Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice.
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of selected medicinal plants used in...Mohd Aijaz
This document discusses the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of selected medicinal plants used in Indian traditional medicine. It describes in vitro and in vivo studies conducted to test extracts of Cissus quadrangularis, Plumbago zeylanica, Terminalia bellerica, and Terminalia chebulla for cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and ability to reduce carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The results showed that ethanol extracts of T. bellarica and T. chebulla exhibited the highest COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition. In vivo, oral administration of extracts of P. zeylanica, T. bellarica and T. chebulla reduced
WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORALIN RATSJing Zang
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Eucalyptus citriodora(EAEEC)ethyl acetate and ethanol (EEEC)extracts on wound healing activity. Excision, incision and dead space wound healing activity was examined on wistar rats, dressed with 10% and 200 mg/kg p.o of the extracts respectively. Control groups were dressed with the simple ointment (negative control) and 5% povidone-iodine (standard) respectively. Healing was assessed based on contraction of wound size, mean epithelisation time, hydroxyproline content and histopathologicalexaminations. Excision wound healing study revealed significant reduction in wound size and mean epithelisation time and scar area. In incision model showed significant (p<0.01) variation in breaking strength and dead space model shows increase wet & dry weight of cotton pellet this indicate higher collagen synthesis in the 10% extract-treated group compared to the vehicle group. These findings were supported by histolopathological examinations of healed wound sections which showed greater tissue regeneration, more fibroblasts and angiogenesis in the 200 mg/kg extract-treated group. The extracts of Eucalyptus citriodorais a potential candidate for the treatment of dermal wounds by topical and oral administration. The extracts are deduced to have accelerated the wound repair at all the phases of the healing.
STUDY ON ANTI ULCER AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF Vilvathi LehiyamJing Zang
The aim of the study, to evaluate the phytochemical, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Vilvathi Lehiyam was investigated on omeprazole induced ulcer model in albino rats. Ethanolic extract of dosage 250 and 500kg/mg produced significant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by Omeprazole induced ulcer. The extract 250 and 500kg/mg showed significant (p<0.01) reduction of pH value of gastric juice compared control. The Vilvathi Lehiyam was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema at injected sthe doses 500 kg/mg body weight and the study was compared with standard drug Dexamethasone (2mg/kg). The Vilvathi Lehiyam has significant anti-inflammatory activity, which support the traditional medicinal utilization of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Based on the above results, of Vilvathi Lehiyam may be useful as a natural drug for the treatment of ulcer and inflammation.
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
Comparative Effect of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Buchholzia Coriacea ...Scientific Review SR
This study was designed to investigate the comparative effect of aqueous and methanol extract
of Buchholzia coriacea seeds on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Twenty four albino rats of both
sexes weighing 162.53±3.55 g were used. For the aqueous extract, 12 animals were divided into 4 groups of 3
rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administer ed 0.5 ml of diclofenac sodium (reference
anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg body
weight of the aqueous extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. For the methanol extract, 12 animals
were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administered 0.5 ml of
diclofenac sodium (reference anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100,
300 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the methanol extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. Thirty
minutes after treatment of animals in both the aqueous and methanol groups with the drug and extract, 0.2 ml
of 2% carrageenan was injected into the left hind paw of each animal under the sub plantar aponeurosis. Paw
volume of rats were measured before and after carrageenan injection at 30 minutes interval over a period of 3
hours (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180) minutes, to determine the anti -inflammatory response of both extracts,
using carrageenan-induced paw odema method. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the
aqueous extract contains terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids while the methanol extract contains saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, terpeno ids and steroids. Proximate analysis of
Buchholzia coriacea seeds revealed that crude fibre has the lowest percentage of (1.10±0.05), ash content
(5.20±0.01), crude fat (4.10±0.02) moisture content (9.10±0.13), crude protein (10.20±0.20) and
carbohydrate with the highest percentage of (70.10±0.04). In terms of percentage inhibition, paw volume was
brought to near normal levels by the methanol extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight which showed
better anti-inflammatory activity than 500 mg/kg body weight o f the same extract as well as all doses of the
aqueous extract and even more than the reference drug. Overall, the anti -inflammatory effect may be traced
to single or synergistic activity of phytoconstituents present in the methanol extract.
The document evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (KVC), the root powder of Smilax zeylanica, in rodent models. The results showed that KVC significantly increased the reaction time in hot plate test and inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing responses in mice, indicating its analgesic effects. KVC also significantly reduced formalin-induced paw edema in rats and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, demonstrating its anti-inflammatory properties. The study confirms the traditional use of KVC for pain and inflammation management.
This study evaluated the antiasthmatic potential of a polyherbal formulation containing extracts of four plants - Solanum xanthocarpum, Aegle marmelos, Caesalpinia bonduc, and Murraya koenigii. Experimental models in rats and guinea pigs were used to assess mast cell stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic effects. The results demonstrated that the polyherbal formulation dose-dependently inhibited mast cell degranulation and protected against histamine- and acetylcholine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs, suggesting antiasthmatic effects through mast cell membrane stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic mechanisms of action. This
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of selected medicinal plants used in...Mohd Aijaz
This document discusses the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of selected medicinal plants used in Indian traditional medicine. It describes in vitro and in vivo studies conducted to test extracts of Cissus quadrangularis, Plumbago zeylanica, Terminalia bellerica, and Terminalia chebulla for cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and ability to reduce carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The results showed that ethanol extracts of T. bellarica and T. chebulla exhibited the highest COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition. In vivo, oral administration of extracts of P. zeylanica, T. bellarica and T. chebulla reduced
WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORALIN RATSJing Zang
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Eucalyptus citriodora(EAEEC)ethyl acetate and ethanol (EEEC)extracts on wound healing activity. Excision, incision and dead space wound healing activity was examined on wistar rats, dressed with 10% and 200 mg/kg p.o of the extracts respectively. Control groups were dressed with the simple ointment (negative control) and 5% povidone-iodine (standard) respectively. Healing was assessed based on contraction of wound size, mean epithelisation time, hydroxyproline content and histopathologicalexaminations. Excision wound healing study revealed significant reduction in wound size and mean epithelisation time and scar area. In incision model showed significant (p<0.01) variation in breaking strength and dead space model shows increase wet & dry weight of cotton pellet this indicate higher collagen synthesis in the 10% extract-treated group compared to the vehicle group. These findings were supported by histolopathological examinations of healed wound sections which showed greater tissue regeneration, more fibroblasts and angiogenesis in the 200 mg/kg extract-treated group. The extracts of Eucalyptus citriodorais a potential candidate for the treatment of dermal wounds by topical and oral administration. The extracts are deduced to have accelerated the wound repair at all the phases of the healing.
