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This document discusses several genetic inheritance patterns beyond simple dominance and recessiveness: 1) Codominance - Both alleles contribute to the phenotype, such as a cow that is both red and white producing a roan coat color. 2) Multiple alleles - A single gene can have more than two alleles influencing a trait, such as four alleles determining rabbit coat color. 3) Sex linkage - Some traits are determined by genes on the X chromosome, making them more common in one sex, like color blindness being more prevalent in males.
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Sex linked recessive inheritence
This document discusses sex-linked and X-linked inheritance patterns. It provides information on pedigree analysis and the four main inheritance patterns: autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked recessive, and X-linked dominant. For X-linked traits, it notes that males are typically affected for recessive traits since they do not have a second X chromosome to provide the working gene. It provides examples of color blindness and hemophilia to illustrate X-linked recessive inheritance and how traits can skip generations and be passed from carrier mothers to affected sons.
05 sex-linked inheritance
This document discusses sex-linked traits and how traits on the X chromosome can be inherited. It provides examples of traits like hemophilia, color blindness and baldness which are more commonly expressed in males due to them only having one X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes so traits recessive on the X are less likely to be expressed phenotypically as females need two copies of the recessive allele. The document explains that while rare, it is possible for females to exhibit X-linked recessive traits if they inherit one recessive allele from their father and one from their mother who is a carrier.
Sexlinked1
X-linked traits show different patterns of inheritance in males and females due to females having two X chromosomes and males having one X chromosome and a Y chromosome. For X-linked recessive traits, males will always be affected if they inherit the mutated gene from their mother, while females will only be affected if they inherit the mutated gene from both parents. Examples of X-linked recessive traits include hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Fragile X syndrome is an example of an X-linked dominant trait where females can be affected by inheriting only one copy of the mutated gene.
Pedigree presentation
Based on the information provided, here are my responses:
- The inheritance pattern shown in this pedigree is autosomal recessive. Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene and follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
- III-1 is likely a carrier (heterozygous for a CF mutation). His wife is unlikely a carrier.
- III-2 and II-3 are also likely carriers since they each had an affected child but are unaffected themselves.
- The odds that IV-5 would have an affected son is 25% since each parent is a carrier. There is a 50% chance they would pass on a CF mutation to each child and a 25% chance both would
Pedigrees ppt notes full
This document provides information about pedigrees and genetic inheritance patterns. It defines genetic disorders as diseases caused by DNA mutations that are passed down from parents to children. There are three main modes of inheritance: autosomal dominant which only requires one copy of a gene, autosomal recessive which requires two copies, and sex-linked recessive which is on the X chromosome and usually only requires one copy in males. A pedigree is a family tree that traces the inheritance of a trait, with shapes and shading used to denote males, females, carriers and affected individuals. By analyzing patterns in a pedigree, like whether generations are skipped or if more males are affected, the mode of inheritance can be determined.
Complex Inheritance
This document discusses different forms of complex inheritance that do not follow Mendel's principles of simple dominance and recessiveness. It describes four types of complex inheritance: incomplete dominance where traits show a blend of parental phenotypes; co-dominance where both parental traits are expressed simultaneously in offspring; multiple alleles where a trait is influenced by more than two allele versions of a gene; and polygenic inheritance where a trait is influenced by multiple interacting genes.
Pedigrees Lecture
This document provides an overview of pedigree charts and how to interpret them. It discusses what a pedigree is, how to construct one using symbols to represent family members and their traits, and how to analyze a pedigree to determine if a trait is autosomal or X-linked, and dominant or recessive. It provides examples of filled-out pedigree charts and walks through interpreting them to find this information. The document also covers additional symbols that can be used in pedigrees and gives an example of Queen Victoria's descendants and the inheritance of hemophilia through her family tree.
Sex linked inheritance diseases
sex linked inhertance diseses - x linked - dominant -fragile x syndrome -recessive -.colour blindness
y linked- diseases- y cchromosome infertity
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05 sex-linked inheritance
This document discusses sex-linked traits and how traits on the X chromosome can be inherited. It provides examples of traits like hemophilia, color blindness and baldness which are more commonly expressed in males due to them only having one X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes so traits recessive on the X are less likely to be expressed phenotypically as females need two copies of the recessive allele. The document explains that while rare, it is possible for females to exhibit X-linked recessive traits if they inherit one recessive allele from their father and one from their mother who is a carrier.
