The document discusses primitive reflexes in infants, which are involuntary movements in response to specific stimuli and typically last until around one year of age. It outlines various reflexes, their stimuli, responses, and duration, as well as their significance in diagnosing motor delays and assessing neurological maturation. The classification of reflexes is based on their level of maturation in the brain, including midbrain, brainstem, and spinal levels.

1. Primitive reflexes
(Infant reflexes)
BY SHALU
THARIWAL

2. Define
 Involuntary stereotyped movement
responses to a particular stimuli.
 Infant stimuli doesn’t last beyond 1
year.
 May not completely disappear
by maturing the CNS integrated into new movement
Shalu Thariwal

3. Cont…………
 Age specific
 Diagnostic tools
 Tested carefully
 Valuable for motor delay
 Determine level of neurological
maturation.
Shalu Thariwal

4. Classification
Reflex
maturation
Automatic
reaction
Midbrain
level
Brainstem
level
Spinal
level
Shalu Thariwal

5. Reflex maturation
Palmer grasp Planter grasp
 S: palm stimulate
 R: finger close, fist
 Duration: 5 month of
gestation to 4 month
postpartum
 S: touch ball of foot
 R: toes grasp, flexion of
toes
 Duration : birth to 1 yr
Shalu Thariwal

6. Cont….
Babinski’s sign
 S: stroke on lateral side of foot
 R: extension of great toe, fanning
 Duration : birth to 4 month
 Concern: test of pyramidal tract
Shalu Thariwal

7. Landaus reaction
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8. Name
(automatic)
Stimulus Response Duration
Moro’s reflex Lower the head of
the baby
Arm, leg extend
and abduct then
adduct
Prenatal to 4
month
Startle Loud noise Arm, leg extend
and then add
2 month to 1 yr
Sucking reflex Touch lips Sucking Upto 3 months
Search reflex Touch cheek Head moves
toward stimuli
Upto 3 month
Palmer mental Scratch palm Jaw opens and
closes
Birth to 3 month
Palmer
mandibular
Pressure to palm Mouth open, neck
flex
3 months
Landans reaction Horizontal position Head, leg and
spine extends
3 to 12 month
Parachute Hold with pelvis Abduction of limbs 4 month to 1 yr
Gallants reaction Stimulate Move in same 2- 6 monthShalu Thariwal

9. Shalu Thariwal

10. Brainstem level
reflexes
Stimulus Response Duration
Asymmetric
tonic neck reflex
Supine, turn
head to 1 side
Limb flex on
occiput side and
extend on facial
side
Birth to 3 month
Symmetric tonic
neck reflex
a)Sitting , flex
the head
Neck and arm
flex, leg extend
Birth to 3 month
b)Sitting and
head extend
Neck and arm
ext, leg flex
-
Tonic
labyrinthine
Supine and
prone position
In supine-
extensor tone
increased, in
prone flexor
tone increased.
Birth to 6 month
- supporting
reaction
Hold axilla and
up on the couch
Flexion attitude Birth to 4 month
+ Supporting
reaction
Hold axilla and
above the floor
then on the
couch
Extension
attitude
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11. ATNR
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12. Reflexes….
Midbrain level
reflexes
Stimulus Response Duration
Postural
reflex(head and
body righting)
Supine, turn body in
either direction
Head right itself
with the body
1-6 month
Supine, turn head in
either direction
Body right itself
with the head
-
Labyrinthine Body held upright, tilt
in 1 direction
Tilting of head in
opposite direction
2 month to 1 yr
Spinal level
reflexes
Flexor withdrawal Extensor withdrawal Crossed extensor
Stepping and
walking
crawling Swimming
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13. Spinal level reflexes
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14. Delayed milestones
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15. Shalu Thariwal