies revealed
Flavonoids have therapeutic uses due to their
antiinflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant and
wound healing properties [25-28]. Moreover,
flavonoids and their derivatives are known to
decrease lipid peroxidation by improving
vascularity and preventing or slowing down the
progress of cell necrosis. Flavonoids are also
known to endorse wound healing processes
primarily owing to their antimicrobial and
Statistical analysis: Experimental data are
expressed as mean±standard error of mean (SEM).
Statistical analysis was performed by one-way
ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s method of
multiple comparisons was employed using
GraphpadInstat 3.0 software. Data were considered
significant at p< 0.01 & p< 0.05.
RESULTS
Preliminary phytochemical screening: The
preliminary phytochemical analysis of extracts of
Eucalyptus
citriodorashows
presence
of
flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, alkaloids, phenolic
compound and carbohydrate.
Excision wound: In an excision wound model the
extracts EAEPC and EEPC at a dose of 200mg/kg
showed significant (p<0.01) wound healing activity
on 11th day by increased wound contraction and %
of
wound
contraction(62.8±11.46,
68.03±14.98)(87.4 & 86.3) compare to control
(177.9±22.44) (64.4%) and no significant to
standard (52.3±10.46) (89.5%). The extracts and
standard showed significant changes in complete
65
5. Velmurugan and Geetha et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 62-71
astringent properties, which appear to be
responsible for wound contraction and elevated rate
of epithelization [29].
of the mixture of these phyto-constituents with
various phases of wound healing.
CONCLUSION
In other study, Polyphenolic flavonoids and tannins
are reported to facilitate wound healing [30]. Once
again the earlier report confirmed that
Proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins are a
group of biologically active polyphenolic
bioflavonoids that are synthesized by many plants.
Proanthocyanidins and other tannins are known to
facilitate wound healing [31, 32]. Tannins promote
wound
healing
through
several
cellular
mechanisms: scavenging of free radicals and
reactive oxygen species, promoting contraction of
the wound and increasing the formation of capillary
vessels and fibroblasts [33]. The present study,
phytochemical screening confirmed that extracts of
EC contains flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and
phenolic compounds. The wound healing potential
of the extracts of EC could be due to the interaction
The results revealed a potential for extracts of
Eucalyptus citriodorato be used as an external and
internal application for the treatment of wounds.
The extracts ointment 10% (w/w) concentration
was capable of producing significant wound
healing activity. Histopathological findings
correlated well with wound contractions, mean
epithelisation time study and the biochemical
marker test of hydroxyproline. The mechanism of
action of the extracts was postulated to be via
angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation
tissue formation, epithelization and wound
contraction at the proliferative stage and these
actions are attributed to the synergistic effects of
the phytoconstituent like phenolic compound,
flavanoids and tannins in the extract.
Table 1: Preliminary phytochemical screening of the ethyl acetate and ethanolic extract of leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora
Extracts
Steroids
Alkaloids
Glycosides
Saponin
Flavonoid
Tannin
Ethyl acetate
Ethanol
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
Phenolic
compound
+
+
carbohydrate
+
+
Where + =present, - =absent
Table 2: The effect of Eucalyptus citriodora on wound area in excision wound model in normal rats
Groups
Treatment
Excision wound
Wound area in mm2
0th day
3th day
6th day
9th day
11th day
I
Simple ointment
500
450.6±33.09
392.5±36.03
256.4±35.72
177.9±22.44
II
Povidone ointment
500
306.65±23.61**
260.7±15.29*
132.45±10.92**
52.3±10.46**
III
EAEEC
500
303.01±20.57**
249.3±48.0*
141.3±23.98**
62.8±11.46**
IV
EEEC
500
328.98±21.66**
254.5±22.78*
146.5±20.93*
68.03±14.98**
Values are expressed as Mean±SEM. Significant (*p< 0.05 & **p <0.01) compared with treated groups Vs control.
Table 3: Percentage of wound contraction
Groups
Treatment
I
II
III
IV
Simple ointment
Povidone ointment
EAEEC
EEEC
Excision wound
% of wound contraction
0th day
3th day
500
9.88%
500
38.6%
500
39.3%
500
34.2%
6th day
21.5%
47.8%
50.14%
49.1%
9th day
48.7%
73.5%
71.7%
70.7%
11th day
64.4%
89.5%
87.4%
86.3%
Table 4: The effect of Eucalyptus citriodora on excision wound model in normal rats
Groups
Treatment
Mean size of scar Period of epithelization
area in mm2
(days)
I
Simple ointment
21.61±2.92
16.25±1.16
II
Povidone ointment
15.54±2**
12.94±0.51**
III
EAEEC
16.23±2.55**
13.63±0.75**
IV
EEEC
16.96±3.23**
13.83±0.75**
Values are expressed as Mean±SEM. Significant (**P <0.01) compared with treated groups Vs control.
66
6. Velmurugan and Geetha et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 62-71
Table 5: the effect of extracts of Eucalyptus citriodoraon incision wound
Groups
Treatment
Tensile strength in gm
I
Simple ointment
231.6±21.66
II
Povidone ointment
464.16±33.32**
III
EAEEC
436.6±70.12**
IV
EEEC
420±60.93**
Values are expressed as Mean±SEM. Significant (**p< 0.01) compared with treated groups Vs control.
Table 6: The effect of extracts of Eucalyptus citriodoraon dead space model
Groups
Treatment
Wet weight in Dry weight in Hydroxyproline
gm
gm
µg
I
Control
121.6±11.66
45.5±3.75
1159.33±2.39
II
EAEEC
195±14.77**
89.16±11.86**
1983.66±3*
III
EEEC
180.8±10.19**
85.5±6.85**
1761.5±2.96*
Values are expressed as Mean±SEM. Significant (*p <0.05& **p<0.01) compared with treated groups Vs control.
in
Histopathological study of granulation tissue
Group I animal (control) showing with less collagen and moremacrophages.Histology of granulation tissue of group II &
III (ethyl acetate extract& ethanol extract) animal showing morecollagen, fibroblasts, and blood capillaries with less
macrophages.
Figure 1: Control
Figure 1: EAEEC200 mg/kg
Figure 1: EEEC 200 mg/kg
67
7. Velmurugan and Geetha et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 62-71
Effect of extracts of excision wound
Figure 1: Control 0th day
Figure 2: Control 11th day
Figure 3: 5% Povidone iodine 0th day
Figure 4: 5% w/w Povidone iodine 11th day
Figure 5.10% EAEEC extract 0th day
Figure 6. 10%EAEEC extract 11th day
68
8. Velmurugan and Geetha et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 62-71
Figure 7. 10 % EEEC 0th day
Figure 8. 10%EEEC 11th day
Effect of extracts of incision wound
Figure 1.Control 0th day
Figure 2.Control 10th day
Figure 3. 5% w/w Povidone iodine 0th day
Figure 4. 5% w/w Povidone iodine 10th day
69
9. Velmurugan and Geetha et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 62-71
Figure 3. 10%EAEEC extract 0th day
Figure 4. 10%EAEEC extract 10th day
Figure 7. 10 % EEEC 0th day
Figure 8. 10%EEEC 10th day
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