The document provides information on heredity and genetics concepts. It defines hereditary traits, chromosomes, genes, alleles, genotypes and phenotypes. It introduces Mendel's laws of inheritance and describes monohybrid crosses. Genetic crosses are modeled using Punnett squares and concepts like dominance, segregation and independent assortment are explained. The document also discusses determining genotypes through test crosses and how the environment can influence phenotypes.
This document provides an overview of pedigree charts and how to interpret them. It discusses what a pedigree is, how to construct one using symbols to represent family members and their traits, and how to analyze a pedigree to determine if a trait is autosomal or X-linked, and dominant or recessive. It provides examples of filled-out pedigree charts and walks through interpreting them to find this information. The document also covers additional symbols that can be used in pedigrees and gives an example of Queen Victoria's descendants and the inheritance of hemophilia through her family tree.
This document contains a series of slides explaining X-linked inheritance patterns. It begins with slides showing the human chromosomes and sex chromosomes. It then describes X-linked recessive inheritance when the mother is a carrier or the father has the condition. Next, it covers X-linked dominant inheritance when the mother has the condition. For X-linked dominant, affected sons may not survive and fewer sons than expected may be seen in families. The document aims to teach genetics through these inheritance pattern examples.
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell. Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division: Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and reduces the chromosome number by half, and Meiosis II separates sister chromatids. This allows for genetic variation in the gametes and maintains the chromosome number between generations.
The document summarizes key concepts in chromosomal inheritance from early experiments in fruit flies to human applications. It describes how Morgan's experiments with fruit flies established that genes are located on chromosomes and can be linked or unlinked. The text also explains sex determination, sex-linked traits and disorders, and how alterations in chromosome number or structure can cause conditions like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome.
Extensions of Mendelian inheritance include:
1) Multiple alleles, codominance, incomplete dominance, and polygenic traits which do not follow Mendel's single gene dominant/recessive model.
2) Genetic interactions between non-allelic genes on different loci, known as epistasis, and environmental factors can influence gene expression.
3) Lethal alleles exist which result in death for organisms with certain gene mutations.
Chapter 15: Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
15.1 Morgan showed that Mendelian inheritance has its physical
basis in the behavior of chromosomes: Scientific inquiry
15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
15.3 Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause
some genetic disorders
15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard
Mendelian inheritance
This document discusses several single-gene disorders including cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, fragile X syndrome, Huntington's disease, and muscular dystrophy. It provides details on the genetics, symptoms, inheritance patterns, and impact of each disorder. References are also included at the end related to catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome.
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance for genetic conditions:
- Autosomal dominant requires only one copy of the mutated gene to cause the condition, affecting both sexes equally. Examples given are Progeria and Huntington's disease.
- Autosomal recessive requires two copies of the mutated gene to cause the condition, can skip generations, and affects both sexes equally. Examples given are albinism and Tay-Sachs disease.
- X-linked recessive mainly affects males and can skip generations as fathers pass the gene to daughters but not sons. Examples given are hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- X-linked dominant affects females more than males, with fathers passing the gene to
This document provides an overview of pedigree charts and how to interpret them. It discusses what a pedigree is, how to construct one using symbols to represent family members and their traits, and how to analyze a pedigree to determine if a trait is autosomal or X-linked, and dominant or recessive. It provides examples of filled-out pedigree charts and walks through interpreting them to find this information. The document also covers additional symbols that can be used in pedigrees and gives an example of Queen Victoria's descendants and the inheritance of hemophilia through her family tree.
This document contains a series of slides explaining X-linked inheritance patterns. It begins with slides showing the human chromosomes and sex chromosomes. It then describes X-linked recessive inheritance when the mother is a carrier or the father has the condition. Next, it covers X-linked dominant inheritance when the mother has the condition. For X-linked dominant, affected sons may not survive and fewer sons than expected may be seen in families. The document aims to teach genetics through these inheritance pattern examples.
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell. Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division: Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and reduces the chromosome number by half, and Meiosis II separates sister chromatids. This allows for genetic variation in the gametes and maintains the chromosome number between generations.