Sexlinked1
X-linked traits show different patterns of inheritance in males and females due to females having two X chromosomes and males having one X chromosome and a Y chromosome. For X-linked recessive traits, males will always be affected if they inherit the mutated gene from their mother, while females will only be affected if they inherit the mutated gene from both parents. Examples of X-linked recessive traits include hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Fragile X syndrome is an example of an X-linked dominant trait where females can be affected by inheriting only one copy of the mutated gene.
Pedigree presentation
Based on the information provided, here are my responses:
- The inheritance pattern shown in this pedigree is autosomal recessive. Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene and follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
- III-1 is likely a carrier (heterozygous for a CF mutation). His wife is unlikely a carrier.
- III-2 and II-3 are also likely carriers since they each had an affected child but are unaffected themselves.
- The odds that IV-5 would have an affected son is 25% since each parent is a carrier. There is a 50% chance they would pass on a CF mutation to each child and a 25% chance both would
Pedigrees ppt notes full
This document provides information about pedigrees and genetic inheritance patterns. It defines genetic disorders as diseases caused by DNA mutations that are passed down from parents to children. There are three main modes of inheritance: autosomal dominant which only requires one copy of a gene, autosomal recessive which requires two copies, and sex-linked recessive which is on the X chromosome and usually only requires one copy in males. A pedigree is a family tree that traces the inheritance of a trait, with shapes and shading used to denote males, females, carriers and affected individuals. By analyzing patterns in a pedigree, like whether generations are skipped or if more males are affected, the mode of inheritance can be determined.
Complex Inheritance
This document discusses different forms of complex inheritance that do not follow Mendel's principles of simple dominance and recessiveness. It describes four types of complex inheritance: incomplete dominance where traits show a blend of parental phenotypes; co-dominance where both parental traits are expressed simultaneously in offspring; multiple alleles where a trait is influenced by more than two allele versions of a gene; and polygenic inheritance where a trait is influenced by multiple interacting genes.
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This document provides an overview of pedigree charts and how to interpret them. It discusses what a pedigree is, how to construct one using symbols to represent family members and their traits, and how to analyze a pedigree to determine if a trait is autosomal or X-linked, and dominant or recessive. It provides examples of filled-out pedigree charts and walks through interpreting them to find this information. The document also covers additional symbols that can be used in pedigrees and gives an example of Queen Victoria's descendants and the inheritance of hemophilia through her family tree.
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This Medicoapps Masterclass discusses about Pedigree Chart Analysis. Various Topics Discussed are given Below
1. What are the Various symbols used in Pedigree Chart Analysis ?
2. Classification of Various Types of Inheritance
3. Pedigree Chart Analysis of Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Pattern
4. Pedigree Chart Analysis of Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Pattern
5. Pedigree Chart Analysis of X Linked Dominant Inheritance Pattern
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This document summarizes different patterns of human inheritance including:
- Autosomal dominant traits where a single abnormal gene causes the trait. Examples given are Huntington's disease.
- Autosomal recessive traits which require two abnormal genes to show. Carriers have one abnormal gene. Examples given are Tay-Sachs disease and cystic fibrosis.
- Sex-linked traits located on the sex chromosomes. Examples given are colorblindness and hemophilia which are recessive and X-linked.
Pedigree
The document discusses pedigree analysis for determining inheritance patterns of genetic traits. It covers basic symbols used in pedigrees and different modes of inheritance including autosomal dominant and recessive, sex-linked, mitochondrial, maternal effect, sex-influenced, sex-limited, and multifactorial inheritance. Rules are provided for assigning genotypes to individuals in pedigrees and calculating probabilities of offspring being affected based on parental genotypes. Conditional probability calculations are also demonstrated to account for uncertainty in parental genotypes.
Sex – linked inheritance
Sex-linked disorders involve genes located on the X or Y chromosome. They are more commonly expressed in males because males only have one X chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes providing a backup gene that may counteract a recessive gene. Some examples of sex-linked disorders are color blindness and hemophilia, which are caused by recessive gene mutations on the X chromosome and predominantly affect males who have no second X chromosome to compensate.
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This document discusses sex-linked traits and recombination. It defines sex-linked traits as traits determined by genes on the sex chromosomes, with X-linked traits located on the X chromosome and Y-linked traits on the Y chromosome. It uses color blindness as an example of an X-linked recessive trait in humans. Males only need one recessive allele to express the trait, while females need two to manifest it. The document also defines sex-influenced and sex-limited traits, giving examples like baldness and milk production.
