The document discusses various tools used for measurement and layout in workshops. It describes steel rules, calipers including vernier calipers, micrometers, and height gauges used for linear measurement. Layout tools covered include scribes, squares, dividers, trammels, calipers, bevels, combination sets, and punches for marking and transferring dimensions. Safety precautions for preventing accidents in the workshop are also briefly mentioned.
Application of Metrology instruments to measure 5 features of any one component available in our PROJECT LAB (each feature measurement 5 times). Present the data in the form of bar-chart and pi-chart.
This notes may be helpful to the students studying in mechanical engineering branches of polytechnic colleges in Kerala state under technical education.
The mechanical metrology is a subject which is studying about how to measure the length or meter. These will show all the tools, how to measurement, noticeable using tools in minimizing placement.
Application of Metrology instruments to measure 5 features of any one component available in our PROJECT LAB (each feature measurement 5 times). Present the data in the form of bar-chart and pi-chart.
This notes may be helpful to the students studying in mechanical engineering branches of polytechnic colleges in Kerala state under technical education.
The mechanical metrology is a subject which is studying about how to measure the length or meter. These will show all the tools, how to measurement, noticeable using tools in minimizing placement.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
1. INTRODUCTION
Safety precaution
Safety describes that it is the way of doing work
correctly to prevent accident.
It can be defined as the way of prevention of
accidents.
The prevention of accident concerns
The work man (operator) and his partner
The work piece
The working tool
the work shop
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practice
2. Causes of accidents
Faulty attitude towards safety
Emotions (anger, worry, excitements…)
The other causes of accident are not to take safety as a
way of life.
General safety measures
Dress correctly (wear apron, short sleeved beltless
coats).
Remove rings, wrist watches, necklaces, bra- slates.
Protect your eyes
No horse play
No scrap materials on the flour
Take care of injuries 2
workshop
practice
3. MEASUREMENT
o Measurement is the process of determining or
finding the size, quantity or degree of something .
o The principle dimensional measurement is length;
secondary measurement is angle and curvature.
You can describe shape without describing size, but
not the reverse.
o Measurement science is vital for trade &commerce
,&the basis of modern science& technology.
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4. MEANS OF MEASUREMENT
The means of measurement could be classified as
follows:
I. Standards (reference masters or setting standards)-
these are used to reproduce one or several definite
values of a given quantity.
II. Fixed gauges-these are used to check the
dimensions, form, and position of product features.
III. Measuring instrument-these are used to determine
the values of the measured quantity.
4
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practice
5. MEASUREMENT UNITS
SI UNITS
Symbol
Units
Measured Quantity
m
Meter
Length
Kg
Kilogram
Mass
s
Second
Time
K
Kelvin
Temperature
A
Ampere
Electrical Current
mol
Mole
Quantity of substance
Cd
Candela
Luminosity
rd
Radian
Plane angle
workshop practice 5
6. ENGLISH UNITS
Equivalent value
in SI
Value
English unit
1 mile = 1.609 km
1mile=1760yard
Miles
1yd = 91.44 cm
1 yard = 3 ft
Yard
1 ft = 30.48 cm
1 ft = 12 in
Foot
1 in = 25.4 mm
in
Inch
workshop practice 6
7. Use:- for linear measurement and
marking.
Material:- spring steel or stainless
steel.
Graduation:- in 10mm, 5mm, 1mm
and 0.5mm in metric system. The
reading accuracy of the steel rule is
0.5mm.
Size:- available in 150mm, 300mm
& 600mm.
STEEL RULE
workshop
practice
7
8. Lengths can be measured by using the following
metre/half-metre rule
accuracy = 1 mm / 0.1 cm / 0.001 m
8
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practice
9. calipers
Calipers are the very simple tools used together with a
steel rule for the measurement or comparison of linear
dimensions
Outside caliper
Outside calipers are used for measuring external
dimensions such as the length, diameter, or even the
thickness of a solid.
9
workshop
practice
10. the jaws are closed until
the points just touch the
object to be measured
remove the calipers and measure
the distance between the jaws
with a ruler 10
workshop
practice
11. Inside caliper
Inside calipers are used for measuring internal dimensions such as
the diameter of a hole, or the width of a slot etc.
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practice
12. workshop
practice
12
VERNIER CALIPER
Function
To measure smaller distances
Can measure up to .001 inch or .01mm.
Features
Larger, lower jaws are designed to measure outer points e.g.
diameter of a rod.
Top jaws are designed to measure inside points e.g. size of a hole.
A rod extends from the rear of the caliper and can be used to
measure the depth.
14. workshop
practice
14
STRUCTURE OF THE VERNIER CALIPER
Main Scale
Main scale is graduated in cm and mm.
Vernier Scale
It slides on the main scale.
On Vernier scale 0.9cm is divided into 10 equal parts.
Jaws
Two inside jaws (Upper)
Two outside jaws (Lower)
15. workshop
practice
15
LEAST COUNT
Least count (L.C) is the smallest reading we can
measure with the instrument.
