Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
ABSTRACT- Medicinal Plants have been practiced for hundreds of centuries by tribes all over the world. From the earliest times until the end of nineteenth century plants are still the common source of medicinal treatment yet. Using natural, plant-derived medicines that are “healthier” then prescription drugs derived from synthesized products is something that appeals to consumers. The medicinal plants are of great importance because there are utilized as medicines. Aim of this research work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola plant against various patho-genic strains of bacteria. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia laureola were used against four bacterial strains Escherichia coli,Bacillus subti-lus, Staphylococcusaureus and Proteus mirabilis in order to check the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola. Antibacterial activity was conducted by agar well diffusion method. The Skimmia laureola showed different level of antibacterial activity. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia lau-reola showed antibacterial activity against the micro-organism but not too maximum. Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Skimmia Laureola, Antibacterial Activity.
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorb...ijtsrd
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical constitution and antioxidant activity of Aqueous extracts of three selected plant Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta and Amaranthus polygonoides. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, phenols, tannin and carbohydrates in Boerhaavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta where as in Amaranthus polygon ides many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids, phenols, saponin, tannin and carbohydrates were present. Antioxidants are the compounds which terminate the attack of reactive species and reduce the risk of diseases. The free radicals oxidants are species with very short half life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. The results of antioxidant activity of three aqueous extract showed maximum activity in different concentration of 50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg ml. The percent inhibition of aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa , Euphorbia hirta , Amaranthus polygonoides was 176.15, 404.78 and 413.06 respectively. In the present work potent anti oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was higher when compared to other two extracts. The present study revealed that the plant extract possessed good antioxidant activity and less quantity of toxic metals, which therefore can be used as a natural source of free radical scavenger. However, further study needs to be carried out to know its mode of action. R. Ezhilarasi | Dr. B. Senthilkumar | Dr. K. Devi "A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorbia Hirta and Amaranthus Polygonoides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29435.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/29435/a-preliminary-study-on-phytochemical-screening-of-boerhaavia-diffusa-euphorbia-hirta-and-amaranthus-polygonoides/r-ezhilarasi
ABSTRACT- Medicinal Plants have been practiced for hundreds of centuries by tribes all over the world. From the earliest times until the end of nineteenth century plants are still the common source of medicinal treatment yet. Using natural, plant-derived medicines that are “healthier” then prescription drugs derived from synthesized products is something that appeals to consumers. The medicinal plants are of great importance because there are utilized as medicines. Aim of this research work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola plant against various patho-genic strains of bacteria. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia laureola were used against four bacterial strains Escherichia coli,Bacillus subti-lus, Staphylococcusaureus and Proteus mirabilis in order to check the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola. Antibacterial activity was conducted by agar well diffusion method. The Skimmia laureola showed different level of antibacterial activity. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia lau-reola showed antibacterial activity against the micro-organism but not too maximum. Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Skimmia Laureola, Antibacterial Activity.
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorb...ijtsrd
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical constitution and antioxidant activity of Aqueous extracts of three selected plant Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta and Amaranthus polygonoides. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, phenols, tannin and carbohydrates in Boerhaavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta where as in Amaranthus polygon ides many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids, phenols, saponin, tannin and carbohydrates were present. Antioxidants are the compounds which terminate the attack of reactive species and reduce the risk of diseases. The free radicals oxidants are species with very short half life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. The results of antioxidant activity of three aqueous extract showed maximum activity in different concentration of 50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg ml. The percent inhibition of aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa , Euphorbia hirta , Amaranthus polygonoides was 176.15, 404.78 and 413.06 respectively. In the present work potent anti oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was higher when compared to other two extracts. The present study revealed that the plant extract possessed good antioxidant activity and less quantity of toxic metals, which therefore can be used as a natural source of free radical scavenger. However, further study needs to be carried out to know its mode of action. R. Ezhilarasi | Dr. B. Senthilkumar | Dr. K. Devi "A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorbia Hirta and Amaranthus Polygonoides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29435.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/29435/a-preliminary-study-on-phytochemical-screening-of-boerhaavia-diffusa-euphorbia-hirta-and-amaranthus-polygonoides/r-ezhilarasi
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity Of Monsoon Plant-Clerodendrum S...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The increasing demands of convenient food have led to rapid growth in the ready-to-eat product category. Many of the food ingredients contain unsaturated fatty acids that are quite susceptible to quality deterioration, especially under oxidative stress. To combat this, the best strategy is addition of antioxidants. Also, natural antioxidants in the daily diet need to be encouraged in order to improve human health and prevent degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, coronary heart disease, neurogenetic disorders, cancer, atherosclerosis and inflammations by oxidation of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, DNA, etc. The DPPH method of free radical scavenging was carried out and the effect of the commercial, fresh, dried and cooked sample of Clerodendrum serratum were compared and calculated to check for its antioxidant activity. All samples showed antioxidant activity, highest being in cooked, followed by commercial, fresh and dried samples. Thus, it is advisable to consume the vegetable in cooked form at home as it shows highest radical scavenging power. The dried samples were over-heated, thereby showing minimum antioxidant activity.
Preliminary phytochemical analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of leaf extract...Jing Zang
Epiprinus mallotiformis (Muell.) is a tree belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae grows in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The present study was performed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of E. mallotiformis the powdered leaf materials was subjected to soxhlet extraction successively by using low polar to high polar solvents. The antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts was performed by agar well diffusion method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis shows the presence of Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroidsand tannins. Among the extracts methanol extract shows the significant activity when compare to all the solvent extracts. The maximum inhibition was found in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhifungi shows greater inhibition was found in Microsporumgypseum, Trichophytonrubrum, Chrysosporiummerdarium. The leaves of E. mallotiformiscould be used in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections; the presence of various phytochemicals might be the responsible for these activities of the extract. Further studies on isolation of constituents from the extract and their biological activities are under investigation.
