02 codominance incomplete dominance
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The document discusses codominance and incomplete dominance in cow color and snapdragon flower color. For cow color, alleles for red and white are codominant and produce a roan phenotype. Crossing different genotype cows can produce offspring with red, white, or roan phenotypes. For snapdragon flowers, alleles for red and white exhibit incomplete dominance and the hybrid phenotype is pink.
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The document discusses genetic inheritance, including dominant and recessive alleles, genotypes and phenotypes, homozygous and heterozygous organisms, monohybrid crosses through generations F1 and F2, codominance and polygenic inheritance. It provides examples of inheritance patterns and uses Punnett squares to determine expected ratios of offspring genotypes and phenotypes from genetic crosses.
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Mendel studied inherited traits in pea plants through controlled breeding experiments in the mid-1800s. He discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors that he called genes. His experiments demonstrated that genes come in different versions called alleles that are separated during gamete formation and transmitted independently of one another based on simple mathematical probabilities seen in his Punnett square diagrams. Mendel was thus able to deduce the basic principles of heredity and inheritance that became the foundation of modern genetics.
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This document discusses several lines of biological evidence that support the theory of evolution:
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Q22. The chance that a daughter will be color-blind is 0%
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1. The document discusses linkage groups and chromosome mapping in genetics. It provides examples of crosses involving fruit flies that demonstrate genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, while genes on different chromosomes assort independently.
2. The document explains how observing recombinant vs parental offspring types allows geneticists to determine if genes are linked and calculate the distance between genes on a chromosome.
3. It provides practice problems demonstrating crosses to determine linkage and asks the reader questions about linkage and chromosome mapping concepts.
02a mutations
Genetic variation between organisms of the same species is caused by mutations in genes. Mutations can occur in germ cells, which are passed down to offspring, or in somatic cells. Mutations may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial to an organism's survival and ability to reproduce. Harmful mutations reduce reproduction chances and are less likely to be passed on. Neutral mutations may be passed on over generations without effect. Beneficial mutations increase survival and reproduction, proliferating in future generations.
Punnett squares 9 4
SpongeJunior Squarepants has a heterozygous genotype but displays the dominant phenotype like his homozygous dominant father. If SpongeJunior married another heterozygous sponge, a Punnett square could predict their offspring would have a 25% chance of being homozygous recessive, 50% chance of being heterozygous, and 25% chance of being homozygous dominant for body type traits.
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AP Biology Ch 12 gene linkage groups and chromosome maps
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17 stoichiometry
64 batteries will allow you to make 64 iPhones. The batteries are the limiting reagent.
Tang 04 periodic trends
1) Atomic radius generally increases down a group and decreases across a period due to shielding effects of additional electron shells and increasing nuclear charge, respectively.
2) Ionization energy generally increases down a group and across a period as it becomes increasingly difficult to remove an electron due to greater nuclear attraction from less shielding and more protons. Exceptions occur when removing an electron would destabilize a full shell.
3) Electronegativity generally increases across a period as the effective nuclear charge felt by valence electrons increases with fewer shielding shells and more protons.
Tang 02 wave quantum mechanic model
This document provides information on wave quantum mechanics and electron configurations. It discusses:
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- The shapes of s, p, d and f orbitals and how electrons fill these orbitals according to various principles like Aufbau and Hund's rule.
- Exceptions to the Aufbau principle seen in some elements.
- How to represent electron configurations using both energy level diagrams and shorthand notation.
23 gases
- Gases have negligible volume and molecules are far apart with mostly empty space between them. Gas molecules move randomly in straight lines and collide elastically.
- The kinetic molecular theory describes gas properties including high translational energy of gas molecules that move randomly in all directions.
- Pressure, volume, temperature of gases are directly or inversely related as described by Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws and the combined gas law.
04 periodic trends v2
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- Electronegativity, ionization energy, and electron affinity all generally increase from left to right across a period as the effective nuclear charge increases. Electronegativity also increases up a group as the distance from valence electrons to the nucleus decreases.
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This document discusses acids and bases. It defines their key properties including reacting with metals, carbonates, conducting electricity, turning litmus paper colors, and neutralizing each other. It explains the theories of Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis on acids and bases. It also covers acid-base reactions, indicators, pH, titrations, strong/weak acids and bases, and acid-base stoichiometry.