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- Allergies have a genetic component and children of parents with allergies have an increased chance of also having allergies.
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This Medicoapps Masterclass discusses about Pedigree Chart Analysis. Various Topics Discussed are given Below
1. What are the Various symbols used in Pedigree Chart Analysis ?
2. Classification of Various Types of Inheritance
3. Pedigree Chart Analysis of Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Pattern
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This document summarizes different patterns of human inheritance including:
- Autosomal dominant traits where a single abnormal gene causes the trait. Examples given are Huntington's disease.
- Autosomal recessive traits which require two abnormal genes to show. Carriers have one abnormal gene. Examples given are Tay-Sachs disease and cystic fibrosis.
- Sex-linked traits located on the sex chromosomes. Examples given are colorblindness and hemophilia which are recessive and X-linked.
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The document discusses pedigree analysis for determining inheritance patterns of genetic traits. It covers basic symbols used in pedigrees and different modes of inheritance including autosomal dominant and recessive, sex-linked, mitochondrial, maternal effect, sex-influenced, sex-limited, and multifactorial inheritance. Rules are provided for assigning genotypes to individuals in pedigrees and calculating probabilities of offspring being affected based on parental genotypes. Conditional probability calculations are also demonstrated to account for uncertainty in parental genotypes.
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Sex-linked disorders involve genes located on the X or Y chromosome. They are more commonly expressed in males because males only have one X chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes providing a backup gene that may counteract a recessive gene. Some examples of sex-linked disorders are color blindness and hemophilia, which are caused by recessive gene mutations on the X chromosome and predominantly affect males who have no second X chromosome to compensate.
Pedigree drawing 2014
This document contains the curriculum vitae of Dr. Jai Prakash Soni, who is a professor and head of unit IV at Dr. S.N. Medical College in Jodhpur, India. He received his MBBS in 1983 and MD in Pediatrics in 1987, both from Dr. S.N. Medical College. He has organized workshops on fetal medicine and interventional sonography. He has specialized training in pediatric cardiology from AIIMS in Delhi and has published 24 papers in national journals. His areas of special interest are pediatric cranial sonography and fetal echocardiography.
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This document discusses sex-linked traits and recombination. It defines sex-linked traits as traits determined by genes on the sex chromosomes, with X-linked traits located on the X chromosome and Y-linked traits on the Y chromosome. It uses color blindness as an example of an X-linked recessive trait in humans. Males only need one recessive allele to express the trait, while females need two to manifest it. The document also defines sex-influenced and sex-limited traits, giving examples like baldness and milk production.
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This document discusses different modes of inheritance including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive, and X-linked dominant inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance involves a 50% risk of passing on a trait with each pregnancy, affects both sexes equally, and shows no generational gaps. Autosomal recessive inheritance typically involves unaffected carrier parents who have a 25% risk of passing on the recessive trait with each pregnancy. X-linked recessive traits mainly affect males and carrier females have a 50% risk of passing the trait to sons or daughters, respectively. X-linked dominant traits affect females more than males.
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Chromosomes contain genes and determine inheritance patterns. During meiosis, chromosome pairs segregate and assort independently. Sex chromosomes determine biological sex - females are XX and males are XY. X-linked traits affect males more due to hemizygosity. Nondisjunction can result in chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome. Structural changes like inversions, translocations, deletions and duplications also impact inheritance. Linkage maps gene position and crossover frequency. Different modes of inheritance exist like autosomal dominant, recessive, and X-linked traits.
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This document discusses different types of sex-linked inheritance patterns. It defines sex-linked inheritance as inheritance determined by genes on the sex chromosomes. It describes x-linked dominant inheritance where if the mother is a carrier, 50% of sons and daughters will be affected, and if the father is a carrier, 100% of daughters will have the disorder but 0% of sons. It also discusses x-linked recessive inheritance where female carriers usually do not express the phenotype. Finally, it briefly mentions the rarity of y-linked inheritance occurring between fathers and sons.
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in this ppt i tried to show how to draw pedigree chart , sorry for my mistakes., everything given are taken from internet,
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This document discusses several heritable human traits and their patterns of inheritance:
- Handedness is inherited as a dominant trait with right-handedness dominant over left-handedness. Some traits like naturally curly hair and widow's peak hairline also follow this pattern.
- Allergies have a genetic component and children of parents with allergies have an increased chance of also having allergies.