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
ABSTRACT- Systemic and Scientific investigation was carried out for identification, selection, characterization of popularly grown medicinal plants in and around Patna and their phytochemical analysis was carried out to assess their medicinal value potentialities. The traditional medicine involves the uses of different plant extracts or the phytochemical bioactive constituents, which provides the health application at an affordable cost. Secondary metabolites are responsible for medicinal activity of plants. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirm the presence of various phytochemicals like saponins, terpenoids, steroids, anthocyanins, coumarins, fatty acids, tannins, leucoanthocyanins and emodins etc. The result suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments and possess potential antioxidant, which may leads to the isolation of new and novel secondary compounds for generation of new drugs. Knowledge of the phytochemical constituents of plants are desirable because such information will be of value for the synthesis of complex chemical substances. Out of 50 medicinal plants subjected to phytochemical screening 11 were found to be highly potential,18 moderately potential and 21 to be least potential on the basis of presence of phytochemicals in the leaf extract for secondary metabolites.
Key-words- Phytochemical screening; Medicinal plants; Secondary metabolites
Phytochemical investigation, screening of anti-inflammatory activity of Aspar...SriramNagarajan16
In India, Asparagus gonocladosBaker (Liliaceae) is commonly used as a phyto-therapeutic agent. The ethanolic
extract of Asparagus gonocladosBaker, was evaluated for Anti-inflammatory effect, induced by intra-plantar
administration of carrageenan to adult Albino rats. The percentage inhibition of paw edema of the alcoholic extract
of the plant Asparagus gonocladosBaker were carried out at a dose of 100,200,300 mg/kg. There was significant
inhibition (p< 0.05) in paw edema. Different physiochemical parameters such as Ash Value, Extractive Value,
Moisture Content and Chemical evaluation were carried out as per W.H.O recommended physiochemical
determination with authentic phyto chemical procedure.
Abstract:
The present study was done with the aim to
evaluate anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extract of
Cassia occidentalis Linn using adult earthworm
Pheritima posthuma. Various concentrations
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Caralluma lasiantha: A review on it’s vital role in Indian Traditional MedicineRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. Caralluma lasiantha is medicinally important due
to existence of pregnane glycosides, which may possess various biological activities. This article thoroughly
reviewed about the usage of C. lasiantha in traditional medicinal system, phytochemicals present in it, profile
identification studies, anti-hyperglycemic effect, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity Of Monsoon Plant-Clerodendrum S...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The increasing demands of convenient food have led to rapid growth in the ready-to-eat product category. Many of the food ingredients contain unsaturated fatty acids that are quite susceptible to quality deterioration, especially under oxidative stress. To combat this, the best strategy is addition of antioxidants. Also, natural antioxidants in the daily diet need to be encouraged in order to improve human health and prevent degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, coronary heart disease, neurogenetic disorders, cancer, atherosclerosis and inflammations by oxidation of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, DNA, etc. The DPPH method of free radical scavenging was carried out and the effect of the commercial, fresh, dried and cooked sample of Clerodendrum serratum were compared and calculated to check for its antioxidant activity. All samples showed antioxidant activity, highest being in cooked, followed by commercial, fresh and dried samples. Thus, it is advisable to consume the vegetable in cooked form at home as it shows highest radical scavenging power. The dried samples were over-heated, thereby showing minimum antioxidant activity.
Preliminary phytochemical analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of leaf extract...Jing Zang
Epiprinus mallotiformis (Muell.) is a tree belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae grows in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The present study was performed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of E. mallotiformis the powdered leaf materials was subjected to soxhlet extraction successively by using low polar to high polar solvents. The antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts was performed by agar well diffusion method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis shows the presence of Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroidsand tannins. Among the extracts methanol extract shows the significant activity when compare to all the solvent extracts. The maximum inhibition was found in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhifungi shows greater inhibition was found in Microsporumgypseum, Trichophytonrubrum, Chrysosporiummerdarium. The leaves of E. mallotiformiscould be used in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections; the presence of various phytochemicals might be the responsible for these activities of the extract. Further studies on isolation of constituents from the extract and their biological activities are under investigation.
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
ABSTRACT- Systemic and Scientific investigation was carried out for identification, selection, characterization of popularly grown medicinal plants in and around Patna and their phytochemical analysis was carried out to assess their medicinal value potentialities. The traditional medicine involves the uses of different plant extracts or the phytochemical bioactive constituents, which provides the health application at an affordable cost. Secondary metabolites are responsible for medicinal activity of plants. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirm the presence of various phytochemicals like saponins, terpenoids, steroids, anthocyanins, coumarins, fatty acids, tannins, leucoanthocyanins and emodins etc. The result suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments and possess potential antioxidant, which may leads to the isolation of new and novel secondary compounds for generation of new drugs. Knowledge of the phytochemical constituents of plants are desirable because such information will be of value for the synthesis of complex chemical substances. Out of 50 medicinal plants subjected to phytochemical screening 11 were found to be highly potential,18 moderately potential and 21 to be least potential on the basis of presence of phytochemicals in the leaf extract for secondary metabolites.
Key-words- Phytochemical screening; Medicinal plants; Secondary metabolites
Phytochemical investigation, screening of anti-inflammatory activity of Aspar...SriramNagarajan16
In India, Asparagus gonocladosBaker (Liliaceae) is commonly used as a phyto-therapeutic agent. The ethanolic
extract of Asparagus gonocladosBaker, was evaluated for Anti-inflammatory effect, induced by intra-plantar
administration of carrageenan to adult Albino rats. The percentage inhibition of paw edema of the alcoholic extract
of the plant Asparagus gonocladosBaker were carried out at a dose of 100,200,300 mg/kg. There was significant
inhibition (p< 0.05) in paw edema. Different physiochemical parameters such as Ash Value, Extractive Value,
Moisture Content and Chemical evaluation were carried out as per W.H.O recommended physiochemical
determination with authentic phyto chemical procedure.