STUDY ON ANTI ULCER AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF Vilvathi LehiyamJing Zang
The aim of the study, to evaluate the phytochemical, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Vilvathi Lehiyam was investigated on omeprazole induced ulcer model in albino rats. Ethanolic extract of dosage 250 and 500kg/mg produced significant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by Omeprazole induced ulcer. The extract 250 and 500kg/mg showed significant (p<0.01) reduction of pH value of gastric juice compared control. The Vilvathi Lehiyam was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema at injected sthe doses 500 kg/mg body weight and the study was compared with standard drug Dexamethasone (2mg/kg). The Vilvathi Lehiyam has significant anti-inflammatory activity, which support the traditional medicinal utilization of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Based on the above results, of Vilvathi Lehiyam may be useful as a natural drug for the treatment of ulcer and inflammation.
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
Comparative Effect of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Buchholzia Coriacea ...Scientific Review SR
This study was designed to investigate the comparative effect of aqueous and methanol extract
of Buchholzia coriacea seeds on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Twenty four albino rats of both
sexes weighing 162.53±3.55 g were used. For the aqueous extract, 12 animals were divided into 4 groups of 3
rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administer ed 0.5 ml of diclofenac sodium (reference
anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg body
weight of the aqueous extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. For the methanol extract, 12 animals
were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administered 0.5 ml of
diclofenac sodium (reference anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100,
300 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the methanol extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. Thirty
minutes after treatment of animals in both the aqueous and methanol groups with the drug and extract, 0.2 ml
of 2% carrageenan was injected into the left hind paw of each animal under the sub plantar aponeurosis. Paw
volume of rats were measured before and after carrageenan injection at 30 minutes interval over a period of 3
hours (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180) minutes, to determine the anti -inflammatory response of both extracts,
using carrageenan-induced paw odema method. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the
aqueous extract contains terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids while the methanol extract contains saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, terpeno ids and steroids. Proximate analysis of
Buchholzia coriacea seeds revealed that crude fibre has the lowest percentage of (1.10±0.05), ash content
(5.20±0.01), crude fat (4.10±0.02) moisture content (9.10±0.13), crude protein (10.20±0.20) and
carbohydrate with the highest percentage of (70.10±0.04). In terms of percentage inhibition, paw volume was
brought to near normal levels by the methanol extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight which showed
better anti-inflammatory activity than 500 mg/kg body weight o f the same extract as well as all doses of the
aqueous extract and even more than the reference drug. Overall, the anti -inflammatory effect may be traced
to single or synergistic activity of phytoconstituents present in the methanol extract.
The document evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (KVC), the root powder of Smilax zeylanica, in rodent models. The results showed that KVC significantly increased the reaction time in hot plate test and inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing responses in mice, indicating its analgesic effects. KVC also significantly reduced formalin-induced paw edema in rats and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, demonstrating its anti-inflammatory properties. The study confirms the traditional use of KVC for pain and inflammation management.
This study evaluated the antiasthmatic potential of a polyherbal formulation containing extracts of four plants - Solanum xanthocarpum, Aegle marmelos, Caesalpinia bonduc, and Murraya koenigii. Experimental models in rats and guinea pigs were used to assess mast cell stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic effects. The results demonstrated that the polyherbal formulation dose-dependently inhibited mast cell degranulation and protected against histamine- and acetylcholine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs, suggesting antiasthmatic effects through mast cell membrane stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic mechanisms of action. This
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Bioavailability Studies of Ketorolac Tromethamine Fast Dissolving Tablets Pre...IOSR Journals
This study was concerned with the investigation of acute pharmacological responses (pharmacodynamics) including analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression method using 3% croscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant by applying tail flick test and carragenan induced rat paw edema test respectively. Also, the work aimed to develop a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of ketorolac tromethamine in human plasma samples released from fast dissolving tablets. Also, to estimate whether the prepared tablet dosage form increases the bioavailability of ketorolac tromethamine in the body compared to marketed conventional tablet. From this study, it could be inferred that ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets (G5) containing (3% corscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant, 30% Avicel pH102, 5% aspartame, 1% talc, 1% magnesium stearate, and mannitol Q.S.) and prepared by direct compression method could be considered as a promising formula to enhance bioavilability of the drug.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the total tannin content and antidiarrheal activity of Tecomaria capensis leaves extract. The study found that the extract contained high quantities of tannins. In tests using animal models, the extract showed significant and dose-dependent inhibition of diarrhea, reduction of intestinal transit, and antienteropooling effects, supporting the traditional use of the plant for treating diarrhea. The results provide scientific evidence that Tecomaria capensis leaves extract has potential antidiarrheal properties.
Analgesic Effect of Lidocaine in Orofacial Pain Of RatsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In dental treatment, lidocaine is currently used as local anesthetic, but studies on the control of orofacial pain are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-treatment with lidocaine would involved in pain modulation in inflammatory orofacial pain.Male Sprague-Dawley white rats (240-280g) were used. The experimental group were divided into 3 groups(n=5); formalin (5 %, 50 μL), Administer 0.2%, 2% lidocaine, after administration, formalin (s.c). To induced orofacial pain, 5% formalin (50 μL) was injected under the skin on the right region of the whiskers of the experimental animals (n=5), and the act of rubbing or scratching the facial area in which the drug was injected was considered pain index. The administration of lidocaine at 2% concentration was found that the formalin-induced pain behavioral reaction was effectively reduced. The level of Nrf2 protein expression increased by formalin noticeably decreased in the medulla oblongata after lidocaine administration. Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor. Both ginsengs significantly down-regulated the increased Nrf2 level in formalin group. These results indicate that lidocaine could be a promising regulated in the treatment of inflammatory orofacial pain
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
This document describes a study investigating the analgesic and antipyretic activities of the methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloea bark. Rats were used to test analgesic activity using the hot plate test, with the extract showing a dose-dependent increase in latency time compared to the control. Antipyretic activity was tested using yeast-induced fever in rats, with the extract and paracetamol both reducing elevated temperatures over time. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract found the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, phytosterols, saponins, flavonoids and coumarins.
Anti-inflammatory activity of Avicennia officinalis in methanolic extractpharmaindexing
The study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of Avicennia officinalis in different rat models of inflammation. Rats treated with 400 mg/kg of the A. officinalis extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, reducing inflammation by 30.8%. In the formalin-induced paw edema and Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis models, the 400 mg/kg extract dose reduced inflammation by 34.4% and 53.4%, respectively, comparable to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Biochemical analysis also indicated the extract reduced arthritis-elevated liver enzymes and cholesterol levels in FCA-induced arthritis rats.