- Colorblindness is sex-linked and inherited through a recessive X-chromosome gene, so it is more common in men.
- Pedigree charts are used to analyze inheritance patterns and determine if a trait is dominant, recessive, sex-linked, and the probability of it
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The document discusses several examples of genetic disorders including Marfan's syndrome, albinism, hairy ears, and hemophilia. For each example, it provides information on inheritance patterns, assigns genetic codes for alleles, describes how to genotype affected and normal individuals, and analyzes parent-offspring relationships to determine genotypes. The examples are used to illustrate autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive, and Y-linked inheritance.
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This document discusses patterns of genetic inheritance including autosomal recessive and dominant traits as well as sex-linked traits. It prompts the reader to write out genotypes of family members to determine which pattern fits based on which relatives have or do not have the trait. For one example, it is determined that the trait is autosomal recessive based on both parents being heterozygous and having an affected child.
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Multiple alleles.pptx
Multiple alleles occur when there are more than two alternative forms of a gene at a single locus. They arise through repeated mutation of the same gene. Examples include alleles for eye color in fruit flies and coat color in rabbits.
ABO blood groups in humans are determined by three alleles - IA, IB, and i. IA and IB are codominant and determine antigen A or B, while ii is recessive and results in type O blood.
In fruit flies, eye color is controlled by nearly 15 alleles including w for white and W for red. In rabbits, coat color alleles include C for full brown color, Cch for chinchilla gray, Ch for himalayan pattern, and c for albino
Non-medelian.ppt
This document discusses several types of non-Mendelian inheritance patterns, including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, and sex-linked traits. In incomplete dominance, a new phenotype appears as a blend of the dominant and recessive phenotypes in heterozygotes, such as pink flowers from crossing red and white. Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in heterozygotes, like black and white feathers on checkered chickens. Multiple alleles exist for some traits, such as the three blood type alleles in humans that result in A, B, AB, and O blood types. Problems are provided as examples for readers to work through crosses demonstrating these inheritance patterns.
Geneticcrosses 100331095339-phpapp01
This document discusses several genetic concepts including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, and multiple alleles. It provides examples for each concept. Incomplete dominance is when neither allele is fully dominant, resulting in an intermediate phenotype in heterozygotes. Codominance is when both alleles are expressed simultaneously in the heterozygote. Sex-linked traits are located on sex chromosomes, most often the X chromosome, resulting in different inheritance patterns between males and females. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, resulting in a range of possible phenotypes. Multiple alleles refers to traits with more than two possible alleles, such as blood types.
Multiple allele
Multiple alleles occur when there are more than two allelic forms of a given gene in a species. Examples include blood groups in humans and coat color in mice. The ABO blood group gene in humans has three alleles - IA, IB, and i - which determine blood types A, B, AB, and O. Coat color in mice is also determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus, with alleles for black, brown, agouti, gray, and albino hair colors exhibiting a dominance hierarchy. Multiple alleles always influence the same trait and occupy the same locus on chromosomes, with no crossing over between member alleles of a multiple allelic series.
Genetic -Parvin Mammadova
This document discusses several key concepts in theoretical genetics including genes, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant and recessive alleles, codominance, multiple alleles, sex chromosomes, and sex-linked traits. It provides examples of how traits like fur color in mice, blood types in humans, hemophilia, and color blindness are determined and inherited based on these genetic principles. The relationship between alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominance, and sex linkage are explained through examples involving crosses between organisms.
introduction to genetics final.pptx
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1850s and 1860s to study inheritance of traits. Through his experiments with over 28,000 pea plants, he discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors, now known as genes. Mendel identified that for each trait, organisms inherit one gene from each parent, and that some genes are dominant and will always be expressed while others are recessive and only expressed when the dominant gene is not present. His work formed the basis of classical genetics and established the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
27: 2 Human Traits
Human traits can be inherited in different ways. Dominant traits will show up if there is one dominant gene, while recessive traits require two recessive genes. Examples of incomplete dominance are pink snapdragons and people with both round and sickle-shaped blood cells. Sickle-cell anemia results when someone inherits two genes for sickle-shaped blood cells. Blood types are determined by the A, B, and O genes. Colorblindness is inherited through the X chromosome.