Abstract:
The present study was done with the aim to
evaluate anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extract of
Cassia occidentalis Linn using adult earthworm
Pheritima posthuma. Various concentrations
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Caralluma lasiantha: A review on it’s vital role in Indian Traditional MedicineRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. Caralluma lasiantha is medicinally important due
to existence of pregnane glycosides, which may possess various biological activities. This article thoroughly
reviewed about the usage of C. lasiantha in traditional medicinal system, phytochemicals present in it, profile
identification studies, anti-hyperglycemic effect, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on ...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives:
This paper reports the toxicity of
Lantana camara
to
developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito,
Aedes aegypti
. Aqueous extracts
of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of
mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods:
Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared.
The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The
plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results:
Percent log LC
50
/ 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of
L. camara
to
IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs
was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants.
Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in
different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion:
The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of
Lantana camera
possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult
emergence against
Aedes aegypti.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
A laboratory bioassay was conducted to investigate the antifeedant effect of Gomphrena serrata extracts on
sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil) belongs to the family Curculionidae. Antifeedants are natural or synthetic
compounds that stops or inhibits feeding by a pest and especially an insect. Gomphrena serrata- Amaranthacae
family comprises many species which are used in nutrition and traditional folk medicine. Study was done to
find the new active substance in the plant which could show antifeedant activity and compared with standard
Strychnos nuxvomica. The extracts of both sample and standard were obtained by cold maceration process. The
residue formed is collected and both the extracts were subjected to study the antifeedant activity. The activity is
performed by dilution method and found to be showing the antifeedant activity. The primary objective of our
work is simple and cost effective method to find out the active substance from natural resources.
Indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides has led to problems such as the resurgence of primary pests,
secondary pest’s outbreak, resistance development, insecticide residue, health hazards, environmental
contamination and increased cost of insect control. So this study will be solution for these problems by utilizing
plant’s bioactive molecules. Plants are the most efficient producers of phytochemicals in the environment,
including secondary metabolites that are used by the plant in defence against insects. The secondary metabolites
produced from Gomphrena serrata could be utilized in the development of new biopesticides
Electrochemical study of anatase TiO2 in aqueous sodium-ion electrolytesRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
In this paper, a basic electro-analytical study on the behavior of anatase TiO2 in aqueous NaOH has been presented using cyclic voltammetry technique (CV). The study has explored the possibility of using TiO2 as anode material for ARSBs in presence of 5 M NaOH aqueous electrolyte. CV profiles show that anatase TiO2 exhibits reversible sodium ion insertion/de-insertion reactions. CV studies of TiO2 anode in aqueous sodium electrolytes at different scan rate shows that the Na+ ion insertion reaction at the electrode is diffusion controlled with a resistive behavior. Proton insertion from aqueous sodium electrolytes into TiO2 cannot be ruled out. To confirm the ion inserted and de-inserted, CV studies are done at different concentration of NaOH and it is found that at lower concentrations of NaOH, proton insertion process competes with Na+ ion insertion process and as the concentration increases, the Na+ ion insertion process becomes the predominant electrode reaction making it suitable anode materials for aqueous sodium batteries in 5 M NaOH.
Validated HPLC Method for Assay and Content Uniformity Testing of Roflumilast...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Roflumilast is a selective enzyme inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4. This drug is recommended for treatment of patients suffering from
chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease with chronic-bronchitis. Roflumilast is not official in pharmacopoeia and the reported methods
are having high chromatographic run times. A short run time HPLC method was developed for assay and content uniformity testing to
determine the roflumilast in blend and tablets. The mobile phase consists of 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate buffer
and acetonitrile in the ratio of 45:55 v/v. The HPLC method was developed using accucore-C18 150 × 4.6 mm, 4 μm column with a flow
rate of 1.0 mL min-1, 215 nm wavelength and 10 μL injection volume with run time of 5 min. The method linearity was proved between
5.02-40.17 μg mL-1 and obtained correlation-coefficient value is 1.0000. The mean recovery of roflumilast was 100.6%. The stability
indicating nature was established and performed the validation by considering ICH Q2 (R1) recommendations.
Substrate Inhibition in Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Propane-1,3-dio...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of propane-1,3-diol by potassium periodate was studied in aqueous perchloric acid medium. Orders
of reaction with respect to concentrations of oxidant, substrate, acid and catalyst were determined. First order in oxidant and catalyst
concentrations, and inverse fractional order in acid medium were observed. In addition, substrate inhibition (i.e. a decrease in reaction rate
with an increase in substrate concentration) was observed. Effect of addition of salt and solvent was studied. Based on the studies of
temperature variation, Arrhenius parameters were calculated. Plausible mechanism was also proposed based on observed kinetics.
Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Sugar Alcohols by Dichloroisocyanuric A...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of biologically important sugar alcohols (myo-inositol,
D-sorbitol, and D-mannitol) by dichloroisocyanuric acid was carried out in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
medium. The reactions were found to be first order in case of oxidant and ruthenium(III). Zero order
was observed with the concentrations of sorbitol and mannitol whereas, a positive fractional order was found
in the case of inositol concentration. An inverse fractional order was observed with perchloric acid in oxidation
of three substrates. Arrhenius parameters were calculated and a plausible mechanism was proposed
Shift of Reaction Pathway by Added Chloride Ions in the Oxidation of Aromatic...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Role of added chloride ions on the shift of reaction pathway of oxidation of aromatic ketones (acetophenone,
desoxybenzoin) by dichloroisocyanuric acid (DCICA) was studied in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
acid medium. Participation of enolic and protonated forms of ketones in the rate determining steps is
manifested from zero and first orders with respect to the oxidant in absence and presence of added chloride
ions, respectively. Positive and negative effects of acid and dielectric constant on the reaction rate were
observed. The observations deduce plausible mechanisms involving (i) rate-determining formation of enol
from the conjugate acid of the ketone (SH+) in the absence of added chloride ions and (ii) rapid formation of
molecular chlorine species from HOCl (hydrolytic species of DCICA) in the presence of added chloride ions,
which then interacts with SH+ in a rate-determining step prior to the rapid steps of product formation. The
order of Arrhenius parameters substantiate the proposed plausible mechanisms based on order of reactants
both in presence and absence of added chloride ions.
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate
and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS,
a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate
concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate,
which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the
medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher
oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A
suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
explain the kinetic orders.