The document summarizes key concepts in chromosomal inheritance from early experiments in fruit flies to human applications. It describes how Morgan's experiments with fruit flies established that genes are located on chromosomes and can be linked or unlinked. The text also explains sex determination, sex-linked traits and disorders, and how alterations in chromosome number or structure can cause conditions like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome.
Extensions of Mendelian inheritance include:
1) Multiple alleles, codominance, incomplete dominance, and polygenic traits which do not follow Mendel's single gene dominant/recessive model.
2) Genetic interactions between non-allelic genes on different loci, known as epistasis, and environmental factors can influence gene expression.
3) Lethal alleles exist which result in death for organisms with certain gene mutations.
Chapter 15: Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
15.1 Morgan showed that Mendelian inheritance has its physical
basis in the behavior of chromosomes: Scientific inquiry
15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
15.3 Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause
some genetic disorders
15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard
Mendelian inheritance
This document discusses several single-gene disorders including cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, fragile X syndrome, Huntington's disease, and muscular dystrophy. It provides details on the genetics, symptoms, inheritance patterns, and impact of each disorder. References are also included at the end related to catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome.
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance for genetic conditions:
- Autosomal dominant requires only one copy of the mutated gene to cause the condition, affecting both sexes equally. Examples given are Progeria and Huntington's disease.
- Autosomal recessive requires two copies of the mutated gene to cause the condition, can skip generations, and affects both sexes equally. Examples given are albinism and Tay-Sachs disease.
- X-linked recessive mainly affects males and can skip generations as fathers pass the gene to daughters but not sons. Examples given are hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- X-linked dominant affects females more than males, with fathers passing the gene to
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance including:
1. Dominant and recessive genes and how they determine traits like coat color in mice.
2. Lethal alleles that cause death in homozygous dominant genotypes.
3. Incomplete dominance and codominance where both alleles are partially or fully expressed.
4. Sex linkage and how traits on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
It also discusses environmental influences on gene expression and abnormal chromosome numbers leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It is a broad discipline that includes molecular genetics, transmission genetics, population genetics, and many other fields. Some key areas of genetics are molecular genetics, which studies genes at the molecular level; transmission genetics, which explores inheritance patterns; population genetics, which studies genetic variation in populations; and quantitative genetics, which examines continuously measured traits. Genetics interfaces with disciplines like biochemistry, molecular biology, and evolution and has applications in areas such as agriculture, medicine, and conservation.
Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 4 - Examples of Gene and Chromosome Mutations and ...j3di79
Mutations are permanent changes in DNA that can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or random chance during DNA replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which cause conditions like albinism and sickle cell anemia, and chromosome mutations, such as Down syndrome. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation that results in abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to take on a sickle shape and leading to health issues. While normally harmful, the sickle cell mutation provides resistance to malaria, giving carriers an advantage in malaria-prone regions.
This document discusses several non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance including lack of dominance where the heterozygous phenotype differs from the homozygous phenotypes, multiple alleles where a single gene can have more than two alleles, pleiotropy where a single gene influences multiple traits, lethal genes which cause death, sex-linked inheritance determined by genes on sex chromosomes, gene interactions between two or more genes, complementary genes which act together to determine a trait, epistasis where one gene inhibits another, polygenic inheritance where multiple genes influence a trait, and pedigree analysis to trace traits within a family.
DNA is made up of nucleotides that contain deoxyribose, phosphates, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. DNA takes the shape of a double helix with the bases on the inside pairing up via hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. This structure was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography photos, though she was not recognized at the time. DNA encodes the instructions for life and has many applications today including cloning, genetic engineering, forensics, and medical diagnosis.
Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments in the mid-19th century laid the groundwork for genetics by demonstrating that traits are passed from parents to offspring via discrete units of inheritance called genes. The document defines genetic terminology like alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant/recessive traits, and describes Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It also discusses sex-linked inheritance and variations like incomplete dominance and polygenic traits. Common human genetic disorders are reviewed including examples like sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
This document provides information on genetic concepts including genes, DNA, chromosomes, genotypes and phenotypes. It defines key terms and describes patterns of inheritance such as dominant, recessive, X-linked, autosomal and codominant traits. Examples are given of human genetic disorders and their inheritance patterns. Questions at the end test understanding of calculating inheritance probabilities and determining modes of inheritance from pedigree charts.
