The document summarizes a study that investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extracts of berries from Solanum nigrum Linn. Rats were treated with various doses of the extract or diclofenac before carrageenan was injected into their paws to induce edema. The 375 mg/kg dose of the extract significantly decreased paw edema comparable to diclofenac, demonstrating good anti-inflammatory activity. The extract is believed to act in the late phase of inflammation, possibly by inhibiting prostaglandin release through effects on arachidonic acid metabolites.
In Vivo Assay of Analgesic Activity of Methanolic and Petroleum Ether Extract...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Aims: The main objective of this work was to observe the analgesic activity of Vitex negundo (leaves) on mice. Study Design: Present study was designed to isolate pure compounds as well as to observe pharmacological activities of the isolated pure compounds with crude extracts of the plant Vitex negundo (leaves). The study protocol consisted of the following steps:
Cold extraction at room temperature of the whole plant with distilled methanol.
Filtration of the crude petroleum ether and methanolic extracts by using the Markin cotton cloth and subsequently through the filter paper and solvent evaporation.
Screening of analgesic activity of crude extracts on Swiss Albino mice.
Place and Duration of Study: The study of analgesic activity of Vitex negundo (leaves) on mice was take place in the laboratory of Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Bangladesh, between January 2011 and July 2011. Methodology: The analgesic activity was investigated for its peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Results: The methanolic and petroleum ether extracts, at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, displayed 82.60% & 74.66% pain inhibition which was significant (p<0.001) compared to control. These results indicate that the extracts possess strong analgesic activity. Conclusion: The present study tends to suggest the analgesic activities of the crude methanolic and petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Vitex negundo and justify its use in folkloric remedies
WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORALIN RATSJing Zang
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Eucalyptus citriodora(EAEEC)ethyl acetate and ethanol (EEEC)extracts on wound healing activity. Excision, incision and dead space wound healing activity was examined on wistar rats, dressed with 10% and 200 mg/kg p.o of the extracts respectively. Control groups were dressed with the simple ointment (negative control) and 5% povidone-iodine (standard) respectively. Healing was assessed based on contraction of wound size, mean epithelisation time, hydroxyproline content and histopathologicalexaminations. Excision wound healing study revealed significant reduction in wound size and mean epithelisation time and scar area. In incision model showed significant (p<0.01) variation in breaking strength and dead space model shows increase wet & dry weight of cotton pellet this indicate higher collagen synthesis in the 10% extract-treated group compared to the vehicle group. These findings were supported by histolopathological examinations of healed wound sections which showed greater tissue regeneration, more fibroblasts and angiogenesis in the 200 mg/kg extract-treated group. The extracts of Eucalyptus citriodorais a potential candidate for the treatment of dermal wounds by topical and oral administration. The extracts are deduced to have accelerated the wound repair at all the phases of the healing.
Evaluation of antipyretic activity of leaf extracts of Triumfetta rhomboidea ...SriramNagarajan16
A study was carried out to evaluate the anti-pyretic potential of the ethanol extract of Triumfetta rhomboidea leaves
using Yeast induced pyrexia in wister albino rats. Rectal temperatures were recorded before and after inducing pyrexia
at interval of one hour for three hours. The leaf extract at oral doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg showed significant
reduction in yeast-provoked elevated temperature in a dose-dependent manner and the anti-pyretic effect was
comparable to that of standard antipyretic agent paracetamol (200 mg/kg). The effect also extended up to 3 hours after
the drug administration
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In Vivo Assay of Analgesic Activity of Methanolic and Petroleum Ether Extract...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Aims: The main objective of this work was to observe the analgesic activity of Vitex negundo (leaves) on mice. Study Design: Present study was designed to isolate pure compounds as well as to observe pharmacological activities of the isolated pure compounds with crude extracts of the plant Vitex negundo (leaves). The study protocol consisted of the following steps:
Cold extraction at room temperature of the whole plant with distilled methanol.
Filtration of the crude petroleum ether and methanolic extracts by using the Markin cotton cloth and subsequently through the filter paper and solvent evaporation.
Screening of analgesic activity of crude extracts on Swiss Albino mice.