L.C = one main scale division – one
vernier scale division
L.C = 1mm – 0.09mm
L.C = 0.1mm = 0.01cm
Least Count = Value of the smallest division on MS/
Total number of division on VS
L.C = 1mm / 10 = 0.1 cm / 10 = 0.01cm
16. HOW TO USE VERNIER CALIPER?
Close the jaws
Calculate the least count
Place the object between the
two jaws
Record the position of zero
of Vernier scale on the Main
scale (3.2cm)
Notice the reading of VS
which coincides with MS
reading (3rd division in this
case)
workshop
practice
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17. workshop
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READING OF THE INSTRUMENT
Reading of the instrument = MS div +
(coinciding VS div x L.C)
= 3.2 + (3 x 0.01)
= 3.2 + 0.03
= 3.23 cm
18. workshop
practice
18
TO MEASURE THE DEPTH
A rod extends from the rear of the caliper and can be used to
measure the depth.
Open the jaws of caliper and place the rod inside hole of the
object, such as the rod reaches the inner most portion of the
object.
Read the Vernier caliper. (same procedure as described in
previous slides)
20. MEASURING DEPTH OF A HOLE
Use the depth gauge of
the caliper as shown
20
workshop
practice
21. READING THE VERNIER SCALE
Read the “0” position of the vernier scale on the main scale to
get a rough reading. Rough reading = 18mm
21
workshop
practice
Look along the veriner
scale until one of the
veriner division
coincides with the
mail scale.
Accurate reading
=18.46mm ±0.01
22. EXAMPLE 1: The external measurement (diameter) of a round section piece of steel is
measured using a vernier caliper, metric scale.
A. The main metric scale is read first and this shows that there are 13 whole divisions
before the 0 on the hundredths scale. Therefore, the first number is 13.
B. The’ hundredths of mm’ scale is then read. Only one division on the main metric
scale lines up with a division on the hundredths scale below it, whilst others do not. In
the example below, the 41st division on the hundredths scale lines up exactly with a
division on the metric scale above.
C. This 41 is multiplied by 0.02 giving 0.82 as the answer (each division on the
hundredths scale is equivalent to 0.02mm).
D. The 13 and the 0.82 are added together to give the final measurement of 13.82mm
(the diameter of the piece of round section steel).
22
workshop
practice
26. EXERCISE
What is the reading in the caliper shown?
Please click on one of the following answer.
26
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practice
A. 3.51cm
B. 3.57cm
C. 3.62cm
D. 3.642cm
E. 3.67cm
3.5
0 5 10
3 4
overlap
27. 0 5 10
3 4
overlap
SOLUTION
27
workshop
practice
Read the “0” position of the
vernier scale on the main scale
to get a rough reading.
Rough reading = 3.6cm
Look along the vernier scale
until one of the vernier division
coincides with the main scale
Accurate reading =
3.67cm±0.005cm
28. vernier depth gauge
A vernier depth gauge is
used for measuring depth
of hole, slots and
recesses.
28
workshop
practice
29. Vernier Height Gauge
A vernier height gauge is used for
measuring height of an object or
for marking lines onto an object of
given distance from a datum base.
29
workshop
practice
31. Laying out is the process of scribing lines, points and arcs on to
the metal to indicate the shape and size of the object or it is
transforming the drawing of the object to be made on to the metal.
Accuracy of a layout is very important to the accuracy of the
finished product.
Good layout will entail the proper and careful use of all layout
tools.
31
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32. SCRIBER
Use:- scribe lines to indicate the dimensions of the work
piece to be filed or machined.
Material:- They are made of high carbon steel.
Types:- 1. Single ended 2. Double ended
3. Knife edge 4. Off-set.
1. Single ended:- This scriber is also
known as Hand scriber. Point is
made on one side only. Knurling is
made on the body of this scriber. It
is used for general marking
purposes.
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practice
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33. Grip
Bent
Point
Straight
Point
2. Double ended:- This scriber has
one point each at both ends. One of
which is bent at 90º, another point
is kept straight. Centre portion of
body is knurled for better gripping.
This scriber is used mainly in
accordance with scribing block.
workshop
practice
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34. 3. Knife edge:- This scriber has one
point each at both ends. One of
which is knife edge, another point
is kept straight. Centre portion of
body is knurled for better gripping.
This scriber is used mainly for
plastic and wood working
4. Off-set:- Point of this scriber is made
offset to facilitate the marking of
minimum height and to set zero when
used with Vernier Height Gauge.
workshop
practice
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35. TRY SQUARE
Stock
Blade
90º
Use:- to check the squareness of
machined surface, flatness of
surface, make lines at 90º to the edge
of work pieces & to set work piece at
right angle on work holding device.
Material:- hardened steel.
Size:- available in 100mm, 150mm
& 200mm.
Types:- 1. Fixed try square
2. Adjustable try square
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practice
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37. DIVIDER
Use:- for scribing circles, arcs
and transferring and stepping
of distances.
Material:- tool steel or high
carbon steel.
Size:- 50mm to 200mm.
Spring
Type
Wing
Type
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practice
37
38. • For the correct location and setting of the
divider legs, prick punch marks of 30º are
used.
