MATLAB is a high-level programming language created by Cleve Moler in the 1970s to make programming easier for solving numerical problems. It became popular in universities and is now used by over 1 million users. MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory and treats everything as matrices, making it easy to do linear algebra. It is used across many fields including engineering to test designs, solve numerical problems, and has helped advance technologies like high-speed trains and robotic arms.