Place and Duration of Study: The study of analgesic activity of Vitex negundo (leaves) on mice was take place in the laboratory of Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Bangladesh, between January 2011 and July 2011. Methodology: The analgesic activity was investigated for its peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Results: The methanolic and petroleum ether extracts, at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, displayed 82.60% & 74.66% pain inhibition which was significant (p<0.001) compared to control. These results indicate that the extracts possess strong analgesic activity. Conclusion: The present study tends to suggest the analgesic activities of the crude methanolic and petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Vitex negundo and justify its use in folkloric remedies
WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORALIN RATSJing Zang
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Eucalyptus citriodora(EAEEC)ethyl acetate and ethanol (EEEC)extracts on wound healing activity. Excision, incision and dead space wound healing activity was examined on wistar rats, dressed with 10% and 200 mg/kg p.o of the extracts respectively. Control groups were dressed with the simple ointment (negative control) and 5% povidone-iodine (standard) respectively. Healing was assessed based on contraction of wound size, mean epithelisation time, hydroxyproline content and histopathologicalexaminations. Excision wound healing study revealed significant reduction in wound size and mean epithelisation time and scar area. In incision model showed significant (p<0.01) variation in breaking strength and dead space model shows increase wet & dry weight of cotton pellet this indicate higher collagen synthesis in the 10% extract-treated group compared to the vehicle group. These findings were supported by histolopathological examinations of healed wound sections which showed greater tissue regeneration, more fibroblasts and angiogenesis in the 200 mg/kg extract-treated group. The extracts of Eucalyptus citriodorais a potential candidate for the treatment of dermal wounds by topical and oral administration. The extracts are deduced to have accelerated the wound repair at all the phases of the healing.
Evaluation of antipyretic activity of leaf extracts of Triumfetta rhomboidea ...SriramNagarajan16
A study was carried out to evaluate the anti-pyretic potential of the ethanol extract of Triumfetta rhomboidea leaves
using Yeast induced pyrexia in wister albino rats. Rectal temperatures were recorded before and after inducing pyrexia
at interval of one hour for three hours. The leaf extract at oral doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg showed significant
reduction in yeast-provoked elevated temperature in a dose-dependent manner and the anti-pyretic effect was
comparable to that of standard antipyretic agent paracetamol (200 mg/kg). The effect also extended up to 3 hours after
the drug administration
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of antifungal activity of gel based hand wash using Camellia sinen...IOSR Journals
Hydro-ethanolic extracts of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) were prepared and phytochemical screening analysis was done. Using Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethanobotanical databases, the bioactive compounds pooled out were used as ingredients in the formulated gel based hand wash. In vitro antifungal assay of extracts was performed; its MIC values were estimated and compared with antifungal agents. A gel based hand wash was formulated using Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg), and evaluated by physical parameters like, colour, odour, spreadability, pH and overall appearance of the formulation. The present study also assess the antifungal activity of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) handwash gel against target fungal species.
In Vitro Anti Inflammatory and Anti Arthritic Activity of Commelina benghalen...SriramNagarajan16
Introduction
Commelina benghalensis L. commonly known as Benghal dayflower, belongs to the family Commelinaceae. It
is widely used for the treatment of wounds and skin diseases.
Aim
The current study focuses on the evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic property of the leaf
extracts ofCommelina benghalensis L.
Methods
The hydroalcoholic extract (70%) of Commelina benghalensis L. (Leaf) was subjected to anti-inflammatory and
anti arthritic activity by membrane stabilisation and inhibition of protein denaturation method were determined.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of HAECB in HRBC membrane stabilization study was found to be 69µg/ml in
comparison with diclofenac sodium 57µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The inhibitory
concentration (IC50) of HAECB in protein denaturation was found to be 17µg/ml in comparison with diclofenac
sodium 14µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-arthritic activity.
Conclusion
HAECB showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to the strong occurrence of
polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and phenols. HAECB has shown moderate anti-arthritic
activity which may be due to the phenolic constituent.
