India is a vast repository of medicinal plants that are used in traditional medical treatments. India gave
‘Ayurveda’ the oldest golden book in herbal medicine system. Medicinal plants play a vital role for the development of
new drugs. Natural products from plant, animal and minerals have been the basis of the treatment of human disease
but plants stood above all. Traditional knowledge can serve as powerful search engine, which will greatly facilitate
intentional, focused and safe natural product drug discovery. These traditions have relatively organized database, and
more exhaustive description of botanical material[1,2]. People of small village are directly in touch with herbs and plant
for treatment purpose, so we have to work together for better result. Although the herbal medicine doesn’t have side
effect but we should follow the strict quality control process. Globalization of herbal medicine system comes with the
better advancement of many oxidative stress related diseases are as a result of accumulation of free radicals in the
body. A lot of researches are going on worldwide directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plants origins. The
aims of this study were to evaluate in vitro phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities and to
screen for phytochemical constituents of Blepharis genus. [Family Acanthaceae] Methonolic crude extract.
What is Alkalinity of glasses? And its effects on different products....Umair hanif
Alkalinity is a measure of a solution's ability to neutralize acids and is usually caused by carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides in the solution. The alkalinity of glass is caused when sodium and potassium oxides in the glass absorb moisture from the air, react with carbon dioxide, and leach out, damaging the glass. High alkalinity can negatively impact vaccines, parenteral products, and solutions packaged in glass by reducing stability over time. Glass alkalinity is tested by heating containers of water in an autoclave and then titrating the water to determine acid needed for neutralization.
Extraction is defined as a process that involves separating active plant or animal components from inactive ones using selective solvents. There are several extraction processes, including infusion, maceration, digestion, decoction, continuous hot extraction, solvent-solvent precipitation, and liquid-liquid extraction. Caffeine is extracted from coffee seeds through infusion by steeping the seeds in water. It is then isolated from the tea solution through liquid-liquid extraction using methylene chloride followed by evaporation of the solvent to yield caffeine.
This document describes two methods for determining the alcoholic content of gelanicals: distillation and chromatography. The distillation method involves diluting samples with water if over 50% alcohol by volume, then distilling and measuring the specific gravity or refractive index of the distillate to find the alcohol percentage using tables. Special treatments may be needed for volatile substances, glycerin, or iodine. Precautions like filtering distillates and avoiding foaming are also described.
Leaf constants practical manual 2021- By Dr. Preeti VermaPreeti Verma
This document provides instructions for determining leaf constants of Datura and Vinca leaves through quantitative microscopy. It describes how to calculate the vein islet number and vein termination number of Datura leaves, as well as the stomatal number and stomatal index of the lower epidermis of Vinca leaves. The procedures involve surface preparation of leaf pieces, examination under the microscope using a camera lucida to count structural features within delineated areas, and calculations to determine the constants based on the counts within a 1 mm2 area.
Gelatin is a protein extracted from animal collagen through partial hydrolysis. It is insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water, where it forms a jelly on cooling. Gelatin is used to make hard and soft capsules, as well as suppositories, pastes and pastilles. It is also used as an absorbable sponge to control bleeding. Gelatin's properties are determined by its bloom strength, which measures its ability to form a gel.
This document discusses quality control tests for pharmaceutical containers, including glass and plastic containers. It provides details on various tests conducted for glass containers, such as hydrolytic resistance testing via surface testing, powdered glass testing, and etched surface testing. It also describes tests for arsenic levels, light transmission of colored glass, and tests for containers holding blood and blood components. For plastic containers, it outlines tests for leakage, collapsibility, clarity of aqueous extract, and non-volatile residue for non-injectable preparations. For injectable preparations, it lists tests conducted on both the containers and container materials.
The document provides a monograph for Paracetamol as per the Indian Pharmacopoeia. It details the chemical and physical properties of Paracetamol including its definition, characteristics, identification tests, purity tests, assay, storage requirements, impurities, uses, and formulations. Paracetamol has the chemical name N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide and is a white, crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol. It is used as an analgesic and antipyretic drug in various preparations like tablets and oral solutions.
What is Alkalinity of glasses? And its effects on different products....Umair hanif
Alkalinity is a measure of a solution's ability to neutralize acids and is usually caused by carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides in the solution. The alkalinity of glass is caused when sodium and potassium oxides in the glass absorb moisture from the air, react with carbon dioxide, and leach out, damaging the glass. High alkalinity can negatively impact vaccines, parenteral products, and solutions packaged in glass by reducing stability over time. Glass alkalinity is tested by heating containers of water in an autoclave and then titrating the water to determine acid needed for neutralization.
Extraction is defined as a process that involves separating active plant or animal components from inactive ones using selective solvents. There are several extraction processes, including infusion, maceration, digestion, decoction, continuous hot extraction, solvent-solvent precipitation, and liquid-liquid extraction. Caffeine is extracted from coffee seeds through infusion by steeping the seeds in water. It is then isolated from the tea solution through liquid-liquid extraction using methylene chloride followed by evaporation of the solvent to yield caffeine.
This document describes two methods for determining the alcoholic content of gelanicals: distillation and chromatography. The distillation method involves diluting samples with water if over 50% alcohol by volume, then distilling and measuring the specific gravity or refractive index of the distillate to find the alcohol percentage using tables. Special treatments may be needed for volatile substances, glycerin, or iodine. Precautions like filtering distillates and avoiding foaming are also described.
Leaf constants practical manual 2021- By Dr. Preeti VermaPreeti Verma
This document provides instructions for determining leaf constants of Datura and Vinca leaves through quantitative microscopy. It describes how to calculate the vein islet number and vein termination number of Datura leaves, as well as the stomatal number and stomatal index of the lower epidermis of Vinca leaves. The procedures involve surface preparation of leaf pieces, examination under the microscope using a camera lucida to count structural features within delineated areas, and calculations to determine the constants based on the counts within a 1 mm2 area.
Gelatin is a protein extracted from animal collagen through partial hydrolysis. It is insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water, where it forms a jelly on cooling. Gelatin is used to make hard and soft capsules, as well as suppositories, pastes and pastilles. It is also used as an absorbable sponge to control bleeding. Gelatin's properties are determined by its bloom strength, which measures its ability to form a gel.
This document discusses quality control tests for pharmaceutical containers, including glass and plastic containers. It provides details on various tests conducted for glass containers, such as hydrolytic resistance testing via surface testing, powdered glass testing, and etched surface testing. It also describes tests for arsenic levels, light transmission of colored glass, and tests for containers holding blood and blood components. For plastic containers, it outlines tests for leakage, collapsibility, clarity of aqueous extract, and non-volatile residue for non-injectable preparations. For injectable preparations, it lists tests conducted on both the containers and container materials.
The document provides a monograph for Paracetamol as per the Indian Pharmacopoeia. It details the chemical and physical properties of Paracetamol including its definition, characteristics, identification tests, purity tests, assay, storage requirements, impurities, uses, and formulations. Paracetamol has the chemical name N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide and is a white, crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol. It is used as an analgesic and antipyretic drug in various preparations like tablets and oral solutions.
Swathi Gariganti is an assistant professor at Sree Dattha Institute of Pharmacy who teaches subjects related to pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. This document provides details about the plant Catharanthus roseus including its synonyms, biological source, geographical source, history of use, cultivation and collection methods, macroscopic and microscopic characters, chemical constituents, uses, and dose. It also summarizes information on the cultivation, collection, and chemical constituents of Rauwolfia serpentina.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
Pharmacopoeial standards are used to evaluate crude drugs through determination of quality and purity by comparing unknown samples to known standards. Evaluation includes organoleptic evaluation of morphological and sensory characteristics, microscopical evaluation of cell structures, and physical evaluation of moisture content, ash content, refractive index, and other properties. Chemical evaluation includes phytochemical screening and quantitative chemical tests, while biological evaluation determines effects and potency in living organisms.
Compendial methods for evalution of crude drug and herbal formulationYachita Rajwadwala
1. The document discusses various parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations, including physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological parameters.
2. Key physical parameters include viscosity, moisture content, density, and ash value. Chemical parameters involve detecting compounds like alkaloids, carbohydrates, fixed oils, and phenolic compounds.
3. Biological/toxicological parameters include determining pesticide residues, arsenic, heavy metals, and radioactive contamination using techniques like gas chromatography and colorimetric analysis.