1. Incomplete dominance and codominance are genetic concepts where the phenotype of the offspring is not fully dominated by one allele. An example is pink flowers from white and red parent flowers.
2. Codominance is when the offspring shows traits of both parents, like a checkered chicken from a black and white parent.
3. Multiple alleles exist when more than two alleles control a trait, such as blood types A, B, AB, and O in humans which are determined by proteins on red blood cells.
Pedigree analysis is an important tool for studying inherited diseases in human families. It allows inferences about genotypes and predictions about phenotypes in offspring. A pedigree is presented showing a family with cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive trait. Based on the pedigree, it can be determined that individuals II-3 and III-4 must have the genotype "aa" and their parents must have each contributed an "a" allele. The other individuals could be either genotype AA or Aa.
The document discusses multiple alleles in the context of ABO blood groups. It explains that ABO blood groups are controlled by a gene that has three allelic forms - IA, IB, and i - which produce different sugars and determine the presence of antigens and antibodies. Depending on the combination of alleles, an individual can have one of four blood types - A, B, AB, or O - which determines what blood types can be accepted in a transfusion.
Human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one chromosome of each pair inherited from each parent. Chromosomes are made of DNA and contain genes arranged in linear order that encode for proteins. Alterations in genes or chromosomes, such as changes in chromosome number like trisomies, or structural changes like deletions, can alter the amount or sequence of proteins produced and cause diseases.
This document contains a PowerPoint presentation on X chromosome inactivation. It includes diagrams illustrating X inactivation, a slide showing Barr bodies with inactive X chromatin, and discusses the clinical implications of X inactivation. Some of the clinical implications addressed are why it can be difficult to determine genes located at the tips of the X and Y chromosomes through linkage studies and why not all women have features of Turner syndrome if one X chromosome is inactivated.
This document discusses several non-Mendelian inheritance patterns including incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting. It provides examples like red and white snapdragon crosses that produce pink flowers to illustrate intermediate inheritance. Dosage compensation and genomic imprinting modify nuclear genes or chromosomes during early development.
Genetic disorders can be caused by mutations to genes or entire chromosomes. Gene defects affect a single gene and protein, while chromosomal defects impact many genes on an affected chromosome. Genetic disorders are inherited in autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or sex-linked patterns. Karyotyping allows detection of chromosomal mutations like monosomy, trisomy, deletions, and translocations that cause many genetic disorders by disrupting multiple genes.
This document discusses Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics and heredity. Through controlled experiments breeding pea plants, Mendel discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes). He found that some traits are dominant over others, and that traits assort independently during reproduction according to predictable numerical ratios. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical genetics and demonstrated that heredity obeys basic scientific laws.
Gene mutations can occur when there is a change in the DNA code, such as a substitution, insertion, or deletion of nucleotide bases. Substitution mutations, where one base is swapped for another, typically have the smallest effect since only one amino acid may change. Insertion and deletion mutations, which add or remove bases, can have larger effects by disrupting the reading frame of the entire DNA sequence. An example is sickle cell anemia, a substitution mutation that causes red blood cells to take on a sickle shape.
This document discusses the diagnosis of genetic diseases. It begins by explaining genetics and DNA structure. It then discusses the different types of genetic disorders including single gene mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, and multifactorial disorders. It describes different inheritance patterns and provides examples of genetic diseases. The document finishes by outlining various diagnostic techniques used for genetic testing including cytogenetics, polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and next-generation sequencing.
This document summarizes the history of genetics and important scientists throughout its development. It describes the contributions of Charles Darwin and his theory of natural selection, Gregor Mendel and his laws of inheritance, Oswald Avery et al proving DNA is the genetic material, and Francis Crick and James Watson solving the double helix structure of DNA. Overall, it traces genetics from early theories to establishing DNA as the molecule of heredity.