MIC150 - Chap 2 Extension Of Mendelian Genetics
This document discusses extensions of Mendelian genetics beyond simple dominant-recessive inheritance. It introduces concepts like codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, lethal alleles, and linked genes. Codominance occurs when both alleles for a gene are fully expressed in the heterozygote. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygote exhibits an intermediate phenotype between the homozygotes. Multiple alleles exist at a single gene locus with more than two allelic forms. Lethal alleles cause death if homozygous. Linked genes tend to be inherited together due to their proximity on the same chromosome.
Exceptions to mendel's laws
1) A test cross can reveal the genotype of an organism showing a dominant trait by crossing it with an individual expressing the recessive trait. The results will indicate if the trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
2) Exceptions to Mendel's laws include co-dominance where alleles are equally expressed, incomplete dominance where alleles are blended, multiple alleles where there can be more than two alleles for a trait, and lethal genes where a homozygous genotype results in death.
3) Examples include roan cattle coats which are both red and white from co-dominant alleles, pink snapdragons from incomplete dominance of red and white alleles, and mouse coat color where yellow is lethal in
complex inheritance
This document discusses different forms of complex inheritance that do not follow Mendel's principles of simple dominance and recessiveness. It describes four types of complex inheritance: incomplete dominance where traits show a blend of parental phenotypes; co-dominance where both parental traits are expressed simultaneously in offspring; multiple alleles where a trait is influenced by more than two alleles; and polygenic inheritance where a trait is influenced by multiple interacting genes.
Genetics non mendelian
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominant and recessive traits. It describes incomplete dominance, where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Codominance is defined as when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote without blending. Multiple alleles exist for some traits, where more than two alleles determine the phenotype. Sex linkage is explained, where traits are inherited through genes on the X or Y chromosomes. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple gene pairs and are usually continuous traits like height or skin color that are also affected by environment.
Basics of Genetics presented by waseem javid
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including:
- Gregor Mendel is considered the "Father of Genetics" and discovered the principles of inheritance including independent assortment.
- Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes, which are received in homologous pairs from each parent. Genes can be dominant, recessive, or codominant.
- A Punnett square can be used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross based on the parents' genotypes.
- Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having XX and males having XY. Sex-linked traits are located on the X chromosome.
- Pedigrees can represent the inheritance of traits through generations
Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 3 - Complete and Incomplete Dominance_Multiple all...
This document discusses different concepts related to genetics including complete and incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex determination.
It provides snapdragons with red, white, and pink flowers as an example of codominance, where the alleles for red (R) and white (r) both influence the phenotype and result in pink (Rr) flowers. It also gives human blood types as an example of multiple alleles, where the IA, IB, and Io alleles determine blood type A, B, AB, or O.
The document then provides a genetics problem asking for the possible blood groups of children from a mother with blood type A and a father with blood type B. It works through the
incompleteandcodominance.ppt
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when neither allele of a gene is fully dominant over the other. The heterozygous phenotype is a blending of the two homozygous phenotypes. For example, a cross between red and white flowers produces pink flowers.
2. Codominance occurs when both alleles of a gene are fully expressed in the heterozygote. The phenotype shows a combination of both traits. For example, in humans, a person with one allele for A blood and one for B blood has type AB blood and their red blood cells have both A and B antigens.
3. Human blood types (A, B, AB, O) demonstrate both codominance and multiple alleles at a single gene locus.
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Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 3 - Complete and Incomplete Dominance_Multiple all...
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More from arislantern
13 4 applications of genetic engineering
Genetic engineering can be used to modify cells and organisms by transferring genes. This includes creating transgenic bacteria, animals, and plants by introducing foreign DNA. Examples given are plants that produce pesticides, cotton resistant to herbicides, tobacco that produces human proteins, and mustard plants that create bioplastic. The first genetically modified primate, a monkey named ANDi, was also introduced. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell nucleus, implanted into a surrogate mother. Ethical issues around who decides what is "corrected" and modifying animals for human organ transplants were also raised.
13-3 cell transformation
This document discusses cell transformation, which is a change to a cell's DNA. It describes three methods of transforming cells:
1) Transforming bacteria cells using plasmids containing foreign DNA that can be inserted into the plasmid. The recombinant plasmids can then deliver the DNA into the bacterial cell.
2) Transforming plant cells either by using the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer recombinant plasmids, or by using a gene gun to inject DNA-coated particles into plant cells.
3) Transforming animal cells by injecting foreign DNA directly into egg nuclei, or using gene replacement to "knock out" an existing gene.
