Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1. Least count: 0.05 mm (each line on the vernier scale represents 0.05 mm) 2. Fixed scale reading: 75 mm 3. Vernier scale reading: 0.30 mm (the line that best aligns with a line on the fixed scale) 4. Total reading: 75.30 mm Some fire safety precautions for workshops include: - Store flammable liquids in approved and labeled containers away from heat sources - Ensure fire extinguishers are readily accessible and properly maintained - Keep work areas clear of debris that could fuel a fire - Use spark guards when grinding or welding near fl

1. Vernier Calipers
Chapter 5- Measurement

2. Introduction
 Vernier calipers are tools used in home,
small shop, and industrial settings.
 They are used to make precise length
measurements.

3. Introduction
 Some reasons for their popularity
include:
 Wide measuring range (usually 0 - 6”).
 English and metric scales are usually
found on the same instrument.
 Many different kinds of measurements
can be made with a caliper...

4. Introduction
 While both micrometers and calipers
can make outside length
measurements...

5. Introduction
 Calipers can also make inside
measurements...

6. Introduction
 …and also depth measurements.

7. Introduction
 There are three types of calipers.
 The vernier caliper:

8. Introduction
 The dial caliper:

9. Introduction
 …and the digital electronic caliper.

10. Introduction
 In this lesson, we will concentrate on
the vernier caliper since it takes the
most skill to read.

11. Introduction
 These are the main features of a typical
vernier caliper:
Jaws (for outside
measurements)
Small jaws (for inside
measurements)Metric vernier scaleMetric fixed scale
English vernier scaleEnglish fixed scale
Beam
Depth gauge

12. Introduction
and
Example 1

13. Reading a Caliper: metric
 As you are about to see, working with
the metric portion of a vernier caliper is
a bit easier to deal with.
 You only need to make two readings:
one from the fixed scale and one from
the vernier portion.

14. Reading a caliper: metric
 Start by obtaining a measurement from
the fixed scale...
This is the fixed scale used
for the metric readings.

15. Reading a caliper: metric
 Use the zero line on the vernier to
locate your position on the fixed scale.

16. Reading a caliper: metric
Each number printed on the
metric scale represents centimeters.
6 cm
However, since your final reading is
supposed to be in millimeters, you need
view these amounts as millimeters.
7 cm 8 cm 9 cm 10 cmetc.

17. Reading a caliper: metric
One “trick” is to mentally add a 0 (zero)
behind each centimeter number.
0
60 mm
0 0 0 0
70 mm 80 mm90 mm 100 mm

18. Reading a caliper: metric
Since there are ten spaces between each
numbered interval, these smallest spaces must
be 1 mm each.
For example, note the ten
spaces in this interval.The smallest interval on this
scale is 1mm.
For example, this
would be 91 mm...
…this is 92 mm...
…93 mm etc.

19. Reading a caliper: metric
As you can see in this problem, we have a fixed
scale measurement of 63 mm.
The reading is 63 mm since the
zero line has gone just beyond the
63 mm mark, but hasn’t reached
the 64 mm mark.

20. Reading a caliper: metric
To finish we must obtain a reading from the
metric vernier scale.
On this scale, each line represents 0.05 mm.
.05 mm.10 mm.15 mm.20 mm.25 mm.30 mm.35 mmetc.

21. Reading a caliper: metric
Just as we did on the English vernier scale, we
need to look for a place where a line from the
fixed scale “lines up” with a line on the vernier.It appears that these two
lines, “line up” the best.
This is read as .50 mm

22. Reading a caliper: metric
So based upon the two readings (one from the
fixed scale, and one from the ruler) the length
must be 63 mm + .50 mm = 63.50 mm
63 mm
.50 mm+
63.50 mm

23. Example 2

24. Reading a caliper: metric
 Let’s try another one for practice.

25. Reading a caliper: metric
 First take a reading from the fixed scale.
Use the zero line from the vernier to
help.
Remember that we need to read the
fixed scale in terms of millimeters.
The zero line is close, but not quite
up to the 20 mm line. It has gone
beyond the 19 mm line however.
19 mm
0 0 0

26. 19 mm
Reading a caliper: metric
 To finish, read the vernier scale.It appears that these two
lines, “line up” the best.
This is read as .35 mm
.35 mm

27. 19 mm
Reading a caliper: metric
 The final reading then is 19.35 mm.
.35 mm+
19.35 mm

28. Reading a caliper: metric
 Let’s go through one more example.

29. Quiz # 01
• Write in mm.
1. Least count
2. Fixed scale reading
3. Vernier scale reading
4. Total reading
• Write at least 4 fire safety precautions for
workshops