Comparative Effect of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Buchholzia Coriacea ...Scientific Review SR
This study was designed to investigate the comparative effect of aqueous and methanol extract
of Buchholzia coriacea seeds on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Twenty four albino rats of both
sexes weighing 162.53±3.55 g were used. For the aqueous extract, 12 animals were divided into 4 groups of 3
rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administer ed 0.5 ml of diclofenac sodium (reference
anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg body
weight of the aqueous extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. For the methanol extract, 12 animals
were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administered 0.5 ml of
diclofenac sodium (reference anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100,
300 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the methanol extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. Thirty
minutes after treatment of animals in both the aqueous and methanol groups with the drug and extract, 0.2 ml
of 2% carrageenan was injected into the left hind paw of each animal under the sub plantar aponeurosis. Paw
volume of rats were measured before and after carrageenan injection at 30 minutes interval over a period of 3
hours (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180) minutes, to determine the anti -inflammatory response of both extracts,
using carrageenan-induced paw odema method. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the
aqueous extract contains terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids while the methanol extract contains saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, terpeno ids and steroids. Proximate analysis of
Buchholzia coriacea seeds revealed that crude fibre has the lowest percentage of (1.10±0.05), ash content
(5.20±0.01), crude fat (4.10±0.02) moisture content (9.10±0.13), crude protein (10.20±0.20) and
carbohydrate with the highest percentage of (70.10±0.04). In terms of percentage inhibition, paw volume was
brought to near normal levels by the methanol extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight which showed
better anti-inflammatory activity than 500 mg/kg body weight o f the same extract as well as all doses of the
aqueous extract and even more than the reference drug. Overall, the anti -inflammatory effect may be traced
to single or synergistic activity of phytoconstituents present in the methanol extract.
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Stem Bark Extract b...QUESTJOURNAL
Abstract: Moringa oleifera Lam. is also known as ‘Miracle tree’ because of its uses of all parts particularly for their great potential in pharmacological, nutritional and water purification aspects. The study has been done for the phytochemical screening and analysis of analgesic potential of Moringa olifiera Lam. methanolic stem bark extract using Acetic acid induced Writhing method. Qualitative chemical analysis was carried out through phytochemical investigation which indicated the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonois, tannins, proteins, alkaloids etc. in the extracts. To study analgesic activity Acetic acid induced Writhing test was used, where Methanolic stem bark extract was introduced intraperitonially at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg to Swiss-albino mice. The dose of 300 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of Writhing response created by acetic acid in a dose dependent manner when compared to the standard control drug Diclofenac Sodium. Those two different doses exhibited 5% and 80% inhibition in writhing response respectively while the Diclofenac Na inhibited about 46.25% of writhing response at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. The results of this study support the potential pain management therapy using this crude extract.
Assessment of Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection and Susceptibility of Anti...BRNSS Publication Hub
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common and serious health problem affecting many people each year around the world especially females. Therapy of UTI relies on the predictability of the agents causing UTI and knowledge of their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in two major hospitals of Western Nepal. Tools for data collection were a data collection form. A total of 400 patient’s file with suspected UTI were reviewed, out of which 173 (43.3%) of the suspected samples showed the presence of potential pathogens causing UTI. UTI was most prevalent in females of age group of 21–30 years. Escherichia coli was the predominant (65.1%) bacterial pathogen. Amikacin was found to be the most sensitive antimicrobial followed by nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. Ampicillin showed a higher percentage of resistant, compared to other antimicrobials. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process, regular surveillance and monitoring are necessary to provide effective treatment of UTIs.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
A homeopathic remedy from arnica, marigold, St. John’s wort and comfrey accel...home
Results of this study showed that the low potency homeopathic remedy (0712–2) exerted in vitro
wound closure potential in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. This effect resulted from stimulation of fibroblasts motility rather
than of their mitosis.
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
1 ijmpd jan-2018-2-immunological study in vivoAI Publications
The synthesis of a nanoparticules used in drug delivery plays an important role in determining its targeting specificity and efficacy in vivo. A conventional approach relies on the surface conjugation of a nano-sized particle with two functionally distinct types of molecules, one as a targeting ligand, and the other as a therapeutic agent to be delivered to the diseased cell. However, an alternative simplified approach can be used, in which a single type of molecule displaying dual function as both a targeting ligand and therapeutic agent is conjugated to the nanoparticle. In this paper, we evaluate the validity of this new strategy by using methotrexate(MTX) and xerogel- methotrexate, (xerogel-MTX), Naproxine(NAP.), xerogel-Naproxine (xerogel-NAP.) the aim in this paper to define the procedures of sample and the applicability of FTIR and AFM and UV-Visb. techniques towards the characterization of the surface details with sub-nanometer resolution in nanoparticles (NPs) modified by MTX. And NAP ligands. To reach this aim, we prepared and analysed xerogel, xerogel-NAP. Xerogel-MTX NPs functionalized on the surface with ligands having different chemical nature and composition and capable to provide to the NPs physical chemical properties required for specific application. We tested the resulted NPs in vivo, using the whit rats animals, engineered with direct against arteries Rheumatology inflammation, proceed the evolution of some immunity parameters during the period of treatments.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sa...Uploadworld
Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice.