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
This document describes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation called Trushanadi loha. The formulation contains 14 plant and mineral ingredients. An aqueous extract was tested in rats. Blood glucose levels were measured. The extract produced a 40% reduction in blood glucose levels in normal rats, demonstrating significant anti-diabetic activity. The formulation was also found to be non-toxic in acute oral toxicity tests in rats at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg. Overall, the study provides evidence that Trushanadi loha has anti-diabetic properties and a safe toxicity profile.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY TECTONA GRANDISpharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical screening, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts from the leaf, stem, and bark of Tectona grandis. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like phenols, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids in the leaf and stem extracts. The leaf, bark, and stem extracts showed antioxidant activity in Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power and DPPH radical assays. The extracts also demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting albumin denaturation and stabilizing red blood cell membranes in heat-induced hemolysis tests. The study thus supports the traditional use of T. grandis in treating inflammation
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
This document summarizes a study comparing the anti-inflammatory effects of the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (neem) and the drug diclofenac. Rats were injected with carrageenan to induce paw edema and inflammation. Groups received neem extract, diclofenac, a combination, or saline control. Diclofenac showed the best anti-inflammatory effect as measured by decreased paw swelling compared to the neem extract. However, the neem extract did show anti-inflammatory properties, though not as strong as diclofenac. The study concludes diclofenac is a more effective anti-inflammatory treatment than neem leaves extract for acute inflammation in rats.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive activities of the methanolic extract of Kaempferia rotunda rhizomes. In glucose tolerance tests in mice, the extract significantly lowered serum glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose of 400 mg/kg reducing glucose by 39.6%. In antinociceptive tests using acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, the extract significantly reduced the number of writhes in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose of 400 mg/kg reducing writhes by 69.4%. The extract demonstrated significant antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive effects,
Anti-inflammatory activity of Pupalia lappacea L.JussAnti inflammatory activi...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and egg white-induced paw edema models. The extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg significantly inhibited paw edema in both models, supporting the traditional use of the plant for inflammatory conditions. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin in the extract, which may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects. The results provide a pharmacological basis for the folkloric use of P. lappacea as an anti-inflammatory agent.
In Vitro Anti Arthritic Activity of Acacia Catechu Willdijtsrd
Rheumatoid arthritis is a major ailment among rheumatic disorders. A large number of herbal extracts are in vogue used for treatment of various types of rheumatic disorders. Acacia catechu willd, an Indian herb was reported to have anti inflammatory as well as analgesic activity, in vitro as well as in vivo. The present study deals with anti arthritic activity in vitro. Various in vitro anti arthritic pharmacological models were studied, such as, inhibition of protein denaturation, effect of membrane stabilization, and proteinase inhibitory action Herbal extract. All the in vitro models i.e. inhibition of protein denaturation, membrane stabilization and proteinase inhibition were carried out with standard reference drug diclofenac sodium. Priyanka Karande | Ashapak Tamboli | Swapnil More | Arti Chandanshive | Shweta Bahire | Mahadevi Bhosale "In -Vitro Anti-Arthritic Activity of Acacia Catechu Willd" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31469.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/31469/in-vitro-antiarthritic-activity-of-acacia-catechu-willd/priyanka-karande
The document summarizes a study that investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extracts of berries from Solanum nigrum Linn. Rats were treated with various doses of the extract or diclofenac before carrageenan was injected into their paws to induce edema. The 375 mg/kg dose of the extract significantly decreased paw edema comparable to diclofenac, demonstrating good anti-inflammatory activity. The extract is believed to act in the late phase of inflammation, possibly by inhibiting prostaglandin release through effects on arachidonic acid metabolites.
This document discusses the topic of communalism in India. It begins with an introduction noting India's religious pluralism and history of tensions between Hindus and Muslims. It then defines communalism as a system of political organization based on communes and federations of independent communities. The document goes on to describe communalism in India as blind loyalty to one's own religious group that is used to mobilize people along communal lines. It lists some key characteristics of communalism such as being ideological, complex, and causing violence. Some causes of communalism discussed are the tendency of minorities like Muslims to not integrate fully and the role of communal leaders in exploiting religious differences for political ends. The conclusion restates that communalism integrates communal ownership and independent
This document provides information for a workshop project focused on developing a strategic brand relaunch concept for the fashion brand Krizia. It begins with an objective to understand Krizia's core values and identity to translate them to today. It then analyzes Krizia's brand DNA, values, visual identity, and target persona. The concept focuses on the idea of "chaotic balance." The proposed strategic relaunch includes a pop-up retail event, flagship store design, digital store, advertising campaigns, and moving towards future opportunities.
Bioavailability Studies of Ketorolac Tromethamine Fast Dissolving Tablets Pre...IOSR Journals
This study was concerned with the investigation of acute pharmacological responses (pharmacodynamics) including analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression method using 3% croscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant by applying tail flick test and carragenan induced rat paw edema test respectively. Also, the work aimed to develop a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of ketorolac tromethamine in human plasma samples released from fast dissolving tablets. Also, to estimate whether the prepared tablet dosage form increases the bioavailability of ketorolac tromethamine in the body compared to marketed conventional tablet. From this study, it could be inferred that ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets (G5) containing (3% corscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant, 30% Avicel pH102, 5% aspartame, 1% talc, 1% magnesium stearate, and mannitol Q.S.) and prepared by direct compression method could be considered as a promising formula to enhance bioavilability of the drug.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the total tannin content and antidiarrheal activity of Tecomaria capensis leaves extract. The study found that the extract contained high quantities of tannins. In tests using animal models, the extract showed significant and dose-dependent inhibition of diarrhea, reduction of intestinal transit, and antienteropooling effects, supporting the traditional use of the plant for treating diarrhea. The results provide scientific evidence that Tecomaria capensis leaves extract has potential antidiarrheal properties.
Analgesic Effect of Lidocaine in Orofacial Pain Of RatsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In dental treatment, lidocaine is currently used as local anesthetic, but studies on the control of orofacial pain are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-treatment with lidocaine would involved in pain modulation in inflammatory orofacial pain.Male Sprague-Dawley white rats (240-280g) were used. The experimental group were divided into 3 groups(n=5); formalin (5 %, 50 μL), Administer 0.2%, 2% lidocaine, after administration, formalin (s.c). To induced orofacial pain, 5% formalin (50 μL) was injected under the skin on the right region of the whiskers of the experimental animals (n=5), and the act of rubbing or scratching the facial area in which the drug was injected was considered pain index. The administration of lidocaine at 2% concentration was found that the formalin-induced pain behavioral reaction was effectively reduced. The level of Nrf2 protein expression increased by formalin noticeably decreased in the medulla oblongata after lidocaine administration. Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor. Both ginsengs significantly down-regulated the increased Nrf2 level in formalin group. These results indicate that lidocaine could be a promising regulated in the treatment of inflammatory orofacial pain
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
This document describes a study investigating the analgesic and antipyretic activities of the methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloea bark. Rats were used to test analgesic activity using the hot plate test, with the extract showing a dose-dependent increase in latency time compared to the control. Antipyretic activity was tested using yeast-induced fever in rats, with the extract and paracetamol both reducing elevated temperatures over time. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract found the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, phytosterols, saponins, flavonoids and coumarins.
