The document summarizes the contributions of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, two pioneering scientists in microbiology. It notes that Louis Pasteur, a French chemist and microbiologist, discovered the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, and disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. It also describes that Robert Koch, a German physician, established the foundational principles of identifying the specific causes of disease, known as Koch's postulates, and isolated the bacteria that cause anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis. Both Pasteur and Koch are considered fathers of microbiology for their groundbreaking discoveries.