Evaluation of antifungal activity of gel based hand wash using Camellia sinen...IOSR Journals
Hydro-ethanolic extracts of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) were prepared and phytochemical screening analysis was done. Using Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethanobotanical databases, the bioactive compounds pooled out were used as ingredients in the formulated gel based hand wash. In vitro antifungal assay of extracts was performed; its MIC values were estimated and compared with antifungal agents. A gel based hand wash was formulated using Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg), and evaluated by physical parameters like, colour, odour, spreadability, pH and overall appearance of the formulation. The present study also assess the antifungal activity of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) handwash gel against target fungal species.
In Vitro Anti Inflammatory and Anti Arthritic Activity of Commelina benghalen...SriramNagarajan16
Introduction
Commelina benghalensis L. commonly known as Benghal dayflower, belongs to the family Commelinaceae. It
is widely used for the treatment of wounds and skin diseases.
Aim
The current study focuses on the evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic property of the leaf
extracts ofCommelina benghalensis L.
Methods
The hydroalcoholic extract (70%) of Commelina benghalensis L. (Leaf) was subjected to anti-inflammatory and
anti arthritic activity by membrane stabilisation and inhibition of protein denaturation method were determined.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of HAECB in HRBC membrane stabilization study was found to be 69µg/ml in
comparison with diclofenac sodium 57µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The inhibitory
concentration (IC50) of HAECB in protein denaturation was found to be 17µg/ml in comparison with diclofenac
sodium 14µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-arthritic activity.
Conclusion
HAECB showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to the strong occurrence of
polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and phenols. HAECB has shown moderate anti-arthritic
activity which may be due to the phenolic constituent.
Comparative Effect of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Buchholzia Coriacea ...Scientific Review SR
This study was designed to investigate the comparative effect of aqueous and methanol extract
of Buchholzia coriacea seeds on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Twenty four albino rats of both
sexes weighing 162.53±3.55 g were used. For the aqueous extract, 12 animals were divided into 4 groups of 3
rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administer ed 0.5 ml of diclofenac sodium (reference
anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg body
weight of the aqueous extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. For the methanol extract, 12 animals
were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administered 0.5 ml of
diclofenac sodium (reference anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100,
300 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the methanol extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. Thirty
minutes after treatment of animals in both the aqueous and methanol groups with the drug and extract, 0.2 ml
of 2% carrageenan was injected into the left hind paw of each animal under the sub plantar aponeurosis. Paw
volume of rats were measured before and after carrageenan injection at 30 minutes interval over a period of 3
hours (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180) minutes, to determine the anti -inflammatory response of both extracts,
using carrageenan-induced paw odema method. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the
aqueous extract contains terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids while the methanol extract contains saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, terpeno ids and steroids. Proximate analysis of
Buchholzia coriacea seeds revealed that crude fibre has the lowest percentage of (1.10±0.05), ash content
(5.20±0.01), crude fat (4.10±0.02) moisture content (9.10±0.13), crude protein (10.20±0.20) and
carbohydrate with the highest percentage of (70.10±0.04). In terms of percentage inhibition, paw volume was
brought to near normal levels by the methanol extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight which showed
better anti-inflammatory activity than 500 mg/kg body weight o f the same extract as well as all doses of the
aqueous extract and even more than the reference drug. Overall, the anti -inflammatory effect may be traced
to single or synergistic activity of phytoconstituents present in the methanol extract.