MENDELE'S EXPERIMNENT AND TERMINOLOGY, BY MR. DINABANDHU BARAD, MSC TUTOR, DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRIC, SUM NURSING COLLEGE, SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
This document provides information on inheritance and variation. It discusses two types of variation: continuous variation which is influenced by both genes and environment, and discontinuous variation which is solely due to genes. Examples like height and skin color are used to illustrate continuous variation, while blood type demonstrates discontinuous variation. The role of chromosomes, DNA, genes, and mutations in inheritance and causing variation are also explained. Sickle cell anemia is presented as an example of a condition resulting from a gene mutation.
This document outlines Singapore's BY(i)TES self-assessment tool for schools to evaluate their implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) for learning and teaching. The tool measures performance across three domains: school leaders, teachers, and students. It provides levels 1-4 for subdomain indicators within each domain. All teachers are required to craft an ICT lesson targeting levels 3-4 and submit it for review. Scores on each indicator and domain will be averaged to determine an overall BY(i)TES score for the school. Revision lessons using a new learning management system must also be created by teachers and made available to students by specified dates.
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance including:
1. Dominant and recessive genes and how they determine traits like coat color in mice.
2. Lethal alleles that cause death in homozygous dominant genotypes.
3. Incomplete dominance and codominance where both alleles are partially or fully expressed.
4. Sex linkage and how traits on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
It also discusses environmental influences on gene expression and abnormal chromosome numbers leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It is a broad discipline that includes molecular genetics, transmission genetics, population genetics, and many other fields. Some key areas of genetics are molecular genetics, which studies genes at the molecular level; transmission genetics, which explores inheritance patterns; population genetics, which studies genetic variation in populations; and quantitative genetics, which examines continuously measured traits. Genetics interfaces with disciplines like biochemistry, molecular biology, and evolution and has applications in areas such as agriculture, medicine, and conservation.
Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 4 - Examples of Gene and Chromosome Mutations and ...j3di79
Mutations are permanent changes in DNA that can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or random chance during DNA replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which cause conditions like albinism and sickle cell anemia, and chromosome mutations, such as Down syndrome. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation that results in abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to take on a sickle shape and leading to health issues. While normally harmful, the sickle cell mutation provides resistance to malaria, giving carriers an advantage in malaria-prone regions.
This document discusses several non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance including lack of dominance where the heterozygous phenotype differs from the homozygous phenotypes, multiple alleles where a single gene can have more than two alleles, pleiotropy where a single gene influences multiple traits, lethal genes which cause death, sex-linked inheritance determined by genes on sex chromosomes, gene interactions between two or more genes, complementary genes which act together to determine a trait, epistasis where one gene inhibits another, polygenic inheritance where multiple genes influence a trait, and pedigree analysis to trace traits within a family.
DNA is made up of nucleotides that contain deoxyribose, phosphates, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. DNA takes the shape of a double helix with the bases on the inside pairing up via hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. This structure was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography photos, though she was not recognized at the time. DNA encodes the instructions for life and has many applications today including cloning, genetic engineering, forensics, and medical diagnosis.
Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments in the mid-19th century laid the groundwork for genetics by demonstrating that traits are passed from parents to offspring via discrete units of inheritance called genes. The document defines genetic terminology like alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant/recessive traits, and describes Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It also discusses sex-linked inheritance and variations like incomplete dominance and polygenic traits. Common human genetic disorders are reviewed including examples like sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
This document provides information on genetic concepts including genes, DNA, chromosomes, genotypes and phenotypes. It defines key terms and describes patterns of inheritance such as dominant, recessive, X-linked, autosomal and codominant traits. Examples are given of human genetic disorders and their inheritance patterns. Questions at the end test understanding of calculating inheritance probabilities and determining modes of inheritance from pedigree charts.
1. Incomplete dominance and codominance are genetic concepts where the phenotype of the offspring is not fully dominated by one allele. An example is pink flowers from white and red parent flowers.
2. Codominance is when the offspring shows traits of both parents, like a checkered chicken from a black and white parent.
3. Multiple alleles exist when more than two alleles control a trait, such as blood types A, B, AB, and O in humans which are determined by proteins on red blood cells.