13-2 manipulating DNA
The document describes the basic techniques of genetic engineering which include extracting DNA from cells, cutting DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes, separating DNA fragments through gel electrophoresis, amplifying DNA through polymerase chain reaction, and making recombinant DNA by cutting and recombining DNA from different species and inserting it into host cells. These techniques allow scientists to isolate, modify, and transfer genes between organisms.
12-4
This document discusses different types of mutations including gene mutations and chromosomal mutations. It describes point mutations such as single base substitutions, insertions, and deletions as well as frameshift mutations that can occur from insertions or deletions. It also discusses chromosomal mutations like duplications, inversions, translocations, and deletions. Non-disjunction during meiosis can result in aneuploidy with an extra or missing chromosome. Mutations can be harmful and cause genetic disorders or cancer, but some are beneficial and lead to evolution or traits in polyploid plants. Examples of genetic disorders and polyploid crops are also provided.
12-3
The DNA base code that codes for the amino acid recognized by the tRNA with the anticodon UAC would be TAC. This is because:
- The tRNA anticodon UAC pairs with the mRNA codon AUG
- In DNA, T pairs with A and A pairs with U
- Therefore, the complementary DNA sequence that would code for the mRNA codon AUG is TAC.
So the DNA base code for the amino acid recognized by the tRNA with anticodon UAC is TAC.
12-2
The document summarizes DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotes, DNA replication begins at a single point and proceeds bidirectionally along the circular chromosome. In eukaryotes, replication begins at many sites and also proceeds bidirectionally along the linear chromosomes, which are packaged into nucleosomes and further condensed into chromatin. The semi-conservative model of replication is described, in which the parental DNA strands separate and each serves as a template for a new complementary strand.
12 1
Griffith's transformation experiments showed that a component from dead S strain bacteria could transform live R strain bacteria to the S strain, causing disease. Avery later showed that the transforming factor was DNA. Hershey and Chase's experiment, using radioactive labeling of bacteriophage DNA and protein, demonstrated that DNA, not protein, entered the bacterial cell and was responsible for heredity transfer. Together, these experiments provided strong evidence that DNA is the genetic material.
11_4
Meiosis produces gametes through two rounds of cell division beginning with one diploid cell and ending with four haploid cells. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, further dividing the cell and its genetic material. The steps of crossing over and independent assortment in meiosis I contribute to genetic variation among gametes and offspring.
11 1 2012-h
DNA is copied when mitosis or meiosis begins, forming new cells with identical or varying chromosomes. Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s and discovered that traits are inherited as discrete units called factors, now known as genes, which segregate independently during gamete formation according to his laws of inheritance. His work established the foundations of classical genetics.
11 5 linkage
1) Gene linkage refers to genes that are located on the same chromosome and are usually inherited together into the same gametes. It is the chromosomes, not individual genes, that assort independently.
2) Linked genes may separate into different gametes during crossing over, which occurs more frequently between genes that are farther apart on the same chromosome.
3) A gene map shows the relative locations of known genes on a chromosome but not their exact positions.
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11 3
- 1. • Incomplete Dominance – One allele is not completely dominant over the other. – Offspring shows blending phenotype – Eg: White flower crosses with a red = pink flower.
- 2. Beyond Dominant and Recessive • Codominance – Both alleles contribute to the phenotype. – Eg: Red cow X White Cow = Roan Cow. – Eg: blood type I A IA IB IB genotype or or I A IB ii IA i IB i phenotype phenotype A B AB O
- 3. Beyond Dominant and Recessive • Multiple Alleles Full – One gene have more than two alleles – Eg: Rabbit coat color, four alleles: • C > cch > ch> c – Eg: blood type, three alleles • IA = IB > i
- 8. • Polygenic traits – Several genes control the trait. – Wide range phenotypes. – Eg: Skin color, height
- 9. Beyond Dominant and Recessive • Sex linkage (x-linked) – Some genes are present on the X chromosome but missing on the shorter Y chromosome.
- 10. Beyond Dominant and Recessive 1) Color blindness – more common in males than in females.
- 12. Beyond Dominant and Recessive 2) Haemophilia – unable to clot blood
Editor's Notes
- It is defined generally as an even mixture of white and pigmented hairs that does not "gray out" or fade as the animal ages
- The genotype AaBbCc would produce the same skin color as any other genotype with just three dark-skin alleles, such as AABbcc
- A person with normal color vision can see more than 150 colors. In contrast, some one with red green color blindness can see fewer than 25. For some affected people, red appear grray, others see gray instead of green