Preparation and formulation of shampoos Dheeraj Saini
This document discusses the formulation and preparation of shampoo. It defines shampoo as a hair care product used to remove oils, dirt, and other contaminants from hair without damaging it. The key components of shampoo include water, surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, thickeners, preservatives, conditioning agents, and fragrances. Anionic surfactants are primarily used for their good foaming properties. The document outlines the manufacturing process and ideal properties of shampoo, and methods for evaluating shampoo performance characteristics such as foam production, cleaning ability, and conditioning effects.
The document discusses various quality control methods for herbal drugs. It begins with introductions to herbal medicines and traditional Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homeopathy. It then discusses the need for standardization of herbal drugs and describes various quality control tests including determination of ash content, extractable matter, moisture content, volatile oils, bitterness value, and residue testing. Macroscopic and microscopic examination as well as thin layer chromatography are also summarized as important quality control methods.
This document discusses herbal medicine and quality control of herbal drugs. It provides examples of commonly used herbal medicines like ginger, garlic, and valerian. Quality control of herbal drugs involves parameters like microscopic evaluation to identify plant parts, determining foreign matter and particle size distribution. It also involves determining ash content, water content, and loss on drying to ensure purity and consistency in herbal drug preparations.
The document discusses quality control tests for parenterals. Parenterals are sterile products intended for injection or implantation into the body. They require higher care in preparation than oral or topical products and must be sterile, non-pyrogenic, and free of particles. Key quality control tests include: 1) content uniformity testing to ensure consistent active ingredient amounts, 2) package integrity testing to check for leaks, 3) clarity testing to detect particles, 4) pyrogen testing using the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay to detect endotoxins, and 5) sterility testing using membrane filtration or direct inoculation methods. These tests ensure parenterals meet strict quality standards for safety.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on quality control checking for face powder. It defines face powder as a cosmetic product used to complement skin color and provide a smooth finish. The ideal properties and characteristics of face powders are discussed. Different types of face powders are described based on skin type, texture, and pigmentation. Methods for preparing face powders including wet, dry, and damp methods are outlined. Key quality control tests for face powders including shade, color dispersion, pay-off, pressure, breakage, flow, particle size, abrasiveness, and moisture content are summarized.
Leakage tests are used to test package integrity and detect leaks that could allow contamination. There are four main types of leakage tests: visual inspection, bubble test, dye test, and vacuum ionization test. Visual inspection is the simplest but least sensitive method, while dye test is widely used in industry. Clarity and particulate contamination tests are also important to ensure parenteral products are free of visible particles and meet sub-visible particle limits. The light obscuration and microscopic particle count tests are commonly used to detect sub-visible particles.
This document discusses different methods for determining particle size in pharmaceuticals, including microscopy, sieving, and sedimentation. Microscopy can measure particles from 0.2 to 100 micrometers and involves mounting a sample on a microscope stage and using a micrometer to measure particles. Sieving uses a stack of sieves with decreasing pore sizes to separate particles from 5 micrometers to 3 millimeters based on weight distribution. Sedimentation methods rely on particles settling at different rates according to their size based on Stokes' law, and include pipette, balancing, and hydrometer methods to measure a wide range of particle sizes accurately and inexpensively.
Accelerated stability testing exposes pharmaceutical products to elevated temperatures and humidity to rapidly determine their shelf life. Samples are stored at conditions like 40°C/75%RH and tested over time. The Arrhenius equation relates reaction rate constants at different temperatures, allowing prediction of shelf life at normal storage conditions from accelerated data. Limitations include reactions not dependent on temperature alone and products losing integrity at high stresses.
Pale catechu is prepared from the leaves and shoots of Uncaria gambier. It contains tannins like catechins and catechutannic acid, as well as flavonoids like quercetin. Pale catechu has a bitter taste that turns sweet and then astringent. It is used as an astringent for conditions of the throat, mouth, and gums, and in the dyeing and tanning industries. Identification tests for pale catechu include the gambir-fluorescin test and match stick test.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It studies the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs from natural origins. Pharmacognosy has many applications in drug development including standardization, quality control, and meeting export standards. It is important for identifying medicinal plants, studying their properties, ensuring substitutes and adulterants are not used, and for developing pharmacopeias. Pharmacognosy involves collection and identification of plant materials, anatomical and phytochemical analysis, and biological activity studies to develop formulations.
The document discusses various modern extraction methods used to isolate active constituents from plants. It describes extraction as removing constituents using solvents, with the goal of separating medicinally active portions from inactive components. Several solvent extraction techniques are outlined, including maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasound extraction. Key factors in solvent selection and achieving an efficient extraction are also summarized.
Quality control test for capsule and finish product of capsule are
■ weight variation test
■ Dissolution test
■ Disintegration test
■ moisture permeation test
■ contents uniformity test
■ blooms gelatin strength .
This document discusses quality control of drugs and pharmaceuticals. It defines quality control as the inspection aspect of quality management that focuses on fulfilling quality requirements. Quality control ensures drugs are safe, effective, and consistent by testing raw materials, in-process materials, and finished products. It describes various analytical testing methods used in quality control like qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, dissolution testing, disintegration testing, hardness testing, friability testing, and content uniformity testing. Sources of errors in pharmaceutical analysis and sources of impurities in drugs are also discussed.
Evaluation of effects of botanical extracts against the pink mealy bug (macon...ijsidonlineinfo
The document evaluates the effects of botanical extracts on the activity of aminotransferases in silkworms fed mulberry leaves infested by the pink mealy bug. Specifically, it studied the impacts of spraying extracts from Azadirachta indica, Ocimum Sanctum, and parthenium hysterophorus on the protease and transaminase activity in silkworm tissues. The results showed that protease and ALAT activity gradually increased in silkworms fed the treated leaves, while AAT activity decreased from day 4 to day 6, though these changes were not statistically significant. The study suggests that foliar spraying of these plant extracts can control pink mealy bugs on mulberry leaves without negatively affecting
Saponin glycosides are found in parts of plants and are used as detergents. Examples include the root of Saponaria officinalis. There are two types of aglycones: steroidal and triterpenoidal. Glycyrrhiza contains glycyrrhizic acid which produces glycyrrhizic acid and two molecules of glucuronic acid upon hydrolysis. It is used as a flavoring agent and for its demulcent, expectorant, and liver-protective properties. Sarsaparilla's active ingredient is sarsaponin which produces sarsapogenin and D-glucose and L-rhamnose upon hydrolysis. It is
Swathi Gariganti is an assistant professor at Sree Dattha Institute of Pharmacy who teaches subjects related to pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. This document provides details about the plant Catharanthus roseus including its synonyms, biological source, geographical source, history of use, cultivation and collection methods, macroscopic and microscopic characters, chemical constituents, uses, and dose. It also summarizes information on the cultivation, collection, and chemical constituents of Rauwolfia serpentina.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
Pharmacopoeial standards are used to evaluate crude drugs through determination of quality and purity by comparing unknown samples to known standards. Evaluation includes organoleptic evaluation of morphological and sensory characteristics, microscopical evaluation of cell structures, and physical evaluation of moisture content, ash content, refractive index, and other properties. Chemical evaluation includes phytochemical screening and quantitative chemical tests, while biological evaluation determines effects and potency in living organisms.
Compendial methods for evalution of crude drug and herbal formulationYachita Rajwadwala
1. The document discusses various parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations, including physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological parameters.
2. Key physical parameters include viscosity, moisture content, density, and ash value. Chemical parameters involve detecting compounds like alkaloids, carbohydrates, fixed oils, and phenolic compounds.
3. Biological/toxicological parameters include determining pesticide residues, arsenic, heavy metals, and radioactive contamination using techniques like gas chromatography and colorimetric analysis.
Preparation and formulation of shampoos Dheeraj Saini
This document discusses the formulation and preparation of shampoo. It defines shampoo as a hair care product used to remove oils, dirt, and other contaminants from hair without damaging it. The key components of shampoo include water, surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, thickeners, preservatives, conditioning agents, and fragrances. Anionic surfactants are primarily used for their good foaming properties. The document outlines the manufacturing process and ideal properties of shampoo, and methods for evaluating shampoo performance characteristics such as foam production, cleaning ability, and conditioning effects.