A novel reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous det...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
In the present study 12 impurities of bisoprolol fumarate (BISO) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were
separated simultaneously in a single HPLC method. Out of these 12 impurities, five are potential
degradants, which are validated as per The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical
Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines. As the two active drug substances
BISO and HCTZ have different solubilities and polarities, the most critical parameters in resolving the
components from each other are pH, temperature, and solvents. The method is precise (RSD < 1.0%),
accurate, linear (r2 > 0.999), robust, and stability indicating in the range of limit of quantification (LOQ)
to 150%. The HPLC method is then migrated to ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to
further reduce the run time and solvent consumption, and increase the sample throughput
The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) against first-line drugs and extensively drug resistant TB (XDRTB)
due to misuse of second-line anti tubercular drugs (ATDs) is a further concern. Recommended treatment involves
long term and multiple drug therapy with severe side effects. Due to this concern nanoparticle-based systems
have significant potential for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB) to overcome the need to administer
ATDs at high and frequent doses, would assist in improving patient compliance and circumvent hepatotoxic ity
and/or nephrotoxicity/ocular toxicity/ototoxicity associated with the prevalent first-line chemotherapy.
Nanostructured delivery systems constitute a wide range of systems varying from liposomes, micelles, micro- and
nanoemulsions, to polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs ) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Pulmonary administration
of inhaled nanoparticles in the form of dry powder inhalers offer particular advantages for pulmonary administration
of anti tubercular drugs (ATDs). Present review comprehensively about different approaches of nanobased
drug delivery, devises and techniques for pulmonary delivery of nanoparticle encapsulated ATD.
Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamics investigation on adsorption of divalent ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three novel and distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., Casuarinas fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP) and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic copper(II) from
aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR. Different factors effecting
adsorption capacity were analyzed and the effi ciency order was BSP>SSP>CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility
to Freundlich/Langmuir/D-R/Temkin adsorption isotherm and different models (pseudo-fi rst and second order,
Boyd, Weber’s and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of CFP and SSP, whereas, simultaneous
occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of BSP. Based on the observations, it was
proposed that three kinetic stages involve in adsorption process viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle
diffusion and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have promising role towards removal of Cu(II)
from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Novel coumarin isoxazoline derivatives: Synthesis and study of antibacterial ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A highly efficient and mild protocol for the syntheses of ethyl-3-
[7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-
isoxazole carboxylates and ethyl-3-[7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-2-
oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-isoxazole carboxylates in
good yields via [3 þ 2] cycloaddition of in situ–generated nitrile
oxides from 7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides
and 7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides
respectively with ethyl-3-aryl prop-2-enoate has been developed.
The new compounds are screened for antibacterial activity.
Ultra performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantificati...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Plerixafor (PLX) injections are administered to patients with cancers of lymphocytes
(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) and plasma cells (multiple myeloma). The main
objective of the current study was to develop a short reverse phase chromatographic
method for the simultaneous quantification of PLX and its impurities, in an injection
formulation, to reduce the time required for these quality tests. Furthermore, the
present work describes the role of nonalkyl branched nonquaternary ion pair reagent
in improving the peak shape and reducing column equilibration time. The separation
of PLX and its related substances is pH dependent (optimum pH = 2.50) and was
achieved on an octadecylsilyl (C18) column. The method was validated for its intended
purpose in accordance with the current regulatory guidelines for validation. The
proposed method can be applied for quality control, release, and stability analyses of
active pharmaceutical ingredient, PLX, as well as finished products, PLX injections
Phytochemical Investigation of Caralluma lasiantha: Isolation of Stigmasterol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Stigmasterol, a phytosteroid was isolated for the first time from C. lasiantha using n-hexane as a solvent. Stigmasterol was characterized on the basis of physical, chemical and spectral data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1HNMR, DEPT-45, 90 & 135, and MS) analysis as well as by comparing them to their literature data. A sequence of steps was adopted like saponification, fractional crystallization and gradient elution column chromatography to isolate stigmasterol because some phytosterols possess identical physical properties which makes it difficult to isolate the constituents.
Phytochemical Screening of Caralluma lasiantha Isolation of C21 Pregnane SteroidRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Phytochemical screening of Caralluma lasiantha was carried out and one C21 pregnane steroid was isolated from chloroform extract. Based on spectroscopic studies (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS) the isolated compound is 3b,14b-dihydroxy-14b-pregn-5-en-20-one which was earlier isolated from other species.
Supercritical fluid (CO2) chromatography for quantitative determination of se...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
In the present study, two cancer therapeutic drugs (docetaxel and bortezomib) were separated from their
potential impurities on a chromatographic platform by utilizing CO2 gas (supercritical state) and quantified.
The chromatographic separations were achieved on two short columns BEH-2EP (100mm 3mm, 1.7 mm)
and CHIRALPAK AD-3 (100 mm 4.6 mm, 3 mm) for docetaxel and bortezomib, respectively. The present
work describes the role of organic modifiers in the separation of polar compounds by supercritical fluid
chromatography. The two new methods were fully validated in accordance with the current ICH
(International Council for Harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use)
guidelines. The stability indicating power of the methods was demonstrated from the stress studies
conducted on the injection formulations of the two compounds. The methods are precise with % RSD of
0.4, linear with the correlation coefficient of r2 $ 0.999 and accurate in the range of 50–150% of the
target assay concentration. The two methods can be equally employed for the assay determination of
docetaxel and bortezomib APIs as well.
Quality-by-design-based development and validation of a stability-indicating ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A systematic design-of-experiments was performed by applying quality-by-design concepts to determine
design space for rapid quantification of teriflunomide by the ultraperformance liquid chromatography
(UPLC) method in the presence of degradation products. Response surface and central composite
quadratic were used for statistical evaluation of experimental data using a Design-Expert software. The
response variables such as resolution, retention time, and peak tailing were analyzed statistically for the
screening of suitable chromatographic conditions. During this process, various plots such as perturbation,
contour, 3D, and design space were studied. The method was developed through UPLC BEH C18
2.1 � 100 mm, 1.7-μ column, mobile phase comprised of buffer (5 mM K2HPO4 containing 0.1%
triethylamine, pH 6.8), and acetonitrile (40:60 v/v), the flow rate of 0.5 mL min 1 and UV detection at
250 nm. The method was developed with a short run time of 1 min. Forced degradation studies revealed
that the method was stability-indicating, suitable for both assay and in-vitro dissolution of a drug product.
