Electromagnetic relays used for power system .pptx
MANUFACTURING PROCESS-II UNIT-2 LATHE MACHINE
1. UNIT 2
TURNING MACHINES
Centre lathe, constructional features, specification, operations – taper
turning methods, thread cutting methods, special attachments,
machining time and power estimation. Capstan and turret lathes- tool
layout – automatic lathes: semi-automatic – single spindle: Swiss type,
automatic screw type – multi spindle:
3. The following are the principle parts of the
lathe
Bed
Head stock
Tail stock
Carriage
Feed mechanism
4. BED
Bed is the base of machines. It carries a headstock on its left end and
tailstock on its right end. The carriage is mounted at the middle of bed.
5. Head stock
The headstock assembly is permanently fastened to the left end of the
bed. It carries a hollow spindle so that bars can be passed through it
when it is required.
There are two types of headstock driving mechanisms as follows
Back geared headstock
All geared head stock
6. Back gear arrangement is used for reducing the spindle speed which is
necessary for thread cutting and knurling.
Back geared headstock
7. All geared head stock
All geared headstock is commonly used in modern lathes because of
the following advantages
It gives wider range of spindle speeds.
It is more efficient and compact.
The vibration of spindle is reduced.
Belt shifting is eliminated.
More power can be transmitted.
8.
9. Tail stock
Tailstock is situated at the right end of the bed. It is used for supporting
the right end of the work piece.
10. Carriage
The carriage is a moving part that slides over the guide ways between
headstock and tailstock. It carries the following parts.
Saddle
Cross slide
Compound rest
Tool post
Single screw tool post
Open side tool post
Four bolt tool post
Four way tool post
11.
12. Feed mechanism
Feed is defined as the movement of the tool relative to the work. There
are three types of feed longitudinal, cross and angular feed.
13. The following feed mechanisms are used
Tumbler gear reversing mechanism
Quick change gearbox
Tumbler gear quick change gearbox
Apron mechanism
28. THREAD CUTTING METHODS
Thread cutting is done in different methods
Reversing the machine
Marketing the lathe parts
Using a chasing dial or thread indicator
Using thread chaser
30. SPECIAL ATTACHMENTS
Generally milling and grinding are performed on lathes by using special
attachments
Milling attachments
Milling is the process of removing metal by moving the work against a
rotating cutter. this operation is carried out in two methods depending
upon the form of profiles.
For cutting grooves or keyways
For cutting multiple grooves and gear wheel
31. Grinding attachment
Grinding is the operation of removing metal in fine form of chips. It is
done by moving the work against a rotating abrasive wheel. This
abrasive wheel is known as grinding wheel.
32. WORK HOLDING DEVICES
Some of the standard work holding devices used to hold
the work in a lathe are given below.
Chucks
Centres
Face plate
Angle plate
Mandrels
Steady and follower rest
33. Chucks
Three jaw chuck or self centering chuck
Four jaw chuck or independent chuck
Magnetic chuck
42. AUTOMATIC LATHES AND SEMI
AUTOMATIC LATHES
In an ordinary centre lathe, changing and setting of tools consume
more time.
It reduces the rate of production and increases the cost of production.
The changes of centre lathe into some special lathes is called semi
automatic lathes and automatic lathes.
The turret lathes are used in heavy jobs whereas the capstan lathe is
used for light and small jobs.
44. THE MAIN PARTS OF CAPSTAN AND
TURRET LATHES
Bed
Cross slide
Head stock
Turret head and saddle
45. BED
Bed is the base part of the lathe.
It is box type which is made of cast iron.
The bed should be strong and rigid to withstand heavy loads, force
and vibrations during machining.
46. CROSS SLIDE
The two types of cross slides are as follows
Reach over type
It is mounted on bed guide ways in between head stock and turret.
The cross slide has two tool posts. The tool post can move both in
perpendicular and parallel direction to the spindle axis. In the rear
tool post, the parting off tool is clamped in an inverted position to
make the direction of work piece anti clock wise with respect to
tool movement.