Anti-inflammatory activity of Avicennia officinalis in methanolic extractpharmaindexing
The study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of Avicennia officinalis in different rat models of inflammation. Rats treated with 400 mg/kg of the A. officinalis extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, reducing inflammation by 30.8%. In the formalin-induced paw edema and Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis models, the 400 mg/kg extract dose reduced inflammation by 34.4% and 53.4%, respectively, comparable to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Biochemical analysis also indicated the extract reduced arthritis-elevated liver enzymes and cholesterol levels in FCA-induced arthritis rats.
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
This document describes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation called Trushanadi loha. The formulation contains 14 plant and mineral ingredients. An aqueous extract was tested in rats. Blood glucose levels were measured. The extract produced a 40% reduction in blood glucose levels in normal rats, demonstrating significant anti-diabetic activity. The formulation was also found to be non-toxic in acute oral toxicity tests in rats at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg. Overall, the study provides evidence that Trushanadi loha has anti-diabetic properties and a safe toxicity profile.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY TECTONA GRANDISpharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical screening, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts from the leaf, stem, and bark of Tectona grandis. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like phenols, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids in the leaf and stem extracts. The leaf, bark, and stem extracts showed antioxidant activity in Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power and DPPH radical assays. The extracts also demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting albumin denaturation and stabilizing red blood cell membranes in heat-induced hemolysis tests. The study thus supports the traditional use of T. grandis in treating inflammation
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
This document summarizes a study comparing the anti-inflammatory effects of the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (neem) and the drug diclofenac. Rats were injected with carrageenan to induce paw edema and inflammation. Groups received neem extract, diclofenac, a combination, or saline control. Diclofenac showed the best anti-inflammatory effect as measured by decreased paw swelling compared to the neem extract. However, the neem extract did show anti-inflammatory properties, though not as strong as diclofenac. The study concludes diclofenac is a more effective anti-inflammatory treatment than neem leaves extract for acute inflammation in rats.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive activities of the methanolic extract of Kaempferia rotunda rhizomes. In glucose tolerance tests in mice, the extract significantly lowered serum glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose of 400 mg/kg reducing glucose by 39.6%. In antinociceptive tests using acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, the extract significantly reduced the number of writhes in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose of 400 mg/kg reducing writhes by 69.4%. The extract demonstrated significant antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive effects,
Anti-inflammatory activity of Pupalia lappacea L.JussAnti inflammatory activi...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and egg white-induced paw edema models. The extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg significantly inhibited paw edema in both models, supporting the traditional use of the plant for inflammatory conditions. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin in the extract, which may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects. The results provide a pharmacological basis for the folkloric use of P. lappacea as an anti-inflammatory agent.
In Vitro Anti Arthritic Activity of Acacia Catechu Willdijtsrd
Rheumatoid arthritis is a major ailment among rheumatic disorders. A large number of herbal extracts are in vogue used for treatment of various types of rheumatic disorders. Acacia catechu willd, an Indian herb was reported to have anti inflammatory as well as analgesic activity, in vitro as well as in vivo. The present study deals with anti arthritic activity in vitro. Various in vitro anti arthritic pharmacological models were studied, such as, inhibition of protein denaturation, effect of membrane stabilization, and proteinase inhibitory action Herbal extract. All the in vitro models i.e. inhibition of protein denaturation, membrane stabilization and proteinase inhibition were carried out with standard reference drug diclofenac sodium. Priyanka Karande | Ashapak Tamboli | Swapnil More | Arti Chandanshive | Shweta Bahire | Mahadevi Bhosale "In -Vitro Anti-Arthritic Activity of Acacia Catechu Willd" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31469.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/31469/in-vitro-antiarthritic-activity-of-acacia-catechu-willd/priyanka-karande
The document summarizes a study that investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extracts of berries from Solanum nigrum Linn. Rats were treated with various doses of the extract or diclofenac before carrageenan was injected into their paws to induce edema. The 375 mg/kg dose of the extract significantly decreased paw edema comparable to diclofenac, demonstrating good anti-inflammatory activity. The extract is believed to act in the late phase of inflammation, possibly by inhibiting prostaglandin release through effects on arachidonic acid metabolites.
This document discusses the topic of communalism in India. It begins with an introduction noting India's religious pluralism and history of tensions between Hindus and Muslims. It then defines communalism as a system of political organization based on communes and federations of independent communities. The document goes on to describe communalism in India as blind loyalty to one's own religious group that is used to mobilize people along communal lines. It lists some key characteristics of communalism such as being ideological, complex, and causing violence. Some causes of communalism discussed are the tendency of minorities like Muslims to not integrate fully and the role of communal leaders in exploiting religious differences for political ends. The conclusion restates that communalism integrates communal ownership and independent
This document provides information for a workshop project focused on developing a strategic brand relaunch concept for the fashion brand Krizia. It begins with an objective to understand Krizia's core values and identity to translate them to today. It then analyzes Krizia's brand DNA, values, visual identity, and target persona. The concept focuses on the idea of "chaotic balance." The proposed strategic relaunch includes a pop-up retail event, flagship store design, digital store, advertising campaigns, and moving towards future opportunities.
Delivering Digital Business Solutions, Raja Ukil, CIO, WiproINDUSCommunity
This document discusses Wipro's digital transformation journey. It outlines how Wipro has simplified processes and applications, improved agility through continuous delivery and automation, enabled real-time analytics, implemented hyper automation using cognitive technologies, and created a connected enterprise through cloud and mobility. Key metrics on the simplification journey include reducing data compression from 8TB to 1.8TB and completing the project with 540 personnel in under 8 months. The benefits of these transformations are discussed as better business performance, flexibility, reduced costs, and empowered decision making. The document concludes by previewing next steps around procurement simplification and finance implementations.
This document summarizes screening methods for central and peripheral analgesics. For central analgesics, it describes in vivo methods like Haffner's tail clip, hot plate, tail immersion, and formalin tests that assess response to painful stimuli in mice and rats. For peripheral analgesics, it discusses writhing tests using acetic acid or phenylquinone in mice, Randall-Selitto testing in inflamed rat paws, and duodenum distension in rats to measure visceral pain responses. The document provides classifications and examples of different classes of central and peripheral analgesic agents and their mechanisms of action.
