1. 1
An
Internship report
on
Multistoreys Residential Buildings
(Jodhpur)
From 7th
May2018 to 7th
July 2018
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
of B. Tech.
in
Civil Engineering
Submitted By: Guided By:
RITIKA VYAS (Mr. KISHOR KUMAR)
ROLL No. (15EMVCE046 ) Practical Training Incharge
Submitted To
Head of Department, Civil Engineering
Mahaveer Institute of Technology & Science, Jadan(PALI)
(Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.)
2018
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge the contributions made by various people for the completion of the
training and this report .First and foremost I would like to thank H.O.D. of Civil Engg
.Department of our college Prof. R.K. Vishnoi and Coordinator of Training & Placement
Cell Mrs. Swapna Bohra for providing me an opportunity to undergo 60 days practical
training in the construction of Multistorey Residential Building (ARIHANT
ANCHAL,Jodhpur),a project of ARIHANT SUPERSTRUCTURES Ltd.
Along with this, I would also like to give my thanks to Mr.Nazeeruddin sir ,Site Engineer
for guiding and giving me all knowledge required through the summer training and motivating
me for learning something new in the field.
I am no less grateful to the other staff and emloyees of the department for their kind coperation
and spontaneous response .I am also thankful to the Ramdev Builders for providing us the
training at such best place.
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INDEX
SNo. Contents Page no.
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
2 CERTIFICATE 3
3 ABSTRACT 5
4 INTRODUCTION 6 - 11
o ABOUT PROJECT
o ABOUT BUILDING
5 CLASSIFCATION OF BUILDING 10 - 11
6 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 12 - 18
7 BUILDING MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION 19 - 23
o CEMENT
o AGGREGATE
o WATER
o R.C.C
8 AAC BLOCKS AND CLAY BRICKS 24 - 26
9 TESTS OF COCRETE 27 - 32
o SLUMP TEST
o CUBE TEST
10 MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT 33 - 34
o EARTH MOVING MACHINES
o CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
o TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENTS
11 METHODS OF CONCRETE TRANSPORTATION 35 - 39
12 CONCLUSION 40
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ABSTRACT
This report is a summer internship report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering as per norms of Rajasthan
Technical University Kota. The report consists of brief study and description of materials,
equipments and procedures used at site for construction of an interchange. Author put his best to
elaborate the actual site conditions, and problem faced at site and the tactics used to deal with
them.
The main objective of this report is to present a systematic text on the execution of construction
of an interchange based on the Indian Standard codes. The report also covers the fundamental
aspects of practical requirement such as safety, feasibility and economy at site .In this report the
objective was to introduce, wherever necessary, material which embodies the most recent
methodologies
I have completed my vocational training during the period of 7th may 2018 to 7thjuly 2018 for 2
months
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INTRODUCTION
1 About the project
Arihant superstructure limited ,a part of ARIHANT group founded in 1988 , by Mr Ashok
Chhajer(Chairman and Mananging Director).The arihant anchal located at Jaisalmer Bypass
Road, Jodhpur,is the latest project launched by this company and comprises of much more.It
consist of high raised buildings (G+7) including with shopping mall,large garden ,24*7 hours
electric power supply .Total 21 buildings of G+7 FLOOR having 2 BHK 4 flats in each floor.
FEATURES OF PROJECT -> 2BHK residential flats ,Efficient storm water draining
layout,Sewage treatment plant,Well planned roads with street light & lifts and beautiful entrance
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2 Location of site
3 About the building
RCC framed structure
Super quality velvet touch paint
POP finished AAC brick walls
Branded CP, sanitary and electrical fittings
Moulded panel door’s and aluminium sliding windows
Vitrife of flooring and designer wall tiles
Lifts and entrance with grand club house
Kitchens
Floors vitrified flooring tiles
Granite top kitchen platform with tiles upto beam level on walls
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External doors and windows with marbel frame and wooden shutters
Toilets
Kajaria floor tiles
Exhaust fan with granite framing louvers window
FRP panel doors in bathroom
Branded sanitary ware
Fully tiled up to beam level
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CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY
GROUP-A RESIDENSIAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-B EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-C INSTITUTIONAL BULIDINGS
GROUP-D ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS
GROUP-E BUSINESS BUILDINGS
GROUP-F MERCANTILE BUILDINGS
GROUP-G INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-H STORAGE BUILDINGS
GROUP-I HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS
1. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS:
These building include any building in which sleeping accommodation provide for
normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities.It includes
single or multi-family dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses,
restaurants, hostels, dormitories and residential hostels.
2. EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS:
These include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving
assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly
buildings.
3. INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or
care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases or infirmity, care of
infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention in which the liberty of the
inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation
for the occupants.
4. ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS:
These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for amusement, recreation,
social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums,
places of work ship, etc.
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5. BUSINESS BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and records
and for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional establishments, courts houses,
libraries. The principal function of these buildings is transaction of public business and
keeping of books and records.
6. MERCANTILE BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display an sale of merchandise
either wholesale or retail, office, shops, storage service facilities incidental to the sale of
merchandise and located in the same building.
7. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:
These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are
fabrication, assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plant, laboratories, dry
cleaning plants, power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries etc.
8. STORAGE BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or
merchandise vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.
9. HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly
combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme
rapidly and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage handling, acids or
other liquids or chemicals producing flames, fumes and ex plosive, poisonous, irritant or
corrosive gases processing of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust which
result in the division of matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous ignition
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STEPS IN CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
Construction of residential building required following paper work before the start of actual
construction. These steps are
1. Preparation of drawings as per requirements of consumers.
2. Estimation of material cost, labor cost & contingencies.
3. Approval of drawings & estimates from Client.
4. Approval of drawings from City Development Authority. It is most important because
residential building drawings should meet the authority defined rules.
5. Start of construction work either through contractor or labor hired on daily basis.
6. Marking of plot boundaries.
7. Cleaning of plot.
8. Preparation of site layout as per drawing.
After the completion of documentation work, the actual construction on plot begins. Following
are the steps;
A. EARTH WORK
Generally excavation is carried out for the construction of wall foundations. Excavation
should be carried out as per the drawings defined lengths & widths. After excavation,
layout the foundation and backfill the remaining excavated area around foundation with
soil.Floor levels of residential buildings are higher than the natural ground level. Fill the
area with soil up to floor levels and compact the soil. Now earth work of residential
building is finished.
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B. CONCRETE WORKIN FOUNDATION
It is very necessary to check the levels of foundation before concrete work. There are
patches where excavated depth slightly exceeds and vice versa. Level the foundation base
to same level. Now pour the concrete as per drawing specs. Generally concrete of ratio
1:4:8 is used for foundation. Sometimes it is even 1:5:10 or 1:6:20.
Here 1:4:8 means;1 part cement per cubic, 4 parts of sand per cubic, 8 parts of coarse
aggregates
Depth of foundation varies from 9” to 18” and normally for most of the cases it is
considered as 12’’ depth. Keep foundation width equals to its depth.
C. DAMP PROOF COARSE (D.P.C)
To protect walls from moisture, a layer of damp proof coarse material is laid down at
floor level. Thickness of this concrete layer is 0f 1 inch. Material of damp proof coarse
layer consists of concrete ratio 1:1.5:3 with a mixture of water proof material 1kg/bag.
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D. MASONRYWORK
Masonry work is carried out with cement mortar. Cement mortar is a mixture of cement
& sand. Ratio of cement mortar varies from 1:4 to 1:6. Here (1:6) mean, 1 part cement
and 6 parts of sand. Dampen about 25 bricks with a hose pipe and clean away all loose
dirt from the top of footing and moisten about a meter of surface at one end of the
foundation with the hose pipe. Throw a mortar line just behind the threaded level line and
lay bricks on the mortar bed. Make sure bricks exactly follow the threaded horizontal
level line.
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E. LINTEL
Masonry work of buildings is carried out in one go till roof. Openings for windows &
doors are left during masonry works. Reinforced cement concrete beams are laid down on
the top of openings. So, those loads of structure above openings not directly come on to
the door frames.
F. ROOFING
Roof slab of building is poured after completion of masonry works. Now a days, roofing
is of reinforced cement concrete slab. Slab thickness & reinforcement details should be
according to approved drawings.
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G. PLASTERING & POINTING
The exposed surface of walls are to be provided with pointing or plastering.The process
of pointing is adopted for stone masonry or brick masonry while plastering is carried out
for exposed surfaces of sailings, walls, columns, etc.The term pointing used to denote
finishing of mortar joints of either stone masonry or brick masonry.The joints are raked
out to a depth of about 20 mm and then, these spaces are filled up by suitable mortar in
the desired shape The term plastering is used to describe the thin plastic covering that
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is applied on the surfaces of walls and ceilings. The plastering removes the unevenness of
the surfaces and sometimes the plastering is used to develop decorative effects.