The document discusses various quality control methods for herbal drugs. It begins with introductions to herbal medicines and traditional Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homeopathy. It then discusses the need for standardization of herbal drugs and describes various quality control tests including determination of ash content, extractable matter, moisture content, volatile oils, bitterness value, and residue testing. Macroscopic and microscopic examination as well as thin layer chromatography are also summarized as important quality control methods.
This document discusses herbal medicine and quality control of herbal drugs. It provides examples of commonly used herbal medicines like ginger, garlic, and valerian. Quality control of herbal drugs involves parameters like microscopic evaluation to identify plant parts, determining foreign matter and particle size distribution. It also involves determining ash content, water content, and loss on drying to ensure purity and consistency in herbal drug preparations.
The document discusses quality control tests for parenterals. Parenterals are sterile products intended for injection or implantation into the body. They require higher care in preparation than oral or topical products and must be sterile, non-pyrogenic, and free of particles. Key quality control tests include: 1) content uniformity testing to ensure consistent active ingredient amounts, 2) package integrity testing to check for leaks, 3) clarity testing to detect particles, 4) pyrogen testing using the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay to detect endotoxins, and 5) sterility testing using membrane filtration or direct inoculation methods. These tests ensure parenterals meet strict quality standards for safety.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on quality control checking for face powder. It defines face powder as a cosmetic product used to complement skin color and provide a smooth finish. The ideal properties and characteristics of face powders are discussed. Different types of face powders are described based on skin type, texture, and pigmentation. Methods for preparing face powders including wet, dry, and damp methods are outlined. Key quality control tests for face powders including shade, color dispersion, pay-off, pressure, breakage, flow, particle size, abrasiveness, and moisture content are summarized.
Leakage tests are used to test package integrity and detect leaks that could allow contamination. There are four main types of leakage tests: visual inspection, bubble test, dye test, and vacuum ionization test. Visual inspection is the simplest but least sensitive method, while dye test is widely used in industry. Clarity and particulate contamination tests are also important to ensure parenteral products are free of visible particles and meet sub-visible particle limits. The light obscuration and microscopic particle count tests are commonly used to detect sub-visible particles.
This document discusses different methods for determining particle size in pharmaceuticals, including microscopy, sieving, and sedimentation. Microscopy can measure particles from 0.2 to 100 micrometers and involves mounting a sample on a microscope stage and using a micrometer to measure particles. Sieving uses a stack of sieves with decreasing pore sizes to separate particles from 5 micrometers to 3 millimeters based on weight distribution. Sedimentation methods rely on particles settling at different rates according to their size based on Stokes' law, and include pipette, balancing, and hydrometer methods to measure a wide range of particle sizes accurately and inexpensively.
Accelerated stability testing exposes pharmaceutical products to elevated temperatures and humidity to rapidly determine their shelf life. Samples are stored at conditions like 40°C/75%RH and tested over time. The Arrhenius equation relates reaction rate constants at different temperatures, allowing prediction of shelf life at normal storage conditions from accelerated data. Limitations include reactions not dependent on temperature alone and products losing integrity at high stresses.
Pale catechu is prepared from the leaves and shoots of Uncaria gambier. It contains tannins like catechins and catechutannic acid, as well as flavonoids like quercetin. Pale catechu has a bitter taste that turns sweet and then astringent. It is used as an astringent for conditions of the throat, mouth, and gums, and in the dyeing and tanning industries. Identification tests for pale catechu include the gambir-fluorescin test and match stick test.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It studies the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs from natural origins. Pharmacognosy has many applications in drug development including standardization, quality control, and meeting export standards. It is important for identifying medicinal plants, studying their properties, ensuring substitutes and adulterants are not used, and for developing pharmacopeias. Pharmacognosy involves collection and identification of plant materials, anatomical and phytochemical analysis, and biological activity studies to develop formulations.
The document discusses various modern extraction methods used to isolate active constituents from plants. It describes extraction as removing constituents using solvents, with the goal of separating medicinally active portions from inactive components. Several solvent extraction techniques are outlined, including maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasound extraction. Key factors in solvent selection and achieving an efficient extraction are also summarized.
Quality control test for capsule and finish product of capsule are
■ weight variation test
■ Dissolution test
■ Disintegration test
■ moisture permeation test
■ contents uniformity test
■ blooms gelatin strength .
This document discusses quality control of drugs and pharmaceuticals. It defines quality control as the inspection aspect of quality management that focuses on fulfilling quality requirements. Quality control ensures drugs are safe, effective, and consistent by testing raw materials, in-process materials, and finished products. It describes various analytical testing methods used in quality control like qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, dissolution testing, disintegration testing, hardness testing, friability testing, and content uniformity testing. Sources of errors in pharmaceutical analysis and sources of impurities in drugs are also discussed.
Evaluation of effects of botanical extracts against the pink mealy bug (macon...ijsidonlineinfo
The document evaluates the effects of botanical extracts on the activity of aminotransferases in silkworms fed mulberry leaves infested by the pink mealy bug. Specifically, it studied the impacts of spraying extracts from Azadirachta indica, Ocimum Sanctum, and parthenium hysterophorus on the protease and transaminase activity in silkworm tissues. The results showed that protease and ALAT activity gradually increased in silkworms fed the treated leaves, while AAT activity decreased from day 4 to day 6, though these changes were not statistically significant. The study suggests that foliar spraying of these plant extracts can control pink mealy bugs on mulberry leaves without negatively affecting
Saponin glycosides are found in parts of plants and are used as detergents. Examples include the root of Saponaria officinalis. There are two types of aglycones: steroidal and triterpenoidal. Glycyrrhiza contains glycyrrhizic acid which produces glycyrrhizic acid and two molecules of glucuronic acid upon hydrolysis. It is used as a flavoring agent and for its demulcent, expectorant, and liver-protective properties. Sarsaparilla's active ingredient is sarsaponin which produces sarsapogenin and D-glucose and L-rhamnose upon hydrolysis. It is
Plant secondary metabolites such as terpenes, phenolic compounds, and nitrogen-containing compounds help defend plants against herbivores and pathogens. Cutin, waxes, and suberin form physical barriers on plant surfaces that reduce water loss and pathogen invasion. Within plants, terpenes include volatile compounds that repel insects, as well as non-volatile triterpenes and tetraterpenes that act as toxins. Phenolic compounds include soluble and insoluble polymers like lignin that provide structural support and act as deterrents. Flavonoids contribute to pigmentation, UV protection, and attracting pollinators. Secondary metabolites are an important part of both constitutive and induced plant defenses.
This document discusses several plant-derived saponin glycosides - Dioscorea, Liquorice, Ginseng, Senega, and Sarsaparilla. For each one, it describes the plant source, parts used, morphological features, major chemical constituents including saponins and aglycones, and traditional medicinal uses. The purpose is to provide information on the identification and properties of these saponin-containing medicinal plants.
The document discusses different types of tannins, their properties, classification, and examples. It describes three specific types of tannins - Hamamelis, Catechu, and Nutt gall - including their botanical origins, constituents, and uses. Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that occur in plants and can precipitate proteins. They are classified as hydrolysable, condensed, or complex based on their chemical structure and properties.
The document discusses secondary metabolite production using plant tissue culture techniques. It describes how secondary metabolites are organic compounds not directly involved in growth that play roles in plant defense. Plant tissue culture and genetic engineering methods can be used to control secondary metabolite production, including manipulating the environment, growth conditions, precursor addition, and transforming plant cells with genes from bacteria like Agrobacterium that influence metabolite pathways. Overall, the document provides an overview of how secondary metabolites are classified and various biotechnological approaches for enhancing their production in plant cell cultures.
Power point presentation plant diseasesroshni17890
This document discusses several common plant diseases, their causes, symptoms, and prevention methods. It describes diseases that affect coconut (bud rot and root wilt caused by bacteria), paddy (blight disease caused by bacteria), rubber (decay disease caused by fungus), pepper (quick wilt caused by fungus), and plantain (bunchy top disease caused by a banana bunchy top virus spread by aphids). The concluding paragraphs emphasize that plant disease management aims to reduce economic and aesthetic damage by applying our growing scientific understanding of pathogen-host interactions and developing control measures tailored to specific diseases.
The document discusses various general methods used for the isolation and separation of plant constituents, including extraction processes, separation techniques, and analytical methods. Extraction methods covered include maceration, infusion, digestion, decoction, percolation, soxhlet extraction, ultrasound extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Separation techniques include fractional crystallization, fractional distillation, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and paper chromatography. Analytical methods for identification discussed are gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and qualitative chemical reactions.