The document discusses ARM's new Accredited ARM Engineer (AAE) program, which aims to establish an industry-wide standard for accrediting engineers with ARM-related knowledge through computer-based exams. It notes that computing is increasingly mobile and powered by ARM technology, creating demand for well-qualified ARM engineers. The AAE exams cover ARMv7 Cortex-A and Cortex-R software and are administered globally through Prometric test centers. Universities and training partners can participate in the program by preparing students and becoming listed on the AAE website. Individuals and employers both benefit through differentiated skills validation and a consistent benchmark for recruitment respectively.
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Stem Bark Extract b...QUESTJOURNAL
Abstract: Moringa oleifera Lam. is also known as ‘Miracle tree’ because of its uses of all parts particularly for their great potential in pharmacological, nutritional and water purification aspects. The study has been done for the phytochemical screening and analysis of analgesic potential of Moringa olifiera Lam. methanolic stem bark extract using Acetic acid induced Writhing method. Qualitative chemical analysis was carried out through phytochemical investigation which indicated the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonois, tannins, proteins, alkaloids etc. in the extracts. To study analgesic activity Acetic acid induced Writhing test was used, where Methanolic stem bark extract was introduced intraperitonially at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg to Swiss-albino mice. The dose of 300 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of Writhing response created by acetic acid in a dose dependent manner when compared to the standard control drug Diclofenac Sodium. Those two different doses exhibited 5% and 80% inhibition in writhing response respectively while the Diclofenac Na inhibited about 46.25% of writhing response at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. The results of this study support the potential pain management therapy using this crude extract.
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
Effect of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Aquilaria subintegra on aphrodi...Mohammed Muayad TA
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts on parameters related to aphrodisiac properties in mice. 30 male mice were divided into groups receiving various doses of the extract or saline by oral gavage for 21 days. Sexual behavior was observed by introducing females and recording mounts and intromissions. Offspring number, sex ratio, and pregnancy rate were measured. Blood was collected to measure testosterone. Results showed the 50 mg/kg dose increased mounts initially, while the 100, 500, 1000 mg/kg doses increased offspring number but did not affect other parameters compared to controls. The study suggests the extract may increase breeding rate but not have strong aphrodis
In vivo evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity of ethanolic extract of leaf an...Open Access Research Paper
Ficus carica Linn is occasionally used in preparation of local traditional medicines used in the treatment of diarrhoea in Bangladesh. Our present studies make an attempt toward validating this traditional use by investigating antidiarrhoeal activity of F. carica Linn. Ethanolic extract of leaf and bark of F. carica Linn showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in the severity of diarrhoea, in a dose dependent manner, in castor oil induced diarrhoea test. Prostaglandin E2 induced intestinal fluid accumulation test (enteropooling) gave significant results (P ≤ 0.05), indicating possible antidiarrhoeal action. The extract produced significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction of intestinal transit in gastrointestinal motility test with barium sulfate milk in healthy rats. It is evident that F. carica Linn have significant antidiarrhoeal activity and may be a potential source of antidiarrhoeal agents.
The Central and Peripheral effects of the methanol extract of Fadogia cienkow...iosrjce
The methanol extract of Fadogia cienkowskii schweinf. var cienkowskii leaves was investigated for its central and peripheral nervous system effects. Oral administration of the extract up to 4000 mg/kg did not cause any mortality or clinical signs of toxicity in mice. The extract significantly prolonged phenobarbitone-induced sleeping times in mice, indicating a central nervous system effect. It also demonstrated local anesthetic and analgesic effects peripherally by reducing pain responses, though with lower potency than lignocaine. The extract did not show any muscle relaxant effects. Thus, the extract exhibited both central and peripheral nervous system activities, suggesting potential as a source of novel analgesic and anesthetic agents.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY.pdfgynomark
Amaranthus roxburghianus is one of the traditionally well-known plants with outstanding therapeutic properties, and
is used mostly in treating different diseases in India. Thus, based on these medicinal properties, various investigations
have been undertaken in order to appraise the pharmacological activities and the chemical composition of these
species. Here, we elucidate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Amaranthus roxburghianus ethanolic
leaves extract. phytochemical screening of Amaranthus roxburghianus extract showed the presence of alkaloids,
Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Proteins, Amino Acids. the ethanolic leaves extract of Amaranthus
roxburghianus, possess peripheral and central analgesic activity in animal model. The Amaranthus roxburghianus
leaves extract shows anti-inflammatory activity in different animal model. Flavonoids and tannins are the major
constituents of Amaranthus roxburghianus leaves, which may be responsible for its Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory
activity.
KEYWORDS: Amaranthus roxburghianus, Phytochemical screening, Analgesic activity, Anti-inflammatory activity
Screening of immunomodulatory activity of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. whole plantiosrjce
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of the methanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (MESI) whole plant in rats. The study assessed the effects of MESI at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg on humoral immunity (antibody titers, plaque forming cells), cellular immunity (delayed type hypersensitivity, T-cell populations), and myelosuppression. MESI showed significant increases in circulating antibody titers, plaque forming cells, delayed type hypersensitivity responses, and T-cell populations compared to control, indicating immunostimulatory effects. The results suggest that Sphaeranthus indicus has potential as
This document reports on a study that investigated the aging process in rat liver from 8-12 weeks old to 20 weeks old. It examined age-dependent changes, the effects of the liver toxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and the hepatoprotective effects of the seeds of Vitis vinifera (grapevine). Biochemical markers and histological analysis showed that aging leads to changes in liver structure similar to low doses of CCl4. CCl4 treatment significantly increased liver damage markers and oxidative stress. Treatment with an ethanolic extract of grape seeds significantly reduced liver damage markers, oxidative stress, and improved liver structure compared to CCl4 treatment alone. The results suggest the grape seed extract has hepatoprotect
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study on the toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extract. The study found:
1) The tolerated dose of the extract in rats was 800mg/kg while the toxic dose was 1600mg/kg, with behavioral and neurological signs observed at toxic doses.
2) The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be 2663.92 mg/kg in acute toxicity testing.
3) In a 28-day sub-acute toxicity study, rats administered 800mg/kg of the extract daily showed no changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters compared to controls.
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Terminalia arjuna bark ethanol extractOpen Access Research Paper
Stem bark of the plant Terminalia arjuna were extracted in 50% ethanol to evaluate for centrally acting analgesic potential using formalin, hot plate and peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The extract of the plant were found to have significant (p<0.01) analgesic activity at the oral dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight, in the tested models. In hot plate test, at both dose levels (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg), T. arjuna extract showed significant (p<0.001) increased latency period than the control group. In acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin test T. arjuna also showed reduced number of writhes than the control group at two dose levels which are significant (p<0.05) compared to control. The results obtained support the use of stem bark of T.arjuna in painful conditions acting both centrally and peripherally.