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Stem Bark Extract b...QUESTJOURNAL
Abstract: Moringa oleifera Lam. is also known as ‘Miracle tree’ because of its uses of all parts particularly for their great potential in pharmacological, nutritional and water purification aspects. The study has been done for the phytochemical screening and analysis of analgesic potential of Moringa olifiera Lam. methanolic stem bark extract using Acetic acid induced Writhing method. Qualitative chemical analysis was carried out through phytochemical investigation which indicated the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonois, tannins, proteins, alkaloids etc. in the extracts. To study analgesic activity Acetic acid induced Writhing test was used, where Methanolic stem bark extract was introduced intraperitonially at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg to Swiss-albino mice. The dose of 300 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of Writhing response created by acetic acid in a dose dependent manner when compared to the standard control drug Diclofenac Sodium. Those two different doses exhibited 5% and 80% inhibition in writhing response respectively while the Diclofenac Na inhibited about 46.25% of writhing response at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. The results of this study support the potential pain management therapy using this crude extract.
Assessment of Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection and Susceptibility of Anti...BRNSS Publication Hub
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common and serious health problem affecting many people each year around the world especially females. Therapy of UTI relies on the predictability of the agents causing UTI and knowledge of their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in two major hospitals of Western Nepal. Tools for data collection were a data collection form. A total of 400 patient’s file with suspected UTI were reviewed, out of which 173 (43.3%) of the suspected samples showed the presence of potential pathogens causing UTI. UTI was most prevalent in females of age group of 21–30 years. Escherichia coli was the predominant (65.1%) bacterial pathogen. Amikacin was found to be the most sensitive antimicrobial followed by nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. Ampicillin showed a higher percentage of resistant, compared to other antimicrobials. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process, regular surveillance and monitoring are necessary to provide effective treatment of UTIs.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
A homeopathic remedy from arnica, marigold, St. John’s wort and comfrey accel...home
Results of this study showed that the low potency homeopathic remedy (0712–2) exerted in vitro
wound closure potential in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. This effect resulted from stimulation of fibroblasts motility rather
than of their mitosis.
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
1 ijmpd jan-2018-2-immunological study in vivoAI Publications
The synthesis of a nanoparticules used in drug delivery plays an important role in determining its targeting specificity and efficacy in vivo. A conventional approach relies on the surface conjugation of a nano-sized particle with two functionally distinct types of molecules, one as a targeting ligand, and the other as a therapeutic agent to be delivered to the diseased cell. However, an alternative simplified approach can be used, in which a single type of molecule displaying dual function as both a targeting ligand and therapeutic agent is conjugated to the nanoparticle. In this paper, we evaluate the validity of this new strategy by using methotrexate(MTX) and xerogel- methotrexate, (xerogel-MTX), Naproxine(NAP.), xerogel-Naproxine (xerogel-NAP.) the aim in this paper to define the procedures of sample and the applicability of FTIR and AFM and UV-Visb. techniques towards the characterization of the surface details with sub-nanometer resolution in nanoparticles (NPs) modified by MTX. And NAP ligands. To reach this aim, we prepared and analysed xerogel, xerogel-NAP. Xerogel-MTX NPs functionalized on the surface with ligands having different chemical nature and composition and capable to provide to the NPs physical chemical properties required for specific application. We tested the resulted NPs in vivo, using the whit rats animals, engineered with direct against arteries Rheumatology inflammation, proceed the evolution of some immunity parameters during the period of treatments.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sa...Uploadworld
Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
Intercontinental journal of pharmaceutical Investigations and ResearchSriramNagarajan19
Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Portulaca quadrifida Linn. was studied in wister rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema, carrageenan induced pleurisy and cotton pellet induced granuloma model. The ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg, p.o.,) produced the inhibition of carrageenan induced rat paw edema. It also showed an inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration and a reduction on the pleural exudates as well as reduction on the granuloma weight in the cotton pellet granuloma method. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract produced significant (P<0.001) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
INVESTIGATION OF IN-VITRO ANTHELMINTIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ARTABOTRYS...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The methanolic extract of bark of Artabotrys hexapetalus were investigated for in-vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bio-assay. The crude methanolic extract showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 7.688 μg/ml) comparing with that of standard vincristine (0.839 μg/ml). The other study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity where albendazole was used as reference standard. Methanolic extract of barks (50 mg/ml) caused paralysis of the worms at 68.33 minutes and death at 84.0 minutes while albendazole (positive control) paralyzed and killed the worms at 17 minutes and 48 minutes respectively at the concentration of 10 mg/ml. The study confirms the significant anthelmintic activities of bark extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus and therefore demands the isolation of active principles through bioassay.