Pedigree analysis is an important tool for studying inherited diseases in human families. It allows inferences about genotypes and predictions about phenotypes in offspring. A pedigree is presented showing a family with cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive trait. Based on the pedigree, it can be determined that individuals II-3 and III-4 must have the genotype "aa" and their parents must have each contributed an "a" allele. The other individuals could be either genotype AA or Aa.
The document discusses multiple alleles in the context of ABO blood groups. It explains that ABO blood groups are controlled by a gene that has three allelic forms - IA, IB, and i - which produce different sugars and determine the presence of antigens and antibodies. Depending on the combination of alleles, an individual can have one of four blood types - A, B, AB, or O - which determines what blood types can be accepted in a transfusion.
Human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one chromosome of each pair inherited from each parent. Chromosomes are made of DNA and contain genes arranged in linear order that encode for proteins. Alterations in genes or chromosomes, such as changes in chromosome number like trisomies, or structural changes like deletions, can alter the amount or sequence of proteins produced and cause diseases.
This document contains a PowerPoint presentation on X chromosome inactivation. It includes diagrams illustrating X inactivation, a slide showing Barr bodies with inactive X chromatin, and discusses the clinical implications of X inactivation. Some of the clinical implications addressed are why it can be difficult to determine genes located at the tips of the X and Y chromosomes through linkage studies and why not all women have features of Turner syndrome if one X chromosome is inactivated.
This document discusses several non-Mendelian inheritance patterns including incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting. It provides examples like red and white snapdragon crosses that produce pink flowers to illustrate intermediate inheritance. Dosage compensation and genomic imprinting modify nuclear genes or chromosomes during early development.
Genetic disorders can be caused by mutations to genes or entire chromosomes. Gene defects affect a single gene and protein, while chromosomal defects impact many genes on an affected chromosome. Genetic disorders are inherited in autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or sex-linked patterns. Karyotyping allows detection of chromosomal mutations like monosomy, trisomy, deletions, and translocations that cause many genetic disorders by disrupting multiple genes.
This document discusses Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics and heredity. Through controlled experiments breeding pea plants, Mendel discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes). He found that some traits are dominant over others, and that traits assort independently during reproduction according to predictable numerical ratios. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical genetics and demonstrated that heredity obeys basic scientific laws.
Gene mutations can occur when there is a change in the DNA code, such as a substitution, insertion, or deletion of nucleotide bases. Substitution mutations, where one base is swapped for another, typically have the smallest effect since only one amino acid may change. Insertion and deletion mutations, which add or remove bases, can have larger effects by disrupting the reading frame of the entire DNA sequence. An example is sickle cell anemia, a substitution mutation that causes red blood cells to take on a sickle shape.
This document discusses the diagnosis of genetic diseases. It begins by explaining genetics and DNA structure. It then discusses the different types of genetic disorders including single gene mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, and multifactorial disorders. It describes different inheritance patterns and provides examples of genetic diseases. The document finishes by outlining various diagnostic techniques used for genetic testing including cytogenetics, polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and next-generation sequencing.
This document summarizes the history of genetics and important scientists throughout its development. It describes the contributions of Charles Darwin and his theory of natural selection, Gregor Mendel and his laws of inheritance, Oswald Avery et al proving DNA is the genetic material, and Francis Crick and James Watson solving the double helix structure of DNA. Overall, it traces genetics from early theories to establishing DNA as the molecule of heredity.
MENDELE'S EXPERIMNENT AND TERMINOLOGY, BY MR. DINABANDHU BARAD, MSC TUTOR, DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRIC, SUM NURSING COLLEGE, SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
This document provides information on inheritance and variation. It discusses two types of variation: continuous variation which is influenced by both genes and environment, and discontinuous variation which is solely due to genes. Examples like height and skin color are used to illustrate continuous variation, while blood type demonstrates discontinuous variation. The role of chromosomes, DNA, genes, and mutations in inheritance and causing variation are also explained. Sickle cell anemia is presented as an example of a condition resulting from a gene mutation.