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The document describes a study that investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of the aqueous extract of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) in experimental animal models. The extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in carrageenan, dextran, and histamine-induced paw edema models, as well as in a cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. It also exhibited analgesic effects in acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests. Additionally, the extract reduced yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in rats. The study demonstrates that the aqueous extract of parsley possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
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Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
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were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium
1. ~ 181 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2015; 4(3): 181-185
E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
JPP 2015; 4(3): 181-185
Received: 13-07-2015
Accepted: 14-08-2015
Md. Ali Asif Noor
Department of Pharmacy,
Southeast University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Md. Zamiul Islam
Department of Pharmacy,
Southeast University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Md. Sarwar Hosain
Department of Pharmacy,
Southeast University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Md. Shahid Sarwar
Department of Pharmacy,
Southeast University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Md. Mosiqur Rahman
Department of Pharmacy,
Southeast University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Mamunur Rashid
Department of Pharmacy,
Southeast University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Mohammad Safiqul Islam
Department of Pharmacy,
Noakhali Science and
Technology University,
Noakhali, Bangladesh
Md. Asaduzzaman
Department of Pharmacy,
Southeast University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Correspondence:
Md. Asaduzzaman
Lecturer, Department of
Pharmacy, Southeast University
Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol
extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium
Md. Ali Asif Noor, Md. Zamiul Islam, Md. Sarwar Hosain, Md. Shahid
Sarwar, Md. Mosiqur Rahman, Mamunur Rashid, Mohammad Safiqul
Islam, Md. Asaduzzaman
Abstract
Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the
treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and anti-
inflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice. Analgesic activity
was evaluated by tail emersion and acetic acid induced writhing method whereas anti-inflammatory
activity was investigated by Carrageenan induced mice paw edema method. Our study explored that the
analgesic activity followed upward for Diclofenac-Na during the observation within 120 minutes and fall
down within 180 minutes range. Likely, the methanolic plant extract at different concentrations showed
upward movement and fallen down when it reached at 180 minutes. Comparing to standard drug, the
plant extract at 200 mg/kg body weight concentration performed better analgesic activity. The tail
emersion method showed that the highest analgesic activity (8.25 0.96) was found after 120 minutes at
200 µg/ml extract. On the other hand, the acetic acid induced writhing method explored that plant extract
at a dose of 200 µg/ml produce significant pain inhibition (84.48%). Carrageenan induced mice paw
edema method showed that highest % of inhibition (74.77%) was found at a dose of 200µg/ml extract
after 120 minutes of time period. Our results show that X. Sagittifolium has considerable analgesic and
antioxidant activity. So, further research can be performed here to find out the responsible active
compounds and to identify the mechanism of actions.
Keywords: Analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, Xanthosoma sagittifolium
1. Introduction
An objectionable sensory and poignant feeling, related with actual or potential damage of
tissue is termed as pain [1]
. Pain intends to injury and the outcome is the attention in removing
pain from the injured part. Stimuli for example mechanical, electrical, thermal, chemical
initiates pain sensation by receptors of peripheral region. Brain processes the pain stimuli and
transmits the impulses towards the spinal cord and appropriate nerve and commands the
biological system to perform required action [2]
. Inflammation is a body defense reaction of
shortening the expandability of injurious substances. It occurs spontaneously in response to
tissue injury for living mammalians. Unusual accumulation of fluids under skin or body cavity,
leuko-cyte infiltration, and inflammation caused by histiocytes represent such components of
inflammation that can associate the tissue injury [3]
. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes specially
COX2 helps in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) precisely PGE2 and PGF2a, which is
found highly at the inflammation site, thus pain and inflammation can be linked by
cyclooxygenase (COX) [4]
. According to the study of Enomfon and Umoh (2004) high amount
of sodium, potassium, phosphorus was found in Xanthosoma sagittifolium corm in raw state.
Its beneficial for the patient with high blood pressure to intake this as food supplement, as high
potassium -sodium ratio may be an additional benefit in their diet [5]
. This plant is used as a
food supplement in Africa and South Asia. It’s also found that the cooked leaf of the plant X.
sagittifolium has a good calcium content which helps in preventing osteoporosis [6]
. Leaf juice
consists of expectorant, astringent, and appetizer property. Extracted juice of leaf-stem
attaching parts with salt has showed absorbent property towards inflamed glands and swelled
part of lymph nodes. Cooked vegetable contains mucilage and found to be an effective nervine
tonic, petiole juice of X. Sagittifolium is found stypic, and may be used to arrest arterial
hemorrhage. To cure diarrhea decocted peel is given as a folk medicine. In asthmatic patients
it prevents excessive secretion of sputum, increases body weight. In alopecia, corm juice is
used. It is used in increasing bowel movement, to relieve pain by altering sensitivity of
nervous system, lactation, piles, demulcent, and congestion of the portal system. As an
antidote to the stings of wasps and other insects, its use is also found.
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Few Indian tribe people utilize its corm to treat body pain. In
ear discharge due to earache and also as stimulant and expand
capillaries to increase blood circulation, internal hemorrhages
[7]
. Earlier reports showed that it has antioxidant property [8]
.
However, no report about analgesic activity is available, so the
aim of our study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti
inflammatory activity of X. sagittifolium.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of plant materials
The rhizome of X. sagittifolium was collected from Bogra city,
Bangladesh, in May, 2013, and identified by an expert
taxonomist. Rhizome was then washed properly to remove
dirty materials and shade dried for several days with
occasional sun drying. The fresh sun-dried whole plant
material was then dried in an oven at 50 °C and was crushed
into coarse powder (500 gm) which was extracted in cold with
methanol (1.5 liter) for 7 days. Solvent was evaporated off
under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator to afford a
greenish black color mass (8 gm). Powdered plant materials
(rhizome) having a weight of about 500 gm were taken in an
amber colored reagent bottle and soaked in 1.5 liter of
methanol. The bottle with its contents were sealed and kept for
a period of about 7 days with occasional shaking and stirring.
The whole mixture was then filtered through cotton and then
through Whatman No.1 filters paper and was concentrated
with a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure at 50 °C
temperature to afford crude extract.
2.2. Animals
Fifty Swiss albino mice aged 5-6 weeks, average weight 25-30
gm were used for the experiment. The mice were purchased
from the animal laboratory of ICDDR, B. The animals were
kept under standard laboratory condition. The temperature was
controlled, relative humidity of the room was 70-80%. Care
was taken in the food supplements for mice. They were given
nutritious foods and for the sake of experiment, the animals
were fasted overnight with water provided.