• Both the legs of the divider should always
be of equal length.
• Dividers are specified by the type of their
joints and length.
• The divider point should be kept sharp in
order to produce fine lines. Frequent
sharpening with an oil stone is better than
sharpening by grinding. Sharpening by
grinding will make the points soft.
Firm Joint
workshop
practice
38
39. TRAMMEL
Used to scribe larger circles and arcs that are not within
the capacity of dividers
workshop
practice
39
40. CALIPER:- Calipers are simple measuring intstrument
used to transfer measurement from steel rule to objects
and vice versa. They are made from tools steel or high
carbon steel.
CALIPER
1. Firm joint caliper:- In the case of firm joint
caliper, both legs are pivoted at one end.
To take measurement of a work piece, the
caliper is opened roughly to the required
size. Fine setting is done by tapping the
caliper lightly on a wooden surface.
Outside Caliper
workshop
practice
40
41. 2. Spring joint caliper:- For this type of
caliper, the legs are assembled by means of
a pivot loaded with a spring. For opening
and closing the caliper legs, a screw and nut
are provided.
Spring joint caliper have the advantage
of quick setting. The setting made will not
change unless the nut is turned. The size of
caliper is specified by its length, which is
the distance between the pivot centre and
the tip of the leg.
Spring
Pivot
Adjusting
Unit
workshop
practice
41
42. 3. Inside Caliper:- This caliper is used to measure the inside
dimensions like the width of slots, diameter of holes, etc.
Legs of this caliper are bent in outward direction as shown
in figure beside.
Inside Caliper
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practice
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43. 4. Odd leg Caliper:- This caliper is also known as Jenny
caliper or Hermaphrodite caliper or leg and point
caliper.They are used for marking lines parallel to inside
and outside edges, locating the centre of round bars,
drawing parallel lines along outer edges, scribing lines
along curved edges.
workshop
practice
43
44. Engineer’s bevel:- is a tool that is used for transferring
angles and testing angular surfaces for accuracy. This
tool not used for measuring angles.
Bevel Protractor:- is used to check the angles of
inclined surfaces, marking out, and for transferring
angles. Graduated in degrees from 0-1800
workshop
practice
44
45. Combination set:- is a versatile too used in laying out that
consists of a steel rule, square head, bevel protractor and
center head.
bevel protractor
center head
steel rule,
square head
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practice
45
46. Blade
The blade is designed to allow the different heads to slide along the blade
and be clamped at any desired location. The groove in the blade is
concave to eliminate dirt buildup and permit a free and easy slide for the
heads. By removing all the heads, the blade may be used alone as a rule.
Square Head
The square head is designed with a 45° and 90° edge, which makes it
possible to be used as a try square and miter square. By extending the
blade below the square, it can be used as a depth rule. The square head
can also be used as a level.
workshop
practice
46
47. Bevel Protractor
The protractor head is equipped
with a revolving turret graduated in
degrees from 0 to 180 or to 90 in
either direction. It is used to
measure or lay out angles to an
accuracy of 0.5°.
Center Head
The center head, when inserted on
the blade, is used to locate and lay
out the center of cylindrical work
pieces.
workshop
practice
47
48. PUNCH
Use:- Punches are used in order to make certain
dimensional feature of the layout permanent.
Material:- They are made of high carbon steel.
Types:- 1. Centre punch(90º)
2. Dot punch(60º)
3. Prick punch(30º)
workshop
practice
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49. 1. Centre Punch:- The angle of
the point is 90º. The punch
mark made by this is wide and
not very deep. This punch is
used for locating hole. The
wide punch mark gives a good
seating for starting the drill.
2. Dot Punch:- The angle of the
point is 60º. This punch is used
for marking witness marks.
Dot Punch
Centre Punch
workshop
practice
49
50. 3. Prick Punch:- The angle of the
point is 30º. The 30º point
punch is used for making light
punch marks needed to position
dividers. The divider leg will
get a proper seating in the
punch mark.
Prick Punch
workshop
practice
50
51. Use:- Surface plates are used most widely as a datum
surface in machine shop work.
SURFACE PLATE
Material:- Gray cast iron and Granite.
Specification:- Cast iron surface plates are designated by
their length, breadth, grade and the Indian Standard
number. i.e. C.I. Surface plate 2000 X 1000 Gr1. I.S.
2285.
workshop
practice
51
53. Use:- To support the job and to provide a vertical or
angular plane for marking.
Material:- Angle plates are made from Cast iron or
Steel.
Types:-
1. Solid Angle plate
2. Adjustable Angle Plate
3. Box Angle plate.
ANGLE PLATE
workshop
practice
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54. Solid Angle Plate:- This angle
plate is most common. It has the
two plane surfaces perfectly
machined at 90º to each other.
Such angle plates are suitable for
supporting work pieces during
layout work. They are
comparatively smaller in size.
Slots are provided to clamp the
work piece and to reduce the
weight.
workshop
practice
54
55. Vee Block
Vee blocks usually in a couple are made
of cast iron or steel in case-hardening.
They are generally used for holding
circular work piece for marking out or
machining.
workshop
practice
55