The method was found to be linear in the range of 28–84 μg mL 1, 2.8–22.7 μg mL 1 with a correlation
coefficient of 0.9999 and 1.000 for assay and dissolution, respectively. The recovery values were found in
the range of 100.1–101.7%. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines.
A convenient new and efficient commercial synthetic route for dasatinib (Spry...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A new and efficient synthetic route for dual-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor
dasatinib (Sprycel®), an anticancer drug, is described. This commercially
viable process yields dasatinib monohydrate free of potential impurities
with consistent yield of 68% in route A and 61% in route B with HPLC
purity >99.80% over four stages.
Utilization of agro-waste for removal of toxic hexavalent chromium: surface i...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Abundantly available agricultural waste materials
(banana bunch, sorghum stem and casuarinas fruit) are
processed with negligible cost and are found to be highly
suitable as biosorbents for chromium(VI) removal from
aqueous environment due to high surface area and functional
groups of adsorbents. The equilibrium data have
been analyzed for the adsorbate–adsorbate/adsorbent
interactions and found to be fitted to the data in the order,
Hill–de Boer C Fowler–Guggenheim % Frumkin[Kiselev.
To determine the characteristic parameters for process
design, mass transfer studies have been carried out using
two-parameter isotherm models (Harkins–Jura, Halsey,
Smith, El-Awady and Flory–Huggins) and three-parameter
isotherm models (Redlich–Peterson and Sips) which are
applied to the experimental data. The fitness of the isotherms
describes that both mono- and multilayer adsorptions
occur in the present studied three biosorbents in
preference to the latter. The mechanism of adsorption has
been studied using diffusion kinetic models (viz. liquid film
diffusion, Dunwald–Wagner intra-particle diffusion model
and moving boundary model) and described the possibility
of diffusion in the order of banana bunch–stem powder[
sorghum stem powder[casuarinas fruit powder in
terms of diffusion coefficients. In essence of all the results,
the selected adsorbents can be used as a potential adsorbent
for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Novel Hybrid Molecules of Isoxazole Chalcone Derivatives: Synthesis and Study...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
medicine due to their significant role in the treatment of different health problems.
Methods: We have synthesized new series of isoxazole-chalcone conjugates (14a-m) by the
Claisen-Schmidt condensation of suitable substituted acetophenones with isoxazole aldehydes (12a-d).
In vitro cytotoxic activity of the synthesized compounds was studied against four different selected
human cancer cell lines by using sulforhodamine B (SRB) method.
Results: The adopted scheme resulted in good yields of new series of isoxazole-chalcone
conjugates (14a-m). Potent cytotoxic activity was observed for compounds -14a, 14b, 14e, 14i, 14j
and 14k against prostate DU-145 cancer cell line.
Conclusion: The observed potent cytotoxic activities were due to the presence of 3,4,5-
trimethoxyphenyl group.
Novel Hybrid Molecules of Quinazoline Chalcone Derivatives: Synthesis and Stu...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Abstract: Background: A new series of quinazoline linked chalcone conjugates were synthesized
and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity.
Methods: The quinazoline-chalcone derivatives (13a-r) have been prepared by the Claisen-Schmidt
condensation of various substituted benzaldehydes (12a-r) with substituted l-(4-(3,4-
dihydroquinazolin-4-ylamino)phenyl)ethanone (11a-b) in the presence of aqueous NaOH. Three
potential compounds 13f, 13g and 13h exhibited cytotoxicity against leukemia (GI50 value of
1.07, 0.26 and 0.24 μM), Non-small lung (GI50 values of 2.05,1.32 and 0.23 μM), colon (GI50
values of 0.54, 0.34 and 0.34 μM) and breast (GI50 values of 2.17, 1.84 and 0.22 μM) cell line,
respectively.
Results and Conclusion: Based on these biological results, it is evident that compound 13h has the
potential to be considered for further detailed studies either alone or in combination with existing
therapies as potential anticancer agents.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scientific validation of Indian traditional medicine
1. Page 1 of 16
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY | RESEARCH ARTICLE
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of
Caralluma lasiantha for scientific validation of
Indian traditional medicine
Sireesha Malladi, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, K. Suresh Babu and T. Pullaiah
Cogent Chemistry (2017), 3: 1374821
3. Page 3 of 16
Malladi et al., Cogent Chemistry (2017), 3: 1374821
https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2017.1374821
Caralluma is one of the prominent genus out of 200 genera and 2500 species of Asclepiadaceae
family (4, 5). It grows well in dry regions like India, Africa and the Middle East (6). In folkloric medi-
cine, as well as in Unani and Ayurvedic systems of medicine, the plants of Caralluma are being used
for the treatment of diabetic patients and rheumatism (7). Tribals consider some of them as food
during famines (8, 9) and also as a part of traditional medicinal system (10). A spectrum of biological
activities of Caralluma species can be expected due to the existence of pregnane glycosides (11),
stigmasterol and other phytochemicals (12) in them.
Caralluma lasiantha (syn. Boucerosia lasiantha) belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae and its local
name is Sirumankeerai (in Tamil) / Kundeti Kommulu (in Telugu) (13). C. lasiantha is succulent in
habit and is used as an indoor ornamental plant (14). It grows wild in Anantapur, Chittoor, and sur-
rounding places of Andhra Pradesh, India. This plant is medicinally important as it is rich in pregnane
glycosides, which may possess different biological activities (15) including anti-hyperglycemic effect
(16). In India, 10 grams of fresh root less plant is taken as such twice a day for a period of 3 days to
reduce the body heat and inflamations (17).