This document outlines Singapore's BY(i)TES self-assessment tool for schools to evaluate their implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) for learning and teaching. The tool measures performance across three domains: school leaders, teachers, and students. It provides levels 1-4 for subdomain indicators within each domain. All teachers are required to craft an ICT lesson targeting levels 3-4 and submit it for review. Scores on each indicator and domain will be averaged to determine an overall BY(i)TES score for the school. Revision lessons using a new learning management system must also be created by teachers and made available to students by specified dates.
El profesor explica bien los temas antes de empezar las tareas. A veces se enoja cuando los estudiantes lo interrumpen. La clase es interesante cuando tratan temas nuevos y hacen trabajos en sus blogs, pero se pone aburrida si no hay internet y tienen que escribir textos largos.
This document contains images and names of different types of animals including a frog, parrot, beetle, angelfish, toad, quail, cockroach, crocodile, cat, clownfish, snake, and chimpanzee. The animals appear to be grouped for an activity to teach students about different animal classifications.
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the central nucleus, while electrons orbit in shells surrounding the nucleus. Each atom of an element has a unique number of protons, called the proton number or atomic number. The total number of protons and neutrons is the nucleon number or mass number. Specifying both the nucleon and proton numbers uniquely identifies an element and its isotope.
Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution proposed by Darwin in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. It describes how traits that aid survival in an organism's environment become more common over generations as those organisms are more likely to reproduce. Variations in heritable traits within a population mean some individuals are better suited to the environment and more likely to survive and pass on their traits, such as grey mice being less visible to predators in a parking lot than white mice.
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts related to cat coat colors, including:
- Monohybrid and multiple allele inheritance patterns that determine coat colors like black, dilution, orange.
- Co-dominance seen in cremello, albino, and piebald spotting alleles.
- Epistasis between orange and black alleles.
- Sex-linked inheritance of orange allele.
- Pleiotropic effects of genes like white spotting on coat color and hearing.
The goal is for students to understand these concepts and predict outcomes of cat breeding crosses.
The document defines key genetics terms like heredity, DNA, genes and discusses different types of cell reproduction. It explains that asexual reproduction involves cell division to produce offspring identical to the parent, while sexual reproduction combines genetic material from two parents to create offspring that are not identical but can adapt to changes. Different asexual reproduction methods like budding, fragmentation and spore formation are outlined. The document also reviews mitosis and provides links about cloning applications in animals, stem cells and humans. Homework questions on specific pages are assigned.
This document discusses several examples of traits that are controlled by multiple alleles rather than just two alleles. It describes human blood types which are controlled by the A, B, and O alleles. Coat color in rabbits is another example, with agouti, chinchilla, himalayan, and albino colors each denoting specific alleles. Sex-linked traits like hemophilia and color blindness are discussed along with examples of inheritance patterns and genetic crosses. Baldness is presented as a sex-influenced trait where the bald allele behaves dominantly in males due to higher testosterone levels.
This document discusses DNA, genes, chromosomes, and how genetic information is passed from parents to offspring. It explains that DNA contains instructions in the form of genes for making proteins. Genes are located on chromosomes and are passed through sperm and egg cells during reproduction. Offspring receive half their chromosomes from each parent. The document also summarizes several human genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes.
Genetic variation between organisms of the same species is caused by mutations in genes. Mutations can occur in germ cells, which are passed down to offspring, or in somatic cells. Mutations may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial to an organism's survival and ability to reproduce. Harmful mutations reduce reproduction chances and are less likely to be passed on. Neutral mutations may be passed on over generations without effect. Beneficial mutations increase survival and reproduction, proliferating in future generations.
The document discusses the scientific concepts of expansion and contraction as they relate to solids, liquids, and gases. When solids, liquids, and gases gain heat, they expand in size. When they lose heat, they contract. Experiments are described where a ball expands too large to fit through a ring upon heating, water levels rise in a flask placed in hot water but fall in cold water, and red ink levels rise in a boiling tube with heated air but fall with cooled air. The key lesson is that all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. Examples of expansion in daily life include gaps left in concrete slabs and bridges.