Bioavailability Studies of Ketorolac Tromethamine Fast Dissolving Tablets Pre...IOSR Journals
This study was concerned with the investigation of acute pharmacological responses (pharmacodynamics) including analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression method using 3% croscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant by applying tail flick test and carragenan induced rat paw edema test respectively. Also, the work aimed to develop a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of ketorolac tromethamine in human plasma samples released from fast dissolving tablets. Also, to estimate whether the prepared tablet dosage form increases the bioavailability of ketorolac tromethamine in the body compared to marketed conventional tablet. From this study, it could be inferred that ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets (G5) containing (3% corscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant, 30% Avicel pH102, 5% aspartame, 1% talc, 1% magnesium stearate, and mannitol Q.S.) and prepared by direct compression method could be considered as a promising formula to enhance bioavilability of the drug.
ABSTRACT- The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-bacterial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanol extract obtained from the whole part of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts
were determined as gallic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power of these extract were evaluated as ascorbic
acid and gallic acid equivalents, respectively. ABTS free radical scavenging activity is expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC). The antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate
activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Key words: Jurinea dolomiaea; Total phenolic; Total flavonoid; Total antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity; Antibacterial activity.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. Ravi et al.
34
agents, should therefore be viewed as a fruitful and logical research strategy in the search for new analgesic and
antiinflammatory drugs (Gupta et al., 2006). Because excisting synthetic molecule like nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective COX-2 inhibitors that increase the incidence of adverse cardiovascular
thrombotic effects (Chowdhury et al., 2009). So, in order to overcome, there is need to focus on the scientific
exploration of herbal drugs having fewer side effects.
The berries of Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae) has been reported in the ancient Indian medicinal literature with
beneficial effects in inflammation, tuberculosis, diuretics etc (Chopra et al., 1956). The present study was designed
to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Solanum nigrum in anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic
inflammation.
Material and Methods
Plant material
The berries of Solanum nigrum were collected in the month of January from the Southern part of India (Tanjore
District, Tamil Nadu).The Herbarium Specimen of plant was deposited in the department of Pharmacognosy and it
has been identified from Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar. (No: 167)
Preparation of extracts
The shade-dried powders of berries extracted in a Soxhlet extractor with methanol gave 23% of extract.
Animals
Adult Wistar rats of both sexes weighing between 200-250 g were used for experiment. They were housed in
standard environmental condition like, ambient temperature (250
± 10
C), relative humidity (55±5%) and 12/12h light
dark cycle. Animals had free access to standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. All animal experiments were
carried out in accordance with the guidelines of CPCSEA. The institute animal ethical committee gave the approval
for conducting animal experiments.
Anti-inflammatory activity by Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method
Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by the method described by (Winter et al., 1962). Albino rats of either
sex weighing 200 – 250 g were divided in 4 groups (N=6). Group-I received 0.5% CMC suspension (control),
Group- II, III and IV received methanolic extract (125,250,375 mg/kg, P.O) of solanum nigrum respectively. Group-
V received Diclofenac (reference standard 1mg/kg, P.O) (Brooks et a.l, 1991). Animals were treated with drugs by
oral route and subsequently 1 h after treatment; 0.1ml of 1% suspension of carrageenan in normal saline was
injected into the subplanter region of left hind paw to induce edema. The paw volume was measured initially at 0, 1,
2, 3 and 4hr after carrageenan injection using digital paw edema meter (520-R, IITC Life Science - USA). The
difference between the initial and subsequent values gave the actual edema volume which was compared with
control.
The inhibition of inflammation was calculated using the formula, % inhibition = 100 (1-Vt/Vc), Where ‘Vc’
represents edema volume in control and ‘Vt’ edema volume in group treated with test extracts.