This study analyzed the phytochemical and mineral content of seven medicinal plants used in Nigeria. Phytochemical analysis found alkaloids to be highest in Euphorbia hirta, terpenoids in Croton zambesicus, flavonoids in Bambusa vulgaris, saponins in Mimosa pudica, and tannins also in M. pudica. Mineral analysis found calcium to be highest in Lawsonia inarmic. Pearson correlation revealed significant correlation between phytochemicals and minerals. The antioxidants in these plants may help prevent diseases like cancer and heart disease.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorb...ijtsrd
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical constitution and antioxidant activity of Aqueous extracts of three selected plant Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta and Amaranthus polygonoides. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, phenols, tannin and carbohydrates in Boerhaavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta where as in Amaranthus polygon ides many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids, phenols, saponin, tannin and carbohydrates were present. Antioxidants are the compounds which terminate the attack of reactive species and reduce the risk of diseases. The free radicals oxidants are species with very short half life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. The results of antioxidant activity of three aqueous extract showed maximum activity in different concentration of 50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg ml. The percent inhibition of aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa , Euphorbia hirta , Amaranthus polygonoides was 176.15, 404.78 and 413.06 respectively. In the present work potent anti oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was higher when compared to other two extracts. The present study revealed that the plant extract possessed good antioxidant activity and less quantity of toxic metals, which therefore can be used as a natural source of free radical scavenger. However, further study needs to be carried out to know its mode of action. R. Ezhilarasi | Dr. B. Senthilkumar | Dr. K. Devi "A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorbia Hirta and Amaranthus Polygonoides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29435.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/29435/a-preliminary-study-on-phytochemical-screening-of-boerhaavia-diffusa-euphorbia-hirta-and-amaranthus-polygonoides/r-ezhilarasi
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
The document discusses the antimicrobial properties of Acacia nilotica plant extracts. It summarizes that phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of various phytochemicals in A. nilotica like saponins, terpenoids, steroids, anthocyanins, coumarins and tannins. Extracts of A. nilotica showed potential antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as the fungus Aspergillus niger, suggesting its extracts possess antimicrobial properties and could lead to isolation of novel compounds with healthcare applications.
Comparative Effect of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Buchholzia Coriacea ...Scientific Review SR
This study was designed to investigate the comparative effect of aqueous and methanol extract
of Buchholzia coriacea seeds on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Twenty four albino rats of both
sexes weighing 162.53±3.55 g were used. For the aqueous extract, 12 animals were divided into 4 groups of 3
rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administer ed 0.5 ml of diclofenac sodium (reference
anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg body
weight of the aqueous extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. For the methanol extract, 12 animals
were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administered 0.5 ml of
diclofenac sodium (reference anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100,
300 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the methanol extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. Thirty
minutes after treatment of animals in both the aqueous and methanol groups with the drug and extract, 0.2 ml
of 2% carrageenan was injected into the left hind paw of each animal under the sub plantar aponeurosis. Paw
volume of rats were measured before and after carrageenan injection at 30 minutes interval over a period of 3
hours (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180) minutes, to determine the anti -inflammatory response of both extracts,
using carrageenan-induced paw odema method. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the
aqueous extract contains terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids while the methanol extract contains saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, terpeno ids and steroids. Proximate analysis of
Buchholzia coriacea seeds revealed that crude fibre has the lowest percentage of (1.10±0.05), ash content
(5.20±0.01), crude fat (4.10±0.02) moisture content (9.10±0.13), crude protein (10.20±0.20) and
carbohydrate with the highest percentage of (70.10±0.04). In terms of percentage inhibition, paw volume was
brought to near normal levels by the methanol extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight which showed
better anti-inflammatory activity than 500 mg/kg body weight o f the same extract as well as all doses of the
aqueous extract and even more than the reference drug. Overall, the anti -inflammatory effect may be traced
to single or synergistic activity of phytoconstituents present in the methanol extract.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of Oroxylum indicum, an endangered medicinal plant, against four bacterial strains. The aqueous extracts of the stem bark were tested using the well diffusion method. Results found that extracts showed inhibitory activity against all bacterial strains tested, with the highest activity observed against Bacillus subtilis at a 1:1 extract concentration. This provides evidence that O. indicum may be a potential source of antimicrobial agents and suggests further investigation is needed to identify active compounds responsible for the antibacterial effects.
ABSTRACT- Medicinal Plants have been practiced for hundreds of centuries by tribes all over the world. From the earliest times until the end of nineteenth century plants are still the common source of medicinal treatment yet. Using natural, plant-derived medicines that are “healthier” then prescription drugs derived from synthesized products is something that appeals to consumers. The medicinal plants are of great importance because there are utilized as medicines. Aim of this research work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola plant against various patho-genic strains of bacteria. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia laureola were used against four bacterial strains Escherichia coli,Bacillus subti-lus, Staphylococcusaureus and Proteus mirabilis in order to check the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola. Antibacterial activity was conducted by agar well diffusion method. The Skimmia laureola showed different level of antibacterial activity. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia lau-reola showed antibacterial activity against the micro-organism but not too maximum. Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Skimmia Laureola, Antibacterial Activity.
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies of Kukutnakhi- Aspidium Cicutariu...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Kukkutnakhi,(Aspidium cicutarium) a folklore plant claimed to be used for cure of inflammation. This article is an insight to explore its hidden values and establish a scientific validation of unexplored plant.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of seeds from two samples of Cicer arietinum (chickpea) purchased from local markets in Roopnagar, Punjab, India. The researchers conducted macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the seeds, as well as physicochemical evaluation including determination of extractive values, ash values, fluorescence analysis, loss on drying, swelling index, foaming index, and pH. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phytosterols, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fixed oils and fats. Thin layer chromatography of the extracts showed multiple compounds
This document provides details about a study on the in vitro culture and transformation of Oldenlandia diffusa plants. The study investigated the effects of different cytokinin treatments on the morphogenesis and growth of O. diffusa explants in culture. It also examined the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts from the cultured plants. Finally, it describes a successful transformation of O. diffusa explants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes to produce hairy roots. Key findings include the observation that kinetin and basal salt content had little effect on shoot development, while BAP inhibited root growth. Extracts from plants grown with kinetin or BAP showed correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The transformation process resulted
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
Proximate composition, phytochemical and elemental analysisAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the proximate composition, phytochemicals, and mineral content of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom harvested in Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Proximate analysis found moisture content was 10.54%, protein 17.55%, crude fats 2.60%, crude fiber 30.25%, and carbohydrates 33.13%.
- Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, saponins, volatile oils, and steroids in the raw powder. Variations were observed between solvent extracts.
- Mineral analysis found high amounts of calcium, potassium
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical, Proximate and Nutrient Analysis of Cassia Tora Seedsinventionjournals
Recently Proximate analysis and phytochemical analysis and nutrient analysis of seeds of Cassia tora L. from the campus of Government Vidharbha Institute of Science and Humanity, Amravati had been investigated. The seeds sample contained tannin, saponin, protein, steriods, terpenoids, carbohydrate, alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides. Proximate analysis of moisture, ash, fat amd mineral analysis of calcium, magnesium, iron, nitrogen and solubility were check. The values of it is moisture (56%), cold water (52%), hot water (54%), 1%NaOH (43%), 1%HCl (61%), benzene +alcohol (35%), ash content (17%). These results indicate that the seeds of these Cassia tora L. contains mineral and nutrients elements that will be useful in nutrition. Also the existence of some phytochemicals like tannin, saponin and steroids illustrated medicinal action of the plant in its therapeutic uses. The result of their phytochemcial screening could justify the observed activities and validate their use in herbal medicine.