23 gases
Gases are composed of molecules that are far apart from each other and occupy the entire volume of their container. Gas molecules move randomly in straight lines and collide elastically with each other and the container walls. The kinetic molecular theory describes gases as having negligible intermolecular forces and volume. Pressure, volume, temperature of a gas are related by the combined gas law and ideal gas law. Gas calculations involve using stoichiometry, the ideal gas law, and gas laws like Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's to determine volume, pressure, amount, or temperature changes.
22 acids + bases
The document discusses the key properties and reactions of acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids react with metals, carbonates, conduct electricity, turn litmus paper red, and neutralize bases. Bases conduct electricity, turn litmus paper blue, and neutralize acids. Theories of acids and bases including Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis are explained. Strong and weak acids/bases, monoprotic/diprotic/triprotic acids, pH, titrations, and acid-base indicators are also covered.
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This document discusses water treatment processes including water softening. Water softening is a treatment process that uses chemicals to remove minerals like calcium and magnesium from hard water to make it softer. Acceptable concentrations of chemicals used in water treatment processes are also mentioned.
20 concentration of solutions
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22 acids + bases
This document discusses acids and bases according to several theories. It begins by describing the properties of acids, including reacting with metals and carbonates, conducting electricity, turning litmus paper colors, and neutralizing bases. It then discusses the properties of bases. The Arrhenius theory defines acids as substances that produce H+ ions in water and bases as those that produce OH- ions. However, this theory has limitations and does not account for all acids and bases. The Brønsted-Lowry theory broadens the definition to any substance that can donate or accept protons. Strong acids fully dissociate in water while weak acids only partially dissociate. The pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions on a
19 solutions and solubility
The document discusses key concepts about solutions including:
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- Solub
18 percentage yield
The document discusses percentage yield and percentage purity calculations for chemical reactions. It provides an example calculation for percentage yield where 1.72g of ammonia is obtained from a reaction using 7.5g of nitrogen. The percentage yield is calculated to be 18.9%. An example is also given for calculating percentage purity of an impure iron pyrite sample where the purity is found to be 86.3%. Formulae for percentage yield and percentage purity are defined. Key steps like using stoichiometry and unit conversions are highlighted.
14 the mole!!!
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This document discusses the rules for determining significant digits in measurements and calculations. It defines four main rules:
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2. Leading zeros are not significant.
3. Trailing zeros may or may not be significant, depending on whether a decimal is present.
4. In calculations, the answer should match the least number of significant digits in the input values.
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13 nuclear reactions
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13 isotopes
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This document defines and provides examples of different types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, neutralization, and combustion reactions. Key aspects that determine the reaction type are whether reactants are elements, compounds, or if oxygen is involved. The position of elements in the periodic table also provides clues about reactivity in displacement reactions.
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Dear readers,
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02 codominance incomplete dominance
- 1. CODOMINANCE & INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
- 2. CODOMINANCE & INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Cow colour comes from alleles that are codominant… C R C W C R C W + “ red” “ white” “ roan”
- 3. CODOMINANCE & INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the following cows? C W C W C R C R C R C W
- 4. CODOMINANCE & INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE What would happen if you mate the following cows? C R C R C R C W x
- 5. CODOMINANCE & INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE What would happen if you mate the following cows? C R C R C R C W C R C R C R C W C R C R C R C W F1 Genotypes: 1 C R C R : 1 C R C W F1 Phenotypes: 1 red : 1 roan z
- 6. CODOMINANCE & INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE What would happen if you mate the following cows? C R C W C R C W C R C W C R C W F1 Genotypes: All C R C W F1 Phenotypes: All 1 roan C R C W C R C W z
- 7. CODOMINANCE & INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Snapdragon flower colour comes from alleles that are incompletely dominant… F F’ F F’ + “ red” “ white” “ pink”
- 8. CODOMINANCE & INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the following snapdragon flowers? FF F’F’ F F’
- 9. CODOMINANCE & INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE What would happen if you cross the following flowers? FF F’F’ Mon cherie! My, what soft petals you have!
- 10. CODOMINANCE & INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE F F’ F F’ F1 Genotypes: All F F’ F1 Phenotypes: All pink What would happen if you cross the following flowers? F F’ F F’ F F’ F F’ z