H. DOORS & WINDOWS -Traditionally, doors and windows of woods are used.
But, steel & aluminum is also not a bad choice. In case of wooden doors & windows,
frames are fixed in walls during masonry work. Panels are then fixed with hinges after
plaster work. Steel and aluminum doors are fixed after completion of paint work.
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I. SERVICES
Services are very important for every single house. Different types of services are
provided during construction. These are Electricity supply, gas supply, water supply,
sanitary etc. Conduits for electric supply are fixed in walls before plastering.
Similarly water supply and sanitary lines are also laid before pouring of building floor.
Note that gas lines are not fixed in walls or slabs. Gas line remains open in air.
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BUILDING MATERIALS
1) CEMENT
Cement is a fine ground material consisting of compound of lime,silica,alumina and
iron.When mixed with water it form a paste which hardened and bind the aggregates(sand
gravel,crushed rock , etc.) together to form a durable mass called concrete.
It act as a binding material and provide strength & durability to the structure.
At the site cement is used according to building component such as for foundation 53
grade ordinary Portland cement , for masonary work 43 grade ordinary Portland cement
is used.
TYPES OF CEMENT
a) 33 Grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS 269
b) 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS 8112
c) 53 Grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS 12269
d) Rapid hardening Portland cement conforming to IS 8041
e) Portland slag cement conforming to IS 455
f) Portland pozzolana cement (fly ashed based) conforming to Is1489(part1)
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g) Portland pozzolana cement (calcined clay based ) conforming to IS 1489(part2)
h) Hydrophobic cement conforming to IS 8043
i) Low heat Portland cement conforming to Is 12600
j) Sulphate resisting Portland cement conforming to IS 12330
Raw materials used in the manufacture of portland cement (percentage
composition)
Raw
Material
CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO loss on ignition
Limestone 52 3 1 0.5 0.5 42
Chalk 54 1 0.5 0.2 0.3 43
Cement
Rock
43 11 3 1 2 36
Clay 1 57 16 7 1 14
Slag 42 34 15 1 4 0
2) AGGREGATE
Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed hydraulic
cement concrete, or iron blast-furnace slag, used with a hydraulic cementing medium to produce
either concrete or mortar.
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Coarse Aggregate
Those particles that are predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and will pass
through 3-inch screen, are called coarse aggregate.
The coarser the aggregate, the more economical the mix. Larger pieces offer less surface area of
the particles than an equivalent volume of small pieces.
Fine Aggregate
Those particles passing the 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) sieve, almost entirely passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4)
sieve, and predominantly retained on the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve are called fine aggregate.
For increased workability and for economy as reflected by use of less cement, the fine aggregate
should have a rounded shape. The purpose of the fine aggregate is to fill the voids in the coarse
aggregate and to act as a workability agent.
3) REINFORCEMENT
The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its strength is called
reinforcement .Steel bars are highly strong in tension ,shear,bending moment ,torsion and
compression.
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Reinforcement works as a tension member because concrete is strong in compression and weak
in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the concrete members.
At site, constructor uses the high strength steel bars and T.M.T. bars of diameter 8mm ,10mm,
16mm and 32mm as per requirement of design .
4) R.C.C. and P.C.C. -> Though the plain cement concrete has high compressive
strength and its tensile strength is relatively low.Normally, the tensile strength of a
concrete is about 10% to 15% of its compressive strength. Hence if a beam is made up of
plain cement concrete.Therefore it is reinforced by placing steel bars in the tensile zone
of the concrete beam so that the compressive bending stress is carried by concrete and
tensile bending stress is carried by steel reinforcing bars.
5) WATER -> It is an important ingredient of concrete because it combines with cement
and forms a binding paste .The paste that formed fills up the voids of the sand and coarse
aggregate bringing them into close adhesion.
6) GRADING OF CONCRETE -> Grades of concrete are defined by the strength
and composition of the concrete, and the minimum strength the concrete should have
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following 28 days of initial construction. The grade of concrete is understood in
measurements of MPa, where M stands for mix and the MPa denotes the overall
strength.Concrete mixes are defined in ascending numbers of 5, starting at 10, and show
the compressive strength of the concrete after 28 days.
The concrete mix grades are :-
Grade Mix / Ratio
M5 1:5:10
M7.5 1:4:8
M10 1:3:6
M15 1:2:4
M20 1:1.5:3
M25 1:1:2
M30 1:0.75:1.5
M35 1:0.5:1
M40 1:0.25:0.5
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AAC BLOCKS AND CLAY BRICKS
Autoclaved aerated blocks (AAC) concrete also known as autoclaved cellular
concrete, autoclaved lightweight concrete.