Multiple alleles occur when there are more than two allelic forms of a given gene in a species. Examples include blood groups in humans and coat color in mice. The ABO blood group gene in humans has three alleles - IA, IB, and i - which determine blood types A, B, AB, and O. Coat color in mice is also determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus, with alleles for black, brown, agouti, gray, and albino hair colors exhibiting a dominance hierarchy. Multiple alleles always influence the same trait and occupy the same locus on chromosomes, with no crossing over between member alleles of a multiple allelic series.
1) Energy from the sun is absorbed by producers like plants through photosynthesis and converted into chemical energy in sugars. 2) Consumers obtain this energy by eating producers or other consumers. 3) Decomposers break down dead organisms, releasing nutrients back into the environment and completing the energy cycle.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance through a series of diagrams and explanations. It discusses how traits are passed down from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. The concepts of dominant and recessive alleles are introduced, along with how Gregor Mendel used pea plants to discover the basic principles of heredity and develop the idea of inheritance through experiments involving monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Punnett squares are also explained as a tool to predict inheritance probabilities.
The document discusses the composition of air and the human respiratory system. Air is made up mostly of nitrogen and oxygen, with smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gases. The human respiratory system includes the lungs, windpipe, and diaphragm. The lungs take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide as they breathe. Other organisms like fish, plants and mammals also exchange gases to breathe and photosynthesize or respire.
Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is used for growth and repair. Meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid gametes and is required for sexual reproduction. It involves two cell divisions: meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and meiosis II separates sister chromatids. Errors in meiosis can result in aneuploidy and conditions like Down syndrome.
The document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance. Some key points:
1) Genetics describes how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. Genes contain DNA instructions that determine traits.
2) An individual inherits half their chromosomes and genes from each parent. These genes may be dominant or recessive.
3) Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the 1800s established the basic principles of heredity and inheritance through dominant and recessive alleles.
4) Punnett squares can predict the probability of offspring inheriting different traits based on the parents' genotypes. Mendel demonstrated dominant and recessive inheritance through his pea plant experiments.
This document provides information about DNA, including its structure and function. It discusses that DNA contains genes which provide instructions passed down from parents and encoded in chromosomes. The key discoveries are outlined, including that DNA was shown to be made of nucleotides through the work of scientists like Hershey and Chase, and the double helix structure of DNA was elucidated by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's X-ray images. Applications of DNA knowledge like cloning, creating transgenic organisms, and using recombinant bacteria are also summarized.
The document discusses genes that have multiple alleles (polyallelic). It provides examples of genes involved in tissue typing and immune system functions that are polyallelic. A specific example discussed is the ABO blood type system, which is controlled by a triallelic gene that determines the A, B, and O blood antigens. The genotypes and phenotypes of the different blood types are presented, and compatibility for blood transfusions based on antigen-antibody reactions is explained.
This document discusses Mendelian genetics and inheritance. It introduces key genetic concepts such as alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, homozygous and heterozygous, dominant and recessive traits. It describes Mendel's three laws of inheritance: dominance, segregation and independent assortment. It provides examples of monohybrid crosses involving traits with dominant and recessive alleles, including homozygous and heterozygous crosses. It also discusses the use of test crosses to determine genotype and the concept of co-dominance.
General Biology 2 W3L3 Inheritance and Variations.pptJeffrey Alemania
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance. It introduces key genetic concepts such as alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, homozygous and heterozygous. It summarizes Mendel's three laws of inheritance: dominance, segregation and independent assortment. It explains how to use genetic crosses, including homozygous crosses that result in heterozygous offspring, and heterozygous crosses that result in a 3:1 ratio. It also describes how to use a test cross to determine if an organism with a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous. Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns are briefly mentioned.
The idea of chromosomal Linkage. It starts with understanding the Mendel's law of segregation and Independent assortment and later discusses why certain traits does not follows 9:3:3:1 ratio as in Mendel's law of Independent assortment. Also briefly covers the Genetic mapping and phenotypic mapping unit.
Genetics
-. Basic Principles of Mendelian Genetics and Patterns of Inheritance
-Molecular Genetics & Inheritance
-. Protein Synthesis
- Mutations
-. Manipulation of DNA
-. ABO blood groups and Rh Factors
Evolution
- Theories on the origin of life on Earth
-. Theories of Evolution
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1860s and was the first to deduce the fundamental principles of genetics and heredity. Through his work with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel discovered that traits are transmitted from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) which segregate and assort independently during reproduction. His findings established the basic principles of inheritance and provided the foundation for modern genetics.