Statistical analysis
Data analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s multiple
comparison tests. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Result:
Carrageenan induced paw edema
The effect of methanolic extracts of Solanum nigrum (125, 250 & 375 mg/kg) in carrageenan induced paw
edema in rats is shown in Table 1 and 2. The methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum (375mg/kg) prevented the
formation of edema induced by carrageenan and thus showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (p<0.05). The
methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum (375 mg/kg) reduced the edema induced by carrageenan by 23.45% after 3h
injection of noxious agent as compared to the control vehicle treated group. Diclofenac sodium at 10mg/kg inhibited
the edema volume by 12.60 %. On carrageenan induced acute inflammation model the methanolic extract (375
mg/kg) produced better inhibition of paw edema.
3. Anti inflammatory effect of Solanum nigrum Linn
35
Table: 1 Effect of methanolic extract of berries of Solanum nigrum on carrageenan induced paw edema in rats
Treatment groups
(n=6)
Dose (mg/kg)
Oedema diameter(cm)
0hr 1hr 2hr 3hr 4hr
Normal Saline 10ml/kg 0.95 ± 0.002 0.98 ± 0.003 0.98 ± 0.003 1.01 ± 0.02 1.03 ± 0.01
Methanolic Extract 125 0.89 ± 0.01a
0.86 ± 0.005a
0.84 ± 0.008a
0.83 ± 0.02 a
0.78 ± 0.03a
Methanolic Extract 250 0.92 ± 0.008b
0.90 ± 0.01a
0.88 ± 0.008a
0.85 ± 0.003a
0.82 ± 0.003a
Methanolic Extract 375 0.80 ± 0.008a
0.79 ± 0.003a
0.77 ± 0.006a
0.75 ± 0.01a
0.73 ± 0.003a
Diclofenac 10 0.92 ± 0.003b
0.91 ± 0.003a
0.89 ± 0.003a
0.86 ± 0.05a
0.82 ± 0.003a
Each value is mean ± SEM N=6 rats
a
P < 0.01
b
P < 0.05
One way ANOVA followed by Dunnet Multiple comparison test
Statistically significant when compared to control
Table: 2 Percentage inhibition of paw edema exhibited by methanolic extract of berries of Solanum nigrum Linn
Treatment
Percentage inhibition (%) at various times intervals
1hr 2hr 3hr 4hr Mean of % inhibition
Methanolic Extract
125 mg/kg
10.24 12.28 18.82 27.00 17.08
Methanolic Extract
250 mg/kg
06.16 08.20 15.00 23.00 13.09
Methanolic Extract
375 mg/kg
17.38 19.42 25.00 32.00 23.45
Discussion
The most widely used primary test to screen new anti-inflammatory agents measure the ability of a compound to
reduce local edema induced in the rat paw by injection of an irritant agent (Winter et al., 1962). Carrageenan-
induced oedema has been commonly used as an experimental animal model for acute inflammation and is believed
to be biphasic. The early phase (1 – 2 h) of the carrageenan model is mainly mediated by histamine, serotonin and
increased synthesis of prostaglandins in the damaged tissue surroundings. The late phase is sustained by
prostaglandin release and mediated by bradykinin, leukotrienes, polymorphonuclear cells and prostaglandins
produced by tissue macrophages (Brito and Antonio, 1998; Gupta et al., 2006)
The significant inhibitory activity shown by the extract of Solanam nigrum berries (125, 250, and 375 mg/kg)
over a period of 4 h in carragenan-induced inflammation was quite similar to that exhibited by the group treated with
diclofenac sodium. The highest percentage inhibition activity was found in the dose of 375 mg/kg with the mean
percentage inhibition of 23.45 after 4 hours of extract administration. Previous study with some other plants like
Solanum trilobatum (Pandurangan et al., 2008; 2009), Plumeria acuminate (Gupta et al., 2006) and Thesium
chinense (Parveen et al., 2007) also showed the same effect in this model. These results indicate that the extract acts
in later phases in dose dependent manner, probably involving arachidonic acid metabolites, which produce an edema
dependent on neutrophils mobilization (Just et al., 1998). This anti-inflammatory effect of the extract observed
might be due to the presence of flavonoids in the plant.
Conclusion
The result obtained from the experiment it is concluded that the methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum (375
mg/kg) having good anti-inflammatory activities and it shown dose dependent activities. The results support the
traditional use of this plant in inflammatory conditions and suggest the presence of biologically active components
which may be worth further investigation and elucidation.
4. Ravi et al.
36
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