AAC is a lightweight, load bearing , durable building product, which is produced
in a wide range of sizes and strengths.AAC blocks is lightweight and compare to
the red brick AAC block are three time lighter
AAC is produced out of a mix of part quartz sand, pulverized fly ash (PFA),lime ,
cement, gypsum, water and aluminium and is harden by steam or curing in auto
claves.
AAC contains 60% to 85% air by volume.
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Serial Parameter AAC Blocks Clay Bricks
1 Soil Consumption Zero soil consumption. Primary
raw material for AAC blocks is
fly ash. This fly ash is industrial
waste generated by coal-based
thermal power plants.
One sq ft of carpet area
with clay brick walling
will consume 25.5 kg
of top soil.
2 Fuel Consumption One sq ft of carpet area with
AAC blocks will consume 1 kg
of coal.
One sq ft of carpet area
with clay bricks will
consume 8 kg of coal.
3 CO2 Emission One sq ft of carpet area will emit
2.2 kg of CO2.
One sq ft of carpet area
will emit 17.6 kg of
CO2.
4 Labour Organized sector with proper
HR practices.
Unorganized sector
with rampant use of
child labour.
5 Production Facility State-of-the-art factory facility. Unhealthy working
conditions due to toxic
gases.
6 Tax Contribution Contributes to government taxes
in form of Central Excise, VAT
and Octroi.
Does not contribute to
government exchequer.
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7 Size 600 / 625 mm x 200 / 240 mm x
100-300 mm
225 mm x 100 mm x 65
mm
8 Variation in Size 1.5 mm (+/-) 5 mm (+/-)
9 Compressive
Strength
3-4 N/m2 2.5-3 N/m2
10 Dry Density 550-700 kg/m3 1800 kg/ m3
11 Fire Resistance (8″
wall)
Up to 7 hours. Around 2 hours
12 Cost Benefit Reduction in dead weight
leading to savings in steel and
concrete.
None
13 Energy Saving Approximately 30% for heating
and cooling.
None
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LAB TEST ON CONCRETE
A lab is maintained at site to check the quality of materials and the quality of concrete mix used
at site. There are various test done on concrete ,aggregate ,sand,cement and reinforcement on site
in lab .
Test on cement -> 1.FINENESS TEST 5.CONSISTENCY TEST
2.SETTING TIME TEST 6.ADULTRATION TEST
3. STRENGTH TEST 7.FLOAT TEST
4.SOUNDNESS TEST 8.COLOR & TEMP. TEST
Test on concrete-> 1. SLUMP TEST
2. CUBE TEST
Test on aggregates-> 1. SIEVE ANALYSIS 3. SHAPE TEST
2. CRUSHING TEST 4. SOUNDNESS TEST
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1) SLUMP TEST ON CONCRETE
Slump is a measurement of concrete’s workability, or fluidity.A slump test is a method used to
determine the consistency of concrete. The consistency, or stiffness, indicates how much water
has been used in the mix.The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple
procedure.
Apparatus or equipments required in this test are as follows
Slump cone,
Scale for measurement,
Temping rod (steel)
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When the slump test is carried out, following are the shape of the concrete slump that can be
observed:
True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test. The
measurement is taken between the top of the cone and the top of the concrete after
the cone has been removed as shown in figure-1.
Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio, which
results in dry mixes. These type of concrete is generally used for road
construction.
Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too high,
i.e. concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a slump test
is not appropriate.
Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and
concrete to be retested.
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2) CUBE TEST ONCONCRETE
Compressive Strength of concrete is defined as the Characteristic strength of 150mm size
concrete cubes tested at 28 days. Concrete is a macro content with Sand, Cement, & Coarse
aggregate as its micro-ingredient (Mix Ratio) and gains its 100% strength over time at the
hardened state.
Days afterStrength Gain Casting
Day 1 16%
Day 3 40%
Day 7 65%
Day 18 90%
Day 27 99%
PROCEDURE
CUBE CASTING
Measure the dry proportion of ingredients (Cement, Sand & Coarse Aggregate) as
per the design requirements. The Ingredients should be sufficient enough to cast test
cubes
Thoroughly mix the dry ingredients to obtain the uniform mixture
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Add design quantity of water to the dry proportion (water-cement ratio) and mix
well to obtain uniform texture.
Fill the concrete to the mould with the help of vibrator for thorough compaction
Finish the top of the concrete by trowel & tapped well till the cement slurry comes
to the top of the cubes.