CHITINASE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERISIJSIT Editor
This document summarizes a study on chitinase produced by Streptomyces bacteria. 310 Streptomyces isolates were obtained from soil samples collected across East Azerbaijan, Iran. DNA was extracted from the isolates and screened using PCR for a gene encoding family 19 chitinase, which shows significant antifungal activity. One isolate with strong antifungal effects was identified as S. griseous based on 16S rDNA sequencing and presence of the chitinase gene. The results suggest certain Streptomyces isolates have potential as biological control agents against fungal plant pathogens due to production of antifungal family 19 chitinase.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GENE CODING CHITINASE ENZYMES, FAMILY 19 STR...IJSIT Editor
The document summarizes a study on molecular analysis of bacterial genes coding for chitinase enzymes in Streptomyces bacteria. Streptomyces are known to produce chitinase enzymes that belong to families 18 and 19 and have antifungal activity. The study isolated 310 Streptomyces bacteria from soil samples in East Azerbaijan, Iran. DNA was extracted from the isolates and PCR was performed to identify isolates containing genes for family 19 chitinases. Five isolates tested positive and one showed strong antifungal activity. The gene from this isolate was cloned and sequencing identified it as a family 19 chitinase gene with 96% similarity to Streptomyces griseus. The isolate shows potential as a
THE EFFECTS OF HELPING BACTERIA (PSEUDOMONAS SPP.) IN NITROGEN GREEN BEANS F...IJSIT Editor
Some- bacteria settle in the rhizosphere of legume plants and enhance the performance of ribosome
bacteria to nitrogen fixation and nodulation. In this paper, we used four isolated from two species of
Pseudomonas containing P.putida, P.fluorescens Chao, P.Flouresence Tabriz, P.flouresence B119 and Rhizobium
leguminosarumbv.phaseoli. In a factorial experiment with complete randomized blocks were used 5 levels of
helping bacteria(Pseudomonas spp.) and two rhizobium levels, four replicates were employed. Jamaran418
green bean was utilized as host plant. At the end, nodulation, growth and plant’s nitrogen indexes were
measured. The results showed that all above mentioned helping bacteria enhance the growth and nodulation
performance of green bean. It should be said that P.putida had the highest effect on the green bean
nodulation increase along with rhizobium (130%) followed by P.fluorescens Tabriz, P. fluorescens Chao and
P.fluorescens B119, ( 83, 63 and 17%, respectively). Also, we observed 45, 33, 22 and 8% performance
increase under the effect of P.putida, P. fluorescens Chao, P. fluorescens Tabriz and P. fluorescens B119,
respectively.
BIO CHEMICAL EFFECT OF 1, 5-BIS (3, 5-DIMETHYLPYRAZOL-1-YL)-3- OXAPENTANE-DIA...IJSIT Editor
The document summarizes a study that investigated the biochemical effects of 1,5-Bis(3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper in albino rats. The study found that the compound had antidiabetic effects by lowering blood glucose levels but also caused abnormalities. Rats treated with the compound showed decreases in serum glucose and albumin levels but increases in ALT and AST levels. Long-term treatment for 6 weeks also significantly decreased body weight in treated rats. The compound affected both liver and blood biochemistry in rats.
THE EFFECT OF ALSTONEA BOONEI STEM BARK PLUS CISPLATININDUCED RENAL INSUFFIC...IJSIT Editor
The bark of Alstoniaboonei stem was analysed for the medicinal and the effect of extracts on induced
renal insufficiency. The plant material was collected in August-September 2012 and Rats 100-150g body
weights were subjected to the study. Normal saline as control, Cisplatin, and cisplatin plus Alstoneiboonei
stem bark extract were administered and the result summary for serum creatinine in cisplatin treated Rats
(2.69±0.32mg/dl) and in Rats administrates cisplastin plus Alstoniaboonei stem bark extract
(2.5±0.01mg/dl) were elevated compared to saline control (1.89±0.89mg/dl). Serum urea in cisplatin treated
Rats was (38.4 ±2.98mg/dl) compared to Rats administrates with cisplatin plus the extract (38.4±2.98mg/dl)
and saline control (24.94±3.76mg/dl). The study indicates Alstoniaboonei stem bark extract reduced the
renal insufficiency in rats.
The study was carried out to investigate the effect of the aqueous extracts of
Myristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf) and Aframomummelegueta(Guinea pepper) on Some
Biochemical and haematologicalParameters. Sixteen (16) wister strain rats weighing between 130 – 180g
were divided into four (4) groups of four (4) rats each and for 21 days fed the following diets: Group A –
normal diet + myristicafragrans (Nutmeg) aqueous extract, Group B – normal diet + murrayakoenigi (curry
leaf) aqueous extract, Group C – normal diet + aframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) aqueous extract, Group
D – normal diet (control). After a period of 21 days the rats were sacrificed and the serum was taken for the
following estimations: total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine
transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and
glucose. The whole blood was taken for packed cell volume and white blood cell count. The results indicated
that oral administration of myristicafragrans, murrayakoenigi and aframomummelegueta to rat’s exhibit
remarkable hypolipidaemic activity and lowering glucose concentration. The oral administration of these
three spices exhibit protein increasing activities compared with the control rats. The packed cell volume and
white cell values of all the rats decreased after feeding with experimental diet (aqueous extract) compare
with the control rats. It is clear from this study thatMyristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf)
andAframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) contain significant amounts of phytochemicals and exhibit
hypolipidaemic activity when consumed.
THE INFLUENCE OF SILICONE ANTIFOAM FROM LEATHER AND DYING WASTE WATER EFFLUE...IJSIT Editor
This study investigates the influence of silicone antifoam agent on waste water from Gashash leather
and Nigerian Spinning and Dying industries (NSD). Waste water from the outlet of the industries were
collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Silicone antifoam was added to the wastewater to
determine the impact of the silicone antifoam on turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD)
concentrations. The result shows that both turbidity and COD values significantly increased even when small
concentration of the silicone antifoam was added. Further, independent t-test was used to identify the
variance between the mean value of the wastewater from leather, spinning and dying industries, the results
indicated that there are no significant differences (observed t 0.544, critical t 2.015, and p value 0.589)
between the waste water in leather and dying industries.
WATER INTAKE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES IN SOUTHERN BORNO NIGERIA IJSIT Editor
The water intake characteristics of soils under arable crop practice were studied with a view to
obtaining useful information for the design of irrigation and drainage system and for effective soil
management techniques. Parameters determined; infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, bulk
density, particle density, porosity and moisture content. The textural class of the soils from the three sites
was found to be clay. The result obtained indicates that infiltration was high initially but decreases later. This
may be due to the soil reaching a saturation point. On the average the infiltration rate was observed to
decrease with time. The coefficient of permeability was found to be 9.26 x 10 , 7.66 x 10 and 2.15 x 10 cm/s
for site A, B and C respectively. Information on infiltration and permeability are useful tools in irrigation and
other engineering design.
DETERMINATION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF POMEGRANATE FRUIT TO CALCULATION ...IJSIT Editor
In avoiding damage to fruit species the permissible falling height and permissible static pressure are
of great importance. The former is important in planning harvesting and handling operations, the latter in
selecting the height of transport containers. Fruits are generally transported in containers. The static and
dynamic forces which then act on the fruit will cause damage if they exceed given value. The static force may
be calculated from the weight of the fruit column being transported while the dynamic load is a consequence
of vibration caused by transport. The permitted static load for a given fruit may be determined
experimentally. In this study, physical properties of interest were determined for fresh pomegranate fruit
then calculations for the design of a suitable height were conducted based on the measured properties using
Ross and Isaacs’s theory. Maximum height for packing and storing of fresh pomegranate fruit in the box was
determined to be less than 123 cm based on a rupture force of 40.7 N.
COMPARSION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DIMOCARPUS LONGAN LOUR. EXTRACTS AND ...IJSIT Editor
The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant activity of Dimocarpus longan stems
extracts and also to investigate the main phytoconstituents in the bio-active extract. N-hexane,
dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol 80% extract were tested for free radical scavenging activity on
model reaction with stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that ethyl
acetate was the most active one as antioxidant agent and phytochemical analysis of that extract revealed the
presence of triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrates. The results may help to discover new
chemical classes of natural antioxidant substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious diseases.
DIRECT EXPANSION GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS FOR HEATING AND COOLINGIJSIT Editor
This article is an introduction to the energy problem and the possible saving that can be achieved
through improving building performance and the use of ground energy sources. The relevance and
importance of the study is discussed in the paper, which, also, highlights the objectives of the study, and the
scope of the theme. This study discusses some of the current activity in the GSHPs field. The basic system and
several variations for buildings are presented along with examples of systems in operation. Finally, the GCHP
is presented as an alternative that is able to counter much of the criticism leveled by the natural gas industry
toward conventional heat pumps. Several advantages and disadvantages are listed. Operating and installation
costs are briefly discussed.