Side hung type
This type of cross slide is entirely supported on the front way
which has no rear tool post. It provides a greater swing capacity to
accommodate large diameter work piece. It is mainly used in turret
lathe.
47. HEAD STOCK
Headstock of capstan and turret lathe is similar to a head in ordinary
centre lathes but heavier in construction.
The four main types of head stock are as follows
Step cone pulley driven head stock
Direct electric motor driven head stock
All geared head stock
Pre-selective stock
50. In a capstan lathe, the turret head is mounted on a ram which slides
on the saddle. It can be positioned on lathe bed ways and clamped
well.
In a turret lathe, the turret head is mounted on the saddle itself which
slides on the bed ways during machining. It is mainly used in turret
lathes.
51. TURRET HEAD
A turret head has a hexagonal block having six faces with a bore for
mounting six or more than six tools at a time.
Turret head is mounted on the ram fitted with turret slides
longitudinally on a saddle.
Each tool is indexed through 60° by the rotation of a circular plate. The
circular plate is automatically indexed along with the turret head.
Bringing the next tool into the cutting position is known as Geneva
mechanism.
52. GENEVA MECHANISM (OR) INDEXING
MECHANISM
The turret is provided with automatic indexing mechanism. To index the
turret by 1/6 of a revolution, the ram is returned to the starting position.
Then, the next tool comes into position to perform the machining
operation.
53.
54. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CAPSTAN AND
TURRET LATHES
Drilling, boring, reaming, counter boring, turning and threading tools are
mounted on the hexagonal turret head.
Forming, chamfering, knurling and necking tools are mounted at the front
end of the square turret.
Parting off tool is mounted on the rear end of the square turret in an
inverted or in a reversed position.
55. SPECIFICATION OF CAPSTAN AND
TURRET LATHES
Number of spindle speeds
Number of feeds for the carriage
Number of feeds for the turret
Net weight of the machine
Floor space required
Power of the motor required
56. ADVANTAGES OF CAPSTAN AND
TURRET LATHES
The production rate is high
Heavier and larger work piece chucking can be done
It has wider range of speeds
Larger number of tools can be held
More than one operation can be performed at the same time
It is more rigid. Hence, its withstands heavy cuts
Semi skilled operators are enough
Labour cost is less
57. Sl
No.
CAPSTAN LATHE TURRET LATHE
1 Turret head is mounted on a ram
which slides over the saddle
Turret head is directly mounted on saddle.
But it slides on the bed
2 The turret movement is limited The turret moves on the entire length of the
bed without any restrictions
3 Hence, shorter workpiece can be
machined
Longer workpiece can be machined
4 It does not provide rigidity It provide rigidity and strong
5 It is very much useful for light duty
application
It is useful for heavy duty application
6 Turret head moved manually Turret head cannot moved manually
7 The maximum size of 60 mm diameter
work can be accommodated
It can accommodate only 125 mm to 220mm
58. WORK HOLDING DEVICES
The work holding devices used on capstan and turret
lathes are mostly automatic types. It reduces the setting
time.
Collets
Draw back collet
Push out collet
Dead length collet
Chucks
Fixture
64. Fixture
A specially designed member to locate and grip a work piece is
called as fixture. It is mounted on the spindle by replacing a chuck
or collet.
66. TOOL HOLDING DEVICES
To hold these tools in the respective positions, the various types of tool holders are fitted in
a hexagonal turret or front tool post of the square turret or in the rear tool post.
The following are the various types of tool holders
Straight cutter tool holder
Adjustable angle cutter tool holder
Multiple cutter holder
Offset cutter holder
Sliding tool holder
Knee tool holder
Flange tool holder
Roller steady box tool holder
Self opening type die holder
Knurling tool holder
Collapsible taps
Combination tool holder
79. TOOL LAYOUTS
Turret and capstan lathe are mainly used for machining workpieces
in rapid speed. Before starting the production, the following works
are carried out.
Selection of tools
Designing of special tools
Selection of speeds
Selection of feeds
Setting the required length