However to the knowledge of authors, no scientific validation was conducted for this Indian tradi-
tional knowledge of using C. lasiantha for the above-discussed medicinal usage. Hence, inflamma-
tion causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis,
Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae) as well as other bacteria are selected in the present
investigation in order to determine their susceptibility toward extracts obtained using different sol-
vents having varying polarities. Steroidal glycosides (15, 18), C21
pregnane steroid (19) and C27
steroid
(20) were isolated using alcohol, chloroform, and n-hexane, respectively, as extracting solvents. The
observed antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts against those micro-organisms is very well
substantiated by relating with different phytochemicals present in it, and also, relation between
C. lasiantha extracts and anti-inflammation activity was discussed.
2. Materials and methods
Analytical Reagent grade chemicals of Merck India Co. Ltd. were used in the present study. Wherever
it is necessary, they were purified according to the standard procedures (21). Geological location
(22), season (23), and plant collection time (24) influence the chemical composition or active con-
stituents of the plants which play a key role in exhibiting the biological activity by plant extracts.
Fresh whole plants of C. lasiantha (Asclepiadaceae) were collected from Gooty, Anantapur District,
Andhra Pradesh, India in February 2012. Voucher specimen of the plant was deposited in Herbarium,
Department of Botany, Sri Krishna Devaraya University, Anantapur. Libermann–Burchard test (25),
Molisch test and Shinoda test (26) were used, respectively, to test the presence of steroids, steroidal
glycosides, and flavanoids in the extracts of C. lasiantha. Bacteria used of the present study were
provided by Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh. Antibacterial activity was car-
ried out on four each Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are S. au-
reus (MTCC 3103), B. subtilis (MTCC 1305), Streptococcus Sp., (MTCC 9724), and Bacillus megaterium
(MTCC 9554). Gram-negative bacteria are E. aerogenes (MTCC 8358), K. pneumoniae (MTCC 10309),
E. coli (MTCC 9537), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 10636).
2.1. Preparation of extract
Roots and stems were dried separately under shade, powdered, sieved (sieve No.14), and stored in
air tight containers. The weighed quantity (200 g) of dried powder was subjected to successive sol-
vent extraction method in Soxhlet extractor using solvents with varying polarity (n-hexane, chloro-
form, and methanol). All the extracts were concentrated and last trace of solvent was removed by
applying vacuum (27, 28). The crude extracts were purified by recrystallization.
2.2. In vitro screening of antibacterial activity
The in vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated for the root and stem extracts of the C. lasiantha by
agar well diffusion method (29, 30). The medium (prepared by mixing peptone-5.0 g, sodium chlo-
ride-5.0 g, beef extract-1.5 g, agar-15.0 g in 1 l of distilled water) (31) was poured in to petridishes
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under aseptic conditions in a laminar flow chamber. When the medium in the plates was solidified,
0.1 mL of 24 h old culture of test organism (Gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus Sp.,
B. subtilis, S. aureus, B. megaterium and Gram-negative bacteria such as E. aerogenes, K. pneumonia,
E. coli, P. aeruginosa) was inoculated. After inoculation, cups were scooped out with 6-mm sterile
cork borer and the lids of the dishes were replaced. Different concentrations of extracts (1000, 750,
500, 250 μg/mL) were used for study. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is maintained as negative control
and inhibitions shown by it are negligible. Chloramphenicol and Ampicillin were used as positive
controls. The plates were kept in an incubator at 37 °
C for 24 h. Inhibition zones were measured to
nearest millimeter. MIC was also determined for each bacteria tested (32). The antibacterial activi-
ties were carried out in triplicate and average values were compiled.
3. Results and discussion
Antimicrobial activity of all the C. lasiantha extracts was studied against Gram-positive (B. subtilis,
S. aureus, Streptococcus Sp., B. megaterium) and Gram-negative (E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, E. coli,
P. aeruginosa) bacteria (Tables 1 and 2; Figures 1 and 2). The salient features of antibacterial analysis
are summarized and given below.
A. Highlights of antibacterial activity of stem / root extracts against Gram-positive bacteria
i. B. megaterium exhibits inhibition only at higher concentration like 1000 μg/mL
ii. Order of antibacterial activity is:
Staphylococcus aureus ≅ Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis ≥ Bacillus megaterium
B. Highlights of antibacterial activity of stem / root extracts against Gram-negative bacteria
i. At higher concentration of extracts, order of antibacterial activity is:
Enterobacter aerogenes ≅ Klebsiella pneumoniae ≅ Pseudomonas aeruginosa ≅ Escherichia coli
ii. However compared to other bacteria, E. coli is more effective at low concentration like
250 μg/mL
iii. E. aerogenes is effective only at higher concentrations like 750 and 1000 μg/mL
C. Effect of polarity of solvent used extraction on antibacterial activity
Against B. subtilis, Streptococcus Sp., E. aerogenes and E. coli, the order of biological activity is: n-
hexane extract chloroform extract methanol extract. Against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and P.
aeruginosa, the order of biological activity is: n-hexane extract chloroform extract methanol
extract.
D. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC):
These studies were carried out at different concentrations in order to find out MIC (Minimum in-
hibitory concentration) (Tables 3 and 4) of extracts for antibacterial activity. MIC values for stem
extracts are as follows: 250 μg/mL for B. subtilis / S. aureus / Streptococcus Sp., (n-hexane, chloro-
form, and methanol extracts); 500 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa (n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol
extracts); 750 μg/mL for B. megaterium (n-hexane extract), E. aerogenes/K. pneumoniae (n-hexane,
chloroform, and methanol extracts); 1000 μg/mL for B. megaterium (chloroform and methanol ex-
tracts). MIC values for root extracts are as follows: 250 μg/mL for B. subtilis / S. aureus/ E. coli (n-
hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts), Streptococcus Sp (n-hexane, chloroform extracts), P.
aeruginosa (chloroform extract), 500 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa (n-hexane and methanol extracts), E.
aerogenes (chloroform extract), K. pneumoniae (chloroform extract); 750 μg/mL for B. megaterium
(n-hexane extract), E. aerogenes (n-hexane and methanol extracts), K. pneumoniae (n-hexane and
methanol extracts); 1000 μg/mL for B. megaterium (chloroform and methanol extracts).