2.3. Study Design
Two types of test were performed: analgesic and anti
inflammatory. For analgesic test, mice were assigned into five
groups comprising of four mice in each group. Group 1 served
as solvent control (1% DMSO) and received the dose of 10
ml/kg body weight, group 2 received Dichlofenac Sodium
powder 10 mg/kg body weight and served as a positive control
and group 3 to Group 5 received crude methanolic extract, at a
dose of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight.
2.4. Analgesic activity
2.4.1. Tail Immersion method
Analgesic activity was evaluated by Chandan Chattopadhyay
et al. [9]
with necessary modification. Group 1 served as
solvent control (1% DMSO) and received the dose of 10 ml/kg
body weight, group 2 received Dichlofenac Sodium powder 10
mg/kg body weight and served as a positive control group 3 to
Group 5 received crud methanolic extract, at a dose of 50
mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively by
feeding needle. About 5 cm tail of each mouse from the distal
end was immersed into the hot water and the reaction time was
the time taken by the mice to withdraw its tail from hot water.
The observations were made before and after administration of
respective drugs at 30 min, 60 min, 90min, and at the end of
120 min.
2.4.2. Writhing method
In this method of Dhirender et al. [10]
, writhing was
consistently produced in mice by an intra peritoneal injection
of 0.7% aqueous acetic acid. Overnight fasted, healthy adult
male albino Swiss mice weighing between 25 to 30 gm in
groups of four each were taken for present investigation.
Group 1 served as solvent control (1% DMSO) and received
the dose of 10 ml/kg body weight; group 2 received
Dichlofenac Sodium powder 10 mg/kg body weight and
served as a positive control group 3 to Group 5 received crud
methanolic extract, at a dose of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200
mg/kg body weight. After of 30 minutes of the administration
of the test extracts, all the groups of mice were given the
writhing agent, 0.7% aqueous acetic acid, in a dose of
1ml/100gm (b.w) intra-peritonealy. Five minutes after
administration of acetic acid the number of writhing produced
in these animals were counted for next 10 minutes and the
number of writhing produce in the tested groups were
compared with those in the control group.
2.5. Anti-inflammatory
2.5.1. Carrageenan induced mice paw edema
Carrageenan induced paw edema was followed as described by
Winter et al (1962) [11]
. For the study purpose, 0.9 gm/100ml
of sodium chloride solution was prepared. At zero hour;
sodium chloride (Group 1), Indomethacin (Group 2) and test
sample (Group 3, 4, 5) were administered orally by a feeding
needle. One hour after administration of these agents, edema
was induced by injection of 0.1ml carrageenan (1% w/v in
saline) into the sub-plantar region of the left hind paw. Paw
thickness was measured using a vernier caliper just before and
after the injection of carrageenan at 0, 1, 2, 3 hours.
Measurement of paw volume was done by means of volume
displacement technique using. Thin thread immediately after
carrageenan injection and after 1, 2, 3 hours. Percentages of
inhibition were obtained using the following ratio: [(Vt − Vo)
control − (Vt − Vo) treated / (Vt − Vo) control] × 100.
Vt is the average volume for each group after treatment, and
Vo is the average volume for each group before any treatment.
3. Results
3.1. Analgesic activity
3.1.1 Tail immersion Test (Thermal stimulus)
The result for analgesic activity for methanolic extract of X.
Sagittifolium is shown in the Table 1. No significant
difference was found with 1% DMSO (control group) through
180 minutes of observation. The withdrawal of tail from hot
water was higher for those groups, treated with methanolic
extract & diclofenac-Na, compared to the 1% DMSO group.
The highest reaction time was for the extract group at
200mg/kg body weight concentration was 08 seconds at 120
minute while it was 4 seconds for 1% DMSO group and
10seconds for Diclofenac-Na group respectively. The
analgesic effects of 1% DMSO, Diclofenac-Na and methanolic
extract can be found from the maximum available analgesia
(MAA) graph.
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Table 1: Evaluation of analgesic activity of methanolic extract of rhizomes of Xanthosoma sagittifolium by Tail immersion method.
Groups Treatment
Dose (mg/kg body
wt)
Reaction time (in sec) after administration of drugs at different time(minutes)
SD
30 60 120 180
1.
Control (1%
DMSO)
10 ml 3.75 1.26 3.501.00 4.00 1.41 3.75 0.96
2. Diclofenac-Na 10 9.50 1.29 10.25 1.71 10.75 1.26 9.75 1.50
3.
Methanolic Extract
50 6.25 1.89 6.75 1.71 7.00 1.63 6.50 0.58
4. 100 6.75 0.96 7.00 0.82 7.50 0.58 7.00 0.82
5. 200 7.50 0.58 7.75 0.50 8.25 0.96 7.00 0.82
The analgesic effect was of Diclofenac-Na was recorded
within the 30, 60, 120, 180 minute interval after oral
administration. The MAA remained upward for Diclofenac-Na
during the observation within 120 minutes fall down within
180 minutes range. Likely, the MAA of plant extract of
different concentrations showed upward movement and fallen
down when it reached at 180 minutes. Referring to MAA
value, the plant extract at 200mg/kg body weight concentration
performed stronger analgesic activity. From our result, it is
clear that all the methanolic extract of X. sagittifolium shows
considerable analgesic activity
Fig 1: Response time of mice at methanolic extracts of X.
sagittifolium at different time interval by tell immersion method.
Here, ME = Methanolic extract
.
3.1.2. Writhing Test (Chemical stimulus)
The control group of animals were given only DMSO 1%
solution in the dose of 10ml/kg body weight. One group of
animal was administered with Diclofenac-Na standard, orally
in a dose of 10mg/kg (b.w). After a gap of 30 minutes of the
administration of the test extracts, all the groups of mice were
given the writhing agent, 0.7% aqueous acetic acid, in a dose
of 1ml/100gm (b.w) intraperitoneally. Five minutes after
administration of acetic acid, the number of writhing produced
in these animals were counted for next 10 minutes and the
number of writhing produce in the tested groups were
compared with those in the control group and the percentage
protection was calculated as show below.
Percentage protection: [(No. of writhes in control - No. of
writhes in test) ÷ No. of writhes in control] x 100
Table 2: Evaluation of analgesic activity of methanolic extract of X.
sagittifolium by Acetic acid induced Writhing method.