The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that laid the foundation for the modern understanding of genetics and heredity. It discusses Mendel's observations of inherited traits in pea plants and how this led him to discover the three laws of inheritance: 1) the law of dominance, 2) the law of segregation, and 3) the law of independent assortment. It also explains some of Mendel's experimental methods and variables he controlled that contributed to his success, such as choosing simple and contrasting traits to study. Finally, it provides examples of genetic crosses and inheritance patterns including monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares.
This document provides an overview of genetics and summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants. It discusses key genetics concepts like heredity, variation, factors/genes, phenotypes, genotypes, dominance, and segregation. It describes Mendel's monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and how they led to his laws of inheritance - the law of dominance and the law of independent assortment. Mendel's work established genetics as a field and provided the foundation for modern understanding of heredity.
This document discusses genetics and inheritance. It defines key genetic terms like heredity, genetics, traits, genes, alleles, dominant/recessive alleles, heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype and genotype. It explains Mendel's principles of heredity through monohybrid crosses using pea plants and Punnett squares. A monohybrid cross of tall and dwarf plants results in all tall offspring in the F1 generation and a 3:1 phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation. Pedigrees are used to track inherited human traits through families.
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
heredity and evolution class
Gregor Mendel discovered the principles of genetics through experiments breeding pea plants. He found that heritable factors (now called genes) are passed from parents to offspring, and that these factors segregate and assort independently during gamete formation. This results in a predictable pattern of inheritance for single traits (Mendel's law of segregation) and combinations of traits (Mendel's law of independent assortment), which can be explained using rules of probability. Mendel's discoveries established the foundations of classical genetics.
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1860s to discover the principles of heredity. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel deduced two laws of inheritance: 1) The Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate and are passed to gametes independently, resulting in a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio. 2) The Law of Independent Assortment states that different genes assort independently, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio for dihybrid crosses. Mendel's laws demonstrated that heredity follows predictable statistical patterns and established the foundations of classical genetics.
Genetics: The study of heredity.
Heredity is the relations between successive generations.
Why do children look a little bit like their parents but also different?What is responsible for these similarities and differences? this slides try to explain why these things are happening.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts taught in Campbell & Reece's chapters 14 and 15. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits, segregation of alleles, and genetic crosses. It also explains additional genetics topics such as sex determination, sex-linked inheritance, and disorders caused by recessive sex-linked alleles.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts taught in Campbell & Reece's chapters 14 and 15. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits, segregation of alleles, and his laws of inheritance. The document also explains monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, sex determination, and inheritance of sex-linked genes.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts taught in Campbell & Reece's chapters 14 and 15. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits, segregation of alleles, and his laws of inheritance. The document also explains monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, sex determination, and inheritance of sex-linked genes.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts taught in Campbell & Reece's chapters 14 and 15. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits, segregation of alleles, and his laws of inheritance. The document also explains monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, sex determination, and inheritance of sex-linked genes.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts taught in Campbell & Reece's chapters 14 and 15. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits, segregation of alleles, and genetic crosses. It also explains additional genetics topics such as sex determination, sex-linked inheritance, and disorders caused by recessive sex-linked alleles.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts taught in Campbell & Reece's chapters 14 and 15. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits, segregation of alleles, and genetic crosses. It also explains additional genetics topics such as sex determination, sex-linked inheritance, and disorders caused by recessive sex-linked alleles.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts taught in Campbell & Reece's chapters 14 and 15. It summarizes Mendel's experiments with pea plants which established the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits, genotypes and phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. It also covers sex determination, sex-linked inheritance, degrees of dominance, and polygenic inheritance. Mendel's work laid the foundation for genetics as a scientific field.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts taught in Campbell & Reece's chapters 14 and 15. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits, segregation of alleles, and his laws of inheritance. It also explains genetic crosses, including monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, and genetic terms like genotype and phenotype. Sex-linked inheritance and determining sex of offspring is described.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.