CURING
After some time the mould should be covered with red gunny bag and put
undisturbed for 24 hours at a temperature of 27 ° Celsius ± 2
After 24 hours remove the specimen from the mould.
Keep the specimen submerged under fresh water at 27 ° Celsius. The specimen
should be kept for 7 or 28 days. Every 7 days the water should be renewed.
The specimen should be removed from the water 30 minutes prior to the testing.
The specimen should be in dry condition before conducting the testing.The Cube
weight should not be less than 8.1 Kgs.
TESTING
Now place the concrete cubes into the testing machine. (centrally)
The cubes should be placed correctly on the machine plate (check the circle marks
on the machine). Carefully align the specimen with the spherically seated plate.
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The load will be applied to the specimen axially.
Now slowly apply the load at the rate of
140kg/cm2 per minute till the cube collapse.
The maximum load at which the specimen breaks
is taken as a compressive load.
CALCULATION->
Compressive Strength = Maximum compressive load / Cross Sectional Area
As per IS: 516-1959 Minimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age (that
means three specimens at 7 days, three specimens @ 14 days & 28 days) If strength of any
specimen varies by more than 15% of average strength, such specimen should be rejected.
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MACHINES AND EQUIPMENTS AT SITE
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
TRANSPORTATION MACHINES
Earthmoving equipment is heavy equipment, typically heavy-duty vehicles designed for
construction operations which involve earthworks. They are used tomove large amounts
of earth, to dig foundations for landscaping and so on.Mostearthmoving equipment uses
hydraulic drives as the primary source of motion
1) Bulldozer
2) Dragline Excavator
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3) Backhoe Loader
4) Skid – Steer Loaders
5) Dumpers - A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on
+building sites.
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METHODS OF CONCRETE TRANSPORTATION
Transportation of concrete is an important activity in the production of concrete. The time taken
in transit should be a design parameter as it depends on the initial setting time as well as the
requirement of workability at the destination.
1. Mortar Pan- It is a labour intensive method and generally used for small works. There
are no chances of segregation of concrete. In hot weather, there is a substantial loss of
water due to more exposure of concrete to environment.
2. Wheel Barrow Or Hand Cart - It is normally used on ground level i.e. road
construction and other similar structures. Segregationcan occur if transportation is done
on rough roads, however this problem can be minimizes if pneumatic tyres are used.
36. 36
3. Truck Mixer And Dumper - It is an improved and better method for long lead
concreting. The concrete is covered with tarpaulin if it is transported in open trucks. If
long distance is involved, agitators should be used.
4. Bucket And Rope Way- Ropeways are generally used for large construction
purposes. This method can be used where simple methods such as mortar pan,
wheelbarrow are not feasible. It is suitable for works in valley, over high piers and long
dam sites. Excessive free fall of concrete should be avoided to minimize segregation.
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5. Chute - Chutes are used for transporting of concrete from a higher level to lower level.
It is generally used for concreting in deep locations. Technically it is not a very good
method but it is extensively used in the field.
6. Belt Conveyor- Belt conveyors are used for concrete transport at the same level. They
are used for limited applications. Belt conveyors have very high segregation formation
chances at transfer points.
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7. Concrete Pump And Pipe Line Method - There are many advantages of concrete
pumps over other methods. Concrete pumps can transfer concrete simultaneously without
any delay. They are mostly used for high rise building construction.The concrete pumps
are carried over a truck.
The concrete pumps can lift its cylinder like a crane. One side of the cylinder sucks the
concrete from mixing area while other end put the concrete a higher level.
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8. Transit Mixer - Transit mixer is one of the most popular equipment for transporting
concrete over a long distance particularly in ready mix concrete plant. They are truck
mounted having a capacity of 4 to 7 cubic meter. There are two variations. In one, mixed
concrete is transported to the site by keeping it agitated all along at a speed varying
between 2 to 6 revolutions per minute. In other category, the concrete is batched at the
central batching plant and mixing is done in the truck mixer either in transit or
immediately prior to discharging concrete at site.
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CONCLUSION
We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done. As the
scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get more
knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the practical work.
We got to know that how the structures are constructed within iots desired properties.We learn
the basic and advanced techniques in construction of multistorey building as well as the
challenges which a civil engineer has to face at the site i.e.,labour problem,cost
management,environmental changes etc.We cleared our many doubt regarding building
construction.It must be said that the construction methods and quality control needs a good
coordination and large quantities of man power,equipments and funds
.During this training period all the site staff helped us a lot to provide information .We are
grateful to the Arihant Superstructures Ltd for giving us opportunity to learn and grow.