E. Inhibition exhibited by plant extracts against Gram-positive bacteria is higher compared to that
of Gram-negative bacteria.
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F. Statistical analysis of Figures 1 and 2 was carried out (excel sheets are attached). From the
ANOVA test the following conclusions were drawn.
On a particular bacterium, variation in the effect of type of extract is negligible as Fcal
Fcrit
at 5%
level of significance and hence, null hypothesis (H0
) can be accepted. However, variation in the effect
of type of extract on a particular bacteria is not negligible as Fcal
Fcrit
at 5% level of significance and
hence, null hypothesis (H0
) can be rejected.
3.1. Pharmacological activities and phytochemicals of Caralluma lasiantha
C. lasiantha is a part of Indian traditional medicinal usage to reduce body heat which is an indication
of the antibiotic nature (17). So, it can be expected that extracts of C. lasiantha may exhibit activity
against pathogenic bacteria. In the present study, the crude extracts of stem and roots of C. lasian-
tha were tested against infectious bacteria. The rationality in exhibiting medicinal properties by the
extracts of C. lasiantha (Tables 1 and 2) can be ascribed to active constituents existing in the ex-
tracts. The active constituents isolated from C. lasiantha by earlier researchers are steroidal glyco-
sides (lasianthoside-A (Figure 3), lasianthoside-B (Figure 3)) and flavone glycoside
(Luteoline-4-O-neohesperiodoside Figure 4) (15, 18) using polar solvents like alcohols. In the present
study, existence of steroids in the C. lasiantha extracts is verified from appearance of to observe red
color in Libermann–Burchard test (25). Similarly, existence of steroidal glycosides and flavanoids is
confirmed from positive Molisch test and Shinoda test (26) to observe violet color and no reaction,
Figure 1. Antibacterial activity
of crude extracts of Caralluma
lasiantha Stems.
Figure 2. Antibacterial activity
of crude extracts of Caralluma
lasiantha Roots.
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respectively. Based on the polarity, different solvents are capable of extracting different phytochem-
icals (33). Hence in the present study, different solvents (non-polar to polar) were used.
Nowadays, Caralluma is gaining a great importance from scientific community due to exhibition of
immunostimulating activities as active constituents like saponins and flavonoids are present in it
(34). The major bioactive constituents of Ayurvedic medicine are saponins, flavonoids, and polyphe-
nols (35). Previous investigations on essential medicinal plants disclosed that saponins exhibit good
anti-inflammatory activity (36) and antimicrobial activity (37). Literature survey reveals that other
species of Caralluma show antimicrobial activity due to the existence of tannins, flavonoids, and
sterols in them (38). For example, aqueous extracts of Caralluma adscendens were efficient against
S. typhi, E. coli and P. aeruginosa (39), and petroleum ether extract was effective against S. aureus and
E. coli (40). Antimicrobial activity can be explained based on interactions of saponins present in C.
lasiantha with the membrane of cells which causes variation in the permeability of cells (37). In ad-
dition, the presence of sugar moiety in saponins indicates a higher hemolytic activity (41). Hence, the
observed antimicrobial activity of extracts in the present study can be explained based on the exist-
ence of steroidal glycosides (lasianthoside-A (Figure 3), lasianthoside-B (Figure 3) in C. lasiantha (15).
3.2. Antibacterial activity due to steroids
In our previous publications, we have reported the isolation and characterization of one C21
preg-
nane steroid, 3β,14β-dihydroxy-14β-pregn-5-en-20-one (Figure 5) from chloroform extracts (19) and
Figure 3. Lasianthosides A and
B from Caralluma lasiantha.
Figure 4. Flavone
glycoside (Luteoline-4-O-
neohesperiodoside).
O
OH O
OH
OH
CH3
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
O
O
O
OHO
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stigmasterol (Figure 6) from n-hexane extracts (20) of C. lasiantha. In addition, Qiu et al. (15) and
Ramesh et al. (18) reported the isolation of steroidal glycosides from alcohol extracts. Hence from
the above observations mentioned under “effect of polarity of solvent used extraction on antibacte-
rial activity”, higher activity observed against B. subtilis, Streptococcus Sp., E. aerogenes and E. coli by
n-hexane extract can be attributed to stigmasterol. Similarly, steroidal glycosides of methanol ex-
tract might be active against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa.
The difference in reactivities of epimers of sterols can be established based on type of conforma-
tion of the hydroxyl group located at position-3. Equatorial 3-hydroxyl groups experience low shield-
ing effect compared to axial groups. Hence, esters of equatorial hydroxyl groups hydrolyze easily
and hence high reactivity is noticed. Epimers containing equatorial hydroxyl groups form stable
complexes and are willingly sorbed on various carriers (42, 43) due to formation of hydrogen bond-
ing. As hydroxyl group is present at position-3 in both C21
pregnane steroid (3β,14β-dihydroxy-14β-
pregn-5-en-20-one) and stigmasterol, their contribution toward antibacterial activity can be
understood as sterols are integrated into biological membrane by forming complexes with primary
phospholipids of the membrane (44). The plausible mechanism is depicted in Figure 7.
3.3. Antibacterial activity due to flavonoids and flavone glycosides
It is well known that many traditional medicinal plants synthesize bioactive aromatic compounds
like saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols which form the basis for Ayurvedic medicine (35).
Flavonoids, flavones, and flavonols demonstrate antimicrobial activity against a range of micro-or-
ganisms as these phytochemicals are synthesized in plants due to microbial infection (45). Moreover,
antibacterial activity of saponins can be explained by release of strong antibiotic compounds after
Figure 5. 3β,14β-dihydroxy-14β-
pregn-5-en-20-one.
O
OH
OH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
H
H
Figure 6. Stigmasterol.