BIOMINERALISED SILICA-NANOPARTICLES DETECTION FROM MARINE DIATOM CULTURE MEDIAIJSIT Editor
Diatoms are unicellular algae the most spectacular among the microorganisms assemble into a
micro-shell with a distinct 3-D shape and pattern of fine nanoscale features. In this investigation, we present
results; Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy images show the presence of ordered arrays of silica
nanoparticles. A number of diatoms with partially opened valves were observed on the surface of the diatom,
which indicates that cell contents inside of diatoms could release the nanoparticles into the culture solution.
We believe that the film forming silica nanoparticles are either released by the diatoms during reproduction
or after cell death due to bacterial action. Further research will investigate whether the silica nanoparticles
are produced intracellular and then released or whether synthesis occurs in cell culture medium. This
approach provides an environmentally friendly means for fabricating silica nanoparticles for drug delivery,
disease diagnostics, artificial opal films, decorative coatings and novel optical materials.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF NORMAL AND TUMOR TISSUE, SARDINE...IJSIT Editor
This document summarizes a study on the nutritional value of normal and tumor tissue in Sardinella longiceps fish from India. The study found that protein levels were higher in normal tissue (29.15%) compared to tumor tissue (18.93%). Fatty acid analysis revealed higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids like linolenic acid in normal tissue. Vitamin A levels were also higher in normal tissue. The study analyzed minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and other biochemical components to determine the nutritional composition and value of S. longiceps fish tissue. The results show that S. longiceps is a valuable food source for humans due to its high quality protein and balanced nutritional profile.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
OUTCOME OF TUNNELED CATHETERS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: FIVE YEARS SINGLE CE...IJSIT Editor
Introduction: The tunneled hemodialysis catheters(THCs) are preferred for the patients who are expected to
poor survival and the attempts to arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) are failure. In our study,in hemodialysis
patients who are implemented tunneled catheter it is evaluated the mean duration for the catheters , their
complications and the factors which affect the period of the catheters.
Methods: At the Antalya Research and Education Center Hemodialysis Unit it is retrospectively evaluated the
data of 297 hemodialysis patients who are implemented tunneled catheter during 5 years .
Results: The mean duration time of the tunneled catheters has been 224.9+162.9 days. The duration time of
right internal jugular vein(RIJV) is considerably higher than left internal jugular vein(LIJV) and subclavian
veins (235.8+96.6 days). In diabetic hemodialysis patients, the duration time of the catheter is rather lower
than the other end stage renal disease reasons(184.4±72.1 days).
Conclusions: THCs must be considered as an alternative but not a permanent vascular access in hemodialysis
patients. Because of relatively short duration times than AVF, high infection risks and thrombosis , it must be
used only in patients who have problems with the creating permanent vascular access or patients with
expected low survival time. Moreover, it must be taken into consideration the duration time of the catheter is
low in diabetic hemodialysis patients. According to our results, catheter duration time was longer in RIJV than
in other insertion sites and RIJV must be preferred as first place to placement of THCs.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
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Comparative study of phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities in blepharis genus plant seeds ijsit 2.1.2
1. Kiran Kumar Mundla et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 07-20
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIMICROBIAL, CYTOTOXIC
AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES IN BLEPHARIS GENUS PLANT SEEDS
Kiran Kumar Mundla, B.Sitaram.Ph.D Associate Professor
PVP SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAWADA
ABSTRACT
Background:
India is a vast repository of medicinal plants that are used in traditional medical treatments. India gave
‘Ayurveda’ the oldest golden book in herbal medicine system. Medicinal plants play a vital role for the development of
new drugs. Natural products from plant, animal and minerals have been the basis of the treatment of human disease
but plants stands above all. Traditional knowledge can serve as powerful search engine, which will greatly facilitate
intentional, focused and safe natural product drug discovery. These traditions have relatively organized database, and
more exhaustive description of botanical material [1,2]. People of small village are directly in touch with herbs and plant
for treatment purpose, so we have to work together for better result. Although the herbal medicine doesn’t have side
effect but we should follow the strict quality control process. Globalization of herbal medicine system comes with the
better advancement many oxidative stress related diseases are as a result of accumulation of free radicals in the body.
A lot of researches are going on worldwide directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plants origins. The aims of
this study were to evaluate in vitro phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities and to screen for
phytochemical constituents of Blepharis genus. [Family Acanthaceae] Methonolic crude extract.
Methods:
I assessed the antioxidant potential and phytochemical constituents of crude methanolic extract of Blepharis
genus (B.molluginifolia, B.meyeri, B.glomerans, B. capensis) using tests involving inhibition of superoxide anions, DPPH.
The flavonoid, proanthocyanidin and phenolic contents of the extract were also determined using standard
phytochemical reaction methods. The cytotoxic activity was determined by MTT test. General antimicrobial analysis
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2. Kiran Kumar Mundla et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 07-20
was also done for the crude extracts of all the four seed extracts of Blepharis genus.[3,4,5]
Results:
Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, steroids and saponins. The percentage
inhibition of super oxidee at the initial stage of oxidation showed antioxidant activity of 87% compared to those of
BHT (84.6%) and gallic acid (96%). Also, the percentage inhibition of malondialdehyde by the extract showed
percentage inhibition of 78% comparable to those of BHT (72.24%) and Gallic (94.82%).
Conclusions:
Our findings provide evidence that the crude aqueous extract of B.molluginifolia, B.meyeri, B.glomerans, B.
capensis are the potential source of natural antioxidants, and this justified its uses in folkloric medicines.
Keywords:
Acanthaceae, B.molluginifolia, B.meyeri, B.glomerans, B. capensis, Phytochemical screening, Antioxidant
activity, Cytotoxicity, MTT test etc.
INTRODUCTION
The art of herbal treatment has very deep roots in Indian culture. Even today in most of the rural areas people
are depending on herbal drug systems for primary health care. The present paper deals with the first hand
information of the traditional medicinal claims referring to cytotoxic activity of medicinal plants in Andhra Pradesh [6].
So far no systematic medical ethno survey has been made in this area. The goal of this ethno medico botanical
survey is to gather information on Biological source, family, parts of the plant used, regional name, local use and
therapeutic uses (traditional use) along with chemical constituents and cytotoxic actions [7,8].
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Euasterids I
Ordo: Lamiales
Familia: Acanthaceae
Subfamilia: Acanthoideae
Tribus: Acantheae
Genus: Blepharis
Figure1: Blepharis molluginifolia
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Sample collection:
The seedsamples were randomly collected from the nurseries. Representative sampling should be done of
specific seeds at the growth stage that is most closely associated with critical values as provided by research data.
Sampling criteria and procedures for individual samples are similar to those of soil testing in that the sample should
be representative of the field. A predetermined, representative number of plants from a homogenous sampling unit
contribute to the composition of bulk sample [9, 10, and 11].
Extraction:
1. 2 kg dried powder of seeds of each plant was extracted by percolation with methanol.
2. The alcoholic filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a 200 g gummy residue.
PHYSIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS:
Total ash:
2 g powder of seed of each plant was taken in a silica crucible and ignited it by gradually increasing the heat
to 500°C until it was white, indicating the absence of carbon. Ash was cooled in a desiccators and weighed without
delay. Total ash value was calculated in mg per g of air-dried material.
Acid insoluble ash:
To the crucible containing total ash, 25 ml of hydrochloric acid (~70g/l) was added; it was covered with a
watch-glass and boiled gently for 5 minutes. The watch-glass was rinsed with 5 ml of hot water and this liquid was
added to the crucible. The insoluble matter was collected on an ash less filter paper and it was washed with hot water
until the filtrate was neutral. The filter paper containing the insoluble matter was transferred to the original crucible;
it was dried on a hot plate and ignited to constant weight. The residue was allowed to cool in desiccators for 30
minutes and then weighed without delay. Acid insoluble ash was calculated in mg per g of air dried material.
Water soluble ash:
To the crucible containing the total ash, 25 ml of water was added and boiled for 5 minutes. The insoluble
matter was collected on an ash less filter paper. It was washed with hot water and ignited in a crucible for 15 minutes.
Weight of insoluble matter was subtracted from the weight of total ash. The content of water soluble ash was
calculated in mg per g of air dried material.
Determination of alcohol soluble extractive:
Four grams of crude powder of seed was macerated with 100 ml of alcohol in a closed flask and was kept on a
rotary shaker for 24 h. Thereafter, it was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness at 105ºC till constant
weight was obtained. The percentage of extractable matter was calculated with reference to the sample taken initially.