Groups Treatment Dose
Avg. no. of
Writhing
SD
%
01
Control (1%
DMSO)
10 ml/kg 87.00 0.957 -
02 Diclofenac-Na 10 mg/kg 3.75 0.500 95.68
03
Methanolic
Extract
50 mg/kg 17.50 0.577 79.88
100 mg/kg 15.00 1.250 82.75
200 mg/kg 13.00 0.57 84.48
Fig 2: Evalution of analgesic activity of diclofenac-Na and
methanolic extract of X. sagititifolium by Acetic acid induced
Writhing method.
The most potent activity was found in methanolic extract (ME)
show % of inhibition (84.84 at 200 µg/ml) after standard
(Diclofenac-Na). From our result, it is clear that methanolic
extract of X. sagittifolium shows considerable analgesic
activity.
3.2. Anti-inflammatory Activity
3.2.1 Carrageenan induced mice paw edema
Animals were fasted overnight and were divided into control,
standard and different test groups each consisting of four
animals. The different test extracts were administrated to the
animals in the test groups at the dose of 50,100 and 200 mg/kg
by oral route. Animals in the standard group received
Indomethacin at the dose of 10 mg/kg, by oral route. Control
group animals were received 1% DMSO at the dose of
10ml/kg body weight. Thirty minutes after administration of
the respective drugs, all the animals were challenged with 0.1
ml of 1% carrageenan in the sub planter region of left hind
paw. Paw volume was measured by using digital
plethysmometer before administration of carrageenan and after
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
30min, 1, 2, and 3 hrs intervals. The efficacy of different drug
was tested on its ability to inhibit paw edema as compared to
control group.
Volume of edema = Final Paw Volume - Initial Paw Volume
Percentage inhibition of paw edema was calculated by the
formula as below.
The% of Inhibition of Paw edema = [(VC - VT)/ VC] × 100
Where, VC= Paw edema of control group and VT = Paw edema
of treated group.
Table 3: Detarmination of paw volume of Mice at different time for X. sagittifolum methanolic extract.
Groups Treatment Dose (mg/kg body wt) Initial paw volume
Paw volume at different time interval (in mm)
30 min 60 min 120 min 180 min
1. Control (1% DMSO) 10 0.900.01 1.450.01 1.750.02 2.010.01 1.790.11
2. Indomethacin 10 1.180.014 1.270.026 1.370.035 1.461.033 1.340.021
3.
Methanolic Extract
50 0.940.112 1.240.079 1.400.008 1.580.034 1.480.021
4. 100 1.150.121 1.430.088 1.520.094 1.590.097 1.510.091
5. 200 1.120.021 1.300.063 1.310.059 1.320.008 1.360.054
From the table we find that, comparing with the indomethacin
group (standard) and the groups of plant extract, paw volume
rate was notable at 100 mg/kg body weight concentration
rather than the other groups.
Table 4: Determination of volume of edema of mice at different time
for methanolic extract
Groups Treatment
Dose
(mg/kg
body
wt)
Volume of edema at
different time interval (in
mm).
30
min
60
min
120
min
180
min
1
Control (1%
DMSO)
10 ml/kg 0.55 0.85 1.11 0.89
2 Indomethacin 10 0.09 0.19 0.28 0.16
3
Methanolic
Extract
50 0.30 0.46 0.64 0.54
4 100 0.28 0.37 0.44 0.36
5 200 0.18 0.19 0.25 0.24
The table shows volume of edema for indomethacin (control
group) and methanolic extracts of different concentrations.
Edema volume found decreased in rate for the methanolic
extracts rather than the indomethacin, also from the graph we
find that the fall of edema volume occurs after 120 minute,
when it is 180 minutes, the graph is fallen apart.
Fig 3: Volume of edema of mice at time interval with 1% DMSO,
indomethacin and methanolic extract.
Table 5: Determination of % of inhibition of paw edema of mice at different time for methanolic extract
Groups Treatment Dose (mg/kg body wt)
% inhibition of paw edema (mm)
30 min 60 min 120 min 180min
1 Indomethacin 10 83.63 77.64 74.77 82.02
2
Methanolic Extract
50 45.45 45.88 42.34 39.32
3 100 49.09 56.47 60.36 59.55
4 200 67.27 69.41 74.77 73.03
The most potent activity was found in methanolic extract
(ME). It showed highest % of inhibition (74.77 at 200µg/ml)
after standard (Indomethacin) at 120 minutes of time period.
From our result, it is clear that methanolic extract of X.
Sagittifolium shows considerable anti-inflammatory activity.
4. Discussion
In the tail immersion model, methanolic extract of X.
sagittifolium provided good analgesic activity by increasing
the reaction time of mice in comparison with control group.
Along with tail immersion, hot plate method is also used in
many cases to study centrally acting analgesics [12]
. In these
models, the nociceptors are sensitized by sensory nerves and
the involvement of endogenous substances like prostaglandins
are minimized [13]
. In high temperature and pressure pain
sensation of animals can be increased by analgesic drugs that
are centrally acting [14]
. Higher concentration gave better
effect. Diclofenac sodium was used as reference drug.
Comparing with control, diclofenac sodium produced massive
analgesic effect under all observation times. High dose of
methanolic extract gave similar effect of Diclofenac sodium.
The steps involved in the tail immersion test, is based on the
follow-up of morphine-like drugs which specifically extends
the reaction time of typical tail withdrawal behavior in mice
[15]
.
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Acetic acid-induced writhing method induces sensation of pain
by initiating inflammatory response and such kind of pain
stimulus tends to release arachidonic acid from tissue [16]
.
Acetic acid induced writhing method is highly useful model
for screening analgesic drugs [17]
. 0.7% glacial acetic acid
intraperitoneal injection produced abdominal writhing. Chemo
sensitive nociceptors are activated in animals by acetic acid,
which develops writhing effect [18]
. It was also found that the
level of analgesia produced by acetic acid-induced method is
indicated by the decrease of abdominal constriction’s
percentage number [19]
. Acute inflammation is biphasic. First
phase starts with the release of few neurotransmitters, and
kinins after giving the phlogistic agent injection in the first few
hours [20]
. Second phase relates to the prostaglandins like
substances release within 2-3 hours. Second phase is sensitive
to both the clinically useful steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory agent [21]
. Carrageenan-induced paw edema
model has commonly been used to assess the anti edematous
effect of the drug. Carrageenan releases inflammatory and pro
inflammatory mediators like histamine, bradykinin,
prostaglandins, leukotrienes, etc.) [22]
. Here, high concentration
of methanolic extract provided significant percentage of paw
edema inhibition.
5. Conclusion
According to the results of the present study, it can be
concluded that the plant extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium
possesses potential analgesic anti-inflammatory activity. This
finding justifies the use of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in folk
medicine to treat in pain. However, further chemical studies
are required to isolate the bioactive compounds and elucidate
the precise molecular mechanisms responsible for the
pharmacological activities of the plant.
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