OH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23 24
25
26
27
28
29
H
H H
H
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the hydrolysis of saponins (38, 46). As flavonoids are phenolic compounds, they form irreversible
complexes with extracellular/soluble proteins (33) with involvement of hydroxyl group (47) which
restrain protein synthesis in bacteria (48) and hence antibacterial activity is exhibited by them (2,
49). Other postulates on antibacterial activity of flavonoids are (1) disruption of microbial mem-
branes by lipophilic flavonoids (50) (2) release of hydrogen peroxide by some flavonoids in aqueous
media at physiological pH (51), (3) inhibition of enzymes and precipitation of proteins in micro-or-
ganisms due to interference of glycosylated flavonoids (52, 53), and (4) inhibition of phosphor ki-
nases and ATP by flavonoids (54). Hence, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha can be explained based
on the presence of flavone glycoside (Luteoline-4-O-neohesperiodoside) (15, 18).
3.4. Higher activity of plant extracts toward Gram-positive bacteria
In the present study, it is observed that inhibition displayed by all stem/root extracts against all the
selected Gram-positive bacteria is higher than Gram-negative bacteria (Tables 1 and 2). It is similar
to the previous reports which suggested a higher susceptibility of food-borne pathogenic Gram-
positive bacteria to tea flavonoids in comparison with Gram-negative bacteria (55, 56). Higher activ-
ity against Gram-positive bacteria can be explained in terms of specificity of saponins toward them.
Literature survey shows that saponins present in Medicago species exhibited high efficacy against
Gram-positive bacteria (like B. subtilis, S. aureus, and Bacillus cereus) whereas unsuccessful against
Gram-negative bacteria (41). The differential activities of plant extracts against these two types of
bacteria can be elucidated taking into account of their cell outer layers. In the case of Gram-positive
bacteria, cell outer barrier is made up of peptidoglycan layer which is ineffective and permeable.
Hence, drug constituents are permeable through the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. However, in
Gram-negative bacteria, cell wall is made up of multilayered peptidoglycan and phospholipidic
membrane which is impermeable to drug constituents (57). In addition, glycosylated flavonoids se-
lectively inhibit topoisomerases in Gram-positive bacteria which shows a negative effect on replica-
tion and transcription mechanics (58). Hence, C. lasiantha extracts have preferable activity against
Gram-positive bacteria (Figure 8).
The observed differential antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts against Gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacteria can also be explained based on the existence of flavone glycoside (Luteoline-
4-O-neohesperiodoside) in it (18). It is a well-known fact that presence of flavonoids is one of the
reasons for antibacterial activity of plant extracts (2, 49) due to formation of a complex between
extracellular protein on bacteria and carbonyl group on flavonoids (33). For example, (+)-catechin, a
monomeric flavan sub-unit is capable of linking with the lipopolysaccharide present on the bacterial
cell surface (59). Hence, all those polyphenols of plant origin can display various biological activities
including anti bacterial activities (60).
Figure 8. Higher activity of
plant extracts toward Gram-
positive bacteria.
Peptidoglycon
layer
Periplasmic space
Lipo proteins
Protein
Cytoplasmic
Membrane
Outer
membrane
Porins
Outer layer permeable
to drugs
Outer layer Impermeable to
most of drugs
Gram positive bacteria cell wall Gram negative bacetria cell wall
Lipopolysaccharides
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3.5. Relation between anti-inflammation activity and Caralluma lasiantha extracts
In India, C. lasiantha powder is used to reduce body heat, a characteristic of inflammation (17) and
methanolic extracts of C. lasiantha exhibit anti-inflammatory activity (61). Moreover, anti inflamma-
tory action is exhibited by polyphenols of plant origin (60). Hence in the present study, bacteria were
chosen which cause inflammation. For example, local inflammation is created by S. aureus as it
replicates in metaphyseal capillary loops (62). About 70 to 80% of urinary tract infections (UTI) are
due to E. coli infection (63) and Streptococcus Sp., (64). B. subtilis causes Endocarditis (inflammation
of the endocardium) (65). E. aerogenes causes respiratory tract nosocomial infections (66). K. pneu-
moniae is responsible for pneumoniae (the destructive lung inflammation disease) (67). Exceptional
antimicrobial activity against E. coli by lower concentrated C. lasiantha extracts helps to visualize
their potential to cure inflammation of urinary bladder. This is supported by the fact that Ramesh et
al., (7) reported the anti-inflammatory activity by flavone glycosides which are also present in C. la-
siantha (15). As C. lasiantha extracts exhibit exceptional growth inhibition against these bacteria, the
anti-inflammation activity of C. lasiantha can be substantiated.
4. Conclusion
From the present in vitro studies, it can be concluded that the crude plant extracts of C. lasiantha
exhibit good antimicrobial activity against the selected bacteria due to the presence of steroids and
flavones in plant extracts. Anti-inflammation activities are related to C. lasiantha extracts through
their antibacterial activities. Hence, further in vivo studies have to be carried out using pure phyto-
chemicals to review their usage in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by these micro-or-
ganisms and to establish the exact mechanism of action.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support of Mr Kullayappa, SK
University, India for identification and collection of plant
sample.
Funding
The authors received no direct funding for this research.
Author details
Sireesha Malladi1,2
E-mail: sireesha_malladi@yahoo.co.in
Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram3
E-mail: doctornadh@yahoo.co.in
ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0925-1132
K. Suresh Babu4
E-mail: babuiict@gmail.com
ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1804-3642
T. Pullaiah5
E-mail: pullaiah.thammineni@gmail.com
1
Department of Science and Humanities, Vignan’s University,
Vadlamudi 522213, India.
2
Department of Chemistry, JNTU-Anantapur, Anantapur,
India.
3
Department of Chemistry, GITAM University, Bengaluru
Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka 561203, India.
4
Department of Chemistry, Mallareddy Engineering College,
Hyderabad, India.
5
Department of Botany, SKD Universiy, Anantapur, India.
Citation information
Cite this article as: Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial
activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scientific validation of
Indian traditional medicine, Sireesha Malladi, Venkata
Nadh Ratnakaram, K. Suresh Babu T. Pullaiah, Cogent
Chemistry (2017), 3: 1374821.
Cover image
Source: Authors.
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