Determination of water soluble extractive:
Four grams of crude powder of seed was macerated with 100 ml of water in a closed flask and was kept on a
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4. Kiran Kumar Mundla et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 07-20
rotary shaker for 24 h. Thereafter, it was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness at 105ºC till constant
weight was obtained. The percentage of extractable matter was calculated with reference to the sample taken initially
Loss on drying:
2 g of crude powder of seed of seedwas taken in an evaporating dish and then dried in an oven at 105ºC till
constant weight was obtained. The weight after drying was noted and loss on drying was calculated. The percentage
was calculated on the basis of sample taken initially.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
A phytochemical is a natural bioactive compound found in seed foods that works with nutrients and dietary
fiber to protect against disease. Research suggests that phyto chemicals, working together with nutrients found in
fruits, vegetables and nuts, may help slow the aging process and reduce the risk of many diseases, including
cancer, heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, cataracts, and osteoporosis and urinary tract infections.
Phytochemical Analysis:
Tannins:
A portion of the extract was dissolved in water and clarified by filtration. 10% Ferric chloride solution was
then added to the resulting filtrate. The bluish color indicates presence of tannins.
Alkaloids:
0.5g of the extract was stirred in 5.0ml of 1% HCl on steam bath and filtered while hot. Few drops of distilled
water were added and 1.0ml of the filtrate was treated with few drops of Wagner’s reagent. A reddish brown
precipitate indicates presence of alkaloids.
Cardiac Glycosides:
0.5g of the extract was dissolved in 2.0ml glacial acetic acid containing a drop of Ferric chloride solution
followed by 2ml of Conc. H2SO4. A brown ring formation at interphase indicates presence of deoxy sugars.
Flavonoids:
2.0mls of dil NaOH was added to 2.0ml of the extract. The appearance of a yellow color indicates presence of
flavonoids.
Saponins:
1.0ml distilled was added to 1.0ml extract and shaken vigorously. A stable persistent froth indicates the
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5. Kiran Kumar Mundla et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 07-20
presence of saponins.
Phenols:
Equal volumes of extracts and FeCl3 were mixed. A deep bluish green solution indicates presence of phenol.
Anthraquinones :
0.5g of extract was shaken with 10ml of benzene and filtered, 10% of ammonia solution was added to filtrate
and the mixture shaken. The formation of a pink, red or violet color on the ammonical phase indicates
anthraquinones.
Reducing Sugars:
3.0ml of extracts was dissolved in 5ml of distilled water followed by Fehling’s A and B solution, it was then
boiled. A red precipitate indicates a reducing compound.
Protein:
0.5g of the extract was added to 10ml distilled water and the mixture was left to stand for 3hrs and filtered.
The 2ml portion of the filtrate was added to 0.1ml Million’s reagent. A yellow precipitate indicates presence of protein.
Carbohydrate:
0.5g of the extract was shaken vigorously with water and then filtered. To the aqueous filtrate, few drops of
Molisch reagent were added, then 1.0ml Con H2SO4 to form a layer of aqueous layer. A brown ring at interphase
indicates carbohydrates.
Volatile Oils:
The extract was dissolved in 90% ethanol and drops of FeCl3 were added. A green color formed indicates
presence of volatile oils.
Steroids:
0.5g of extract was dissolved in 3ml of chloroform and filtered Conc. H2SO4 was carefully added to the
filtrate. A reddish brown color at interphase indicates a steroid ring.
Amino Acids:
Few drops of ninhydrin reagent were added to 1.0ml of extract. Appearance of purple color shows the
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6. Kiran Kumar Mundla et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 07-20
presence of amino acids.
ANTI MICROBIAL ANALYSIS:
Assay for antimicrobial testing:
Isolated test bacteria were grown overnight on nutrient agar plates and fungi were grown on sabouraud
dextrose agar plates. Bacterial inoculums were prepared from overnight grown cultures (24 h) in peptone water
(HiMedia, Mumbai, India), and the turbidity was adjusted equivalent to 0.5 McFarland units (approximately
108CFU/ml for bacteria and fungi inoculums turbidity was equivalent at 105 or 106 CFU/ml). The micro organisms
were inoculated into peptone water and incubated at 35 ± 2°C for 4 h. The positive control was taken streptomycin
(10 μg/ml) for antibacterial activity and keto canozole (10 μg/ml) for antifungal activity[12-18].
The DMSO added disc was taken as negative control to determine possible inhibitory activity of the diluents
of extract. The anti microbial activities were determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method with
Muller Hinton agar plates. Aliquots of inoculums were spread over the surface of agar plates with a sterile glass
spreader. To test the antimicrobial activity all extracts were dissolved in DMSO to make a final concentration of 200
mg/ml. 20 μl of each extract was soaked separately into sterile discs (Hi Media, Mumbai, India), and the discs were
dried in oven for 4 hours at 35°C. These discs were placed on Muller Hinton agar plates, previously swabbed with the
bacterial and fungal inoculum. These plates were incubated for a period of 24 h at 37°C in incubator for bacteria and
at 30°C for 24-48 h in B.O.D incubator for fungi. Each experiment was done in triplicate and mean values were taken.
Antimicrobial activity was measured in the diameter (mm) of the clear inhibitory zone formed around the disc [19-21].
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC):
The MIC and MFC values of extracts were determined based on a micro broth dilution method in 96 multi-
well microtitre plates with slight modifications. The crude seed extracts were first diluted to the highest
concentration, 40000 to 625 μg/ml), to be tested, and 50μl of normal saline was distributed from the second to the
ninth well. A volume of 50 μl from each extracts was pipetted into the first test well of each microtitre line which acts
as sterility control, and then 50 μl of scalar dilution of seed extract was transferred from the second to the ninth well.
To each well was added 10 μl of resazurin indicator solution (prepared by dissolving a 270 mg tablet in 40 ml of
sterile distilled water)[22]. Using a pipette 30 μl of Muller Hinton broth was added to each well to ensure that the final
volume was of single strength of the normal saline. Finally, 10 μl of the bacterial suspensions were added to each well.
In each plate, a column with a broad-spectrum antibiotic was used as the positive control (streptomycin in serial
dilution 40000 to 625 μg/ml).
The plates were wrapped loosely with cling film to ensure that bacterium did not become dehydrated, and
were prepared in triplicate. Subsequently, they were placed in an incubator at 37°C for 24 h. Any color change from
purple to pink or to colorless was recorded as positive.
The lowest concentration at which the color change occurred was taken as the MIC and MFC value. The
average of three values was calculated to determine the MIC and MFC of the test material.
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7. Kiran Kumar Mundla et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 07-20
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:
2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay:
The method of Liyana-Pathiana and Shahidi was used for the determination of scavenging activity of DPPH
free radical. One ml of 0.135 mM DPPH prepared in methanol was mixed with 1.0 ml of aqueous extract ranging from
0.2-0.8 mg/ml. The reaction mixture was vortexed thoroughly and left in dark at room temperature for 30 min. The
absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 517 nm. The scavenging ability of the seedextract was calculated
using this equation;
Where Abs control is the absorbance of DPPH + methanol; Abs sample is the absorbance of DPPH radical + sample
(i.e. extract or standard)[23].
Scavenging activity of superoxide anion:
The scavenging activity of superoxide anion was determined by the method of Yen and Chen. The reaction
mixture consists of 1 ml of seedextract (1 mg/ml), 1 ml of PMS (60 μM) prepared in phosphate buffer (0.1 M pH 7.4)
and 1 ml of NADH (phosphate buffer) was incubated at 25°C for 5 min, the absorbance was read at 560 nm against
blank samples.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Phytochemical Screening:
The phytochemical analysis conducted on Blepharis seed extract revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids,
steroids and saponins. The total phenol content of the aqueous leaf extract was 0.499 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of
extract power. The total flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents of the seedwere 0.705 and 0.005 mg gallic
equivalent/g of extract powder respectively with reference to standard curve (Y = 0.0067x+0.0132, r 2 = 0.999). These
phytochemical compounds are known to support bioactive activities in medicinal plants and thus responsible for the
antioxidant activities of this seedextract used in this study.
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8. Kiran Kumar Mundla et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 07-20
Physicochemical characters of seeds of Blepharis molluginifolia, meyeri, glomerans and
capensis:
WHO Average values Average Average Averag
Parameters (%w/w) values values e values
(%w/w) (%w/w) (%w/w)
Total ash 6.91 9.1 8.56 8.7
Acid insoluble 0.78 3.6 2.4 2.23
ash
Water soluble 6.11 3.89 8.56 5.67
ash
Sulphated ash 5 14.06 5.4 3.47
Alcohol 23.14 7.5 21.07 28.51
extractive value
Water extractive 21.97 10.97 17.84 20.09
value
Loss on drying 3.09 71 7.5 6.7
Phytochemical screening is of paramount importance in identifying new source of therapeutically and
industrially valuable compound having medicinal significance, to make the best and judicious use of available natural
wealth. A number of medicinal plants have been chemically investigated .The screening of Blepharis molluginifolia for
medicinal value has been carried out by some of the workers but there is no conclusion by them that’s why I am using
that for the research.
A general screening conducted to characterize chemical composition of Blepharis genus (B. mollugenifolia,
B.meyeri, B.glomerans, B. capensis) seed samples and these are compared to the results of seed samples that were
done by other workers in the past decades. The screening covered mainly nitrogenous compounds, isoprenoids,
acetogenins, which are reported to have dramatic physiological activities mainly on central nervous system. All the
seed samples showed positive test with 2 different alkaloids on the basis of their Rf values in TLC. 0.15% and 0.21%
per gm of sample appeared in the samples respectively. Acetogenin screening included tannins, flavanoids, coumarins,
emodins, anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, anthroquinones, anthracene derivatives, phenolics and fatty acid. All seed
samples gave a positive test for tannins flavanoid, and phenolics. On the basis of different Rf values, TLC showed
abundant occurrence of few of these compounds, phenolics while flavanoids. Rest of the acetogenic compounds were
not found either of the sample. 3mg/gm, 3.2mg/gm and 2.2mg/gm total phenolics content appeared in seed samples
respectively.
Total flavanoids in seed samples of four plants were found to be 1.1mg, 1.5mg, 1.25mg and 1.0mg /gm of
sample respectively. Tannins decrease the bacterial proliferation by blocking key enzymes at microbial metabolism.
Tannins play important role such as potent antioxidant. The screening for isoprenoids was confined to steroids,
iridoids, triterpenoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and carotenoids. Saponins are widely well known to have
IJSIT (www.ijsit.com), Volume 2, Issue 1, January-February 2013 14
9. Kiran Kumar Mundla et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 07-20
expectorant and anti tussive activity. Total 2 saponins were found to be present, 1 of which were observed in alcoholic
extract and other which are observed in all extracts they are found to have RF value 0.5 and 0.30. Total Saponins
content in seed samples were found to be 123mg, 101mg, 96mg and 111mg per gm of samples respectively. Saponins
are found in many plants and animals. Several workers carried out an extensive phytochemical analysis of plants for
the presence of saponin. Steroids and cardiac glycosides were found to be present in all samples that are in four plant
seeds, whereas Fatty acid and lipids, volatile oil was found in some seed samples also.
ORGANISM ZONE OF ZONE OF ZONE OF ZONE OF
INHIBITION INHIBITION INHIBITION INHIBITION
Enterobacter 8.5 mm 12mm 15mm 10mm
aerogens
Escherichia coli 8mm 11.6mm 12mm 8mm
Klebsiella 6mm 10mm 12mm 9.8mm
pneumonia
Proteus mirabilis 9.6mm 6mm 12.1mm 11mm
Proteus vulgaris 9.5mm 5.9mm 12mm 11mm
Pseudomonas 7.9mm 8.7mm 9.8mm 13mm
aeruginosa
Salmonella typhi 7mm 6.5mm 7.8mm 12.1mm
Shigella 5mm 6.7mm 7.9mm 12.5mm
dysenteriae
Staphylococcus 10mm 6mm 8.9mm 11mm
aureus
Bacillus subtilis 11.9mm 8.8mm 10.9mm 13mm
Aspergillus niger 10.6mm 8.3mm 11mm 13mm
Candida albicans 6.1mm 9.9mm 13mm 12.9mm
Candida glabrata 6mm 10mm 13.1mm 12mm
Pencilium notatum 12.4mm 11.9mm 12mm 15mm
The use of higher plants and preparations made from them to treat infections is a longstanding practice in a
large part of the population, especially in the developing countries, where there is dependence on traditional medicine
for a variety of ailments [23-26]. Interest in plants with antimicrobial properties increased because of current problems
associated with the antibiotics. Recently, the antimicrobial effects of various seedextracts against certain pathogens
IJSIT (www.ijsit.com), Volume 2, Issue 1, January-February 2013 15
10. Kiran Kumar Mundla et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 07-20
have been reported by a number of researchers. Disc diffusion method is the most widely used procedure for testing
antimicrobial susceptibility. The disc diffusion procedure (Kirby-Bauer method) has been accepted by the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) and as a standard by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
The extracts of higher seedcan be very good source of antibiotics against various bacterial pathogen.
Seedbased antimicrobial compounds have enormous therapeutics potential as they can serve the purpose without any
side effects that are often associated with synthetic antibacterial compounds. The study was made against six
pathogenic bacteria and four fungal strains using the standard disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity of the
extracts of Blepharis molluginifolia was first time investigated against Enterobacter aerogens, Escherichia coli,
Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphyllococcus aureus, shigella
dysentryahea, proteus sps, Aspergillus niger (moult), Penicillium notatum (moult) and Candida albicans and candida
galbrata.
All the extracts were inhibited growth of almost all the selected bacteria in the range of 5-15 mm and selected
fungi in the range 0f 6-15 mm. Among them Ethanol extract showed great activity against Bacillus subtilis (11.9 mm)
and moderated activity were reported against Enterobacter (8.5 mm) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.9 mm), Salmonella
typhi (7 mm) and Staphyllococcus aureus ( 10mm) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (6 mm). Antifungal activity of
Blepharis molluginifolia Ethanol leaf extract showed great activity against Penicillium notatum ( 12.6 mm) and
moderated activity were reported against Aspergillus (10.6mm) and Candida sps; (6.1 mm). Results of minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) is shown in Table . The result showed that shigella sps show greatest activity that is
(4.5 mg/ml) while the lowest MIC of 1 mg/ml was shown by Enterobacter sps;.
Cytotoxic assays of methanol extracts of all the four seeds:
% of inhibition of cell viability:
Extracts 10µg/ml 100µg/ml 250µg/ml 500µg/ml
B.molluginifolia 5.3% 11.3% 32.6% 46.2%
B. meyeri 4.6 15.3 20.61 25.5
B.glomerans 3.5 6.5 14.2 21
B.capensis 2.4 5.6 8.9 12.21
ANTIOXIDENT ASSAYS:
Concentration dependent % inhibition of DPPH radical of different seedextracts:
IJSIT (www.ijsit.com), Volume 2, Issue 1, January-February 2013 16
12. Kiran Kumar Mundla et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 07-20
The result of DPPH scavenging activity assay in this study indicates that the seed was potently active. This
suggests that the seed extract contain compounds that are capable of donating hydrogen to a free radical in order to
remove odd electron which is responsible for radical's reactivity. The ability of this seed extract to scavenge DPPH
could also reflect its ability to inhibit the formation of ABTS+. The scavenging activity of ABTS+ radical by the seed
extract was found to be appreciable; this implies that the seed extract may be useful for treating radical-related
pathological damage especially at higher concentration [27].
Superoxide anion radical is one of the strongest reactive oxygen species among the free radicals that are
generated. The scavenging activity of this radical by the seed extract compared favorably with the standard reagents
such as Gallic acid suggesting that the seed is also a potent scavenger of superoxide radical [28].
Plants with antioxidant activities have been reported to possess free radical scavenging activity. Free radicals
are known as major contributors to several clinical disorders such as diabetes mellitus, cancer, liver diseases, renal
failure and degenerative diseases as a result of deficient natural antioxidant defense mechanism [29-31].
CONCLUSION
This study affirms the pytochemical, antimicrobial, in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant potential of crude extract
of the seeds of Blepharis genus plants, with results comparable to those of the standard compounds such as gallic acid
and butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). Further studies are needed to clarify the in vivo potential of this plant in the
management of human diseases resulting from oxidative stress and this is a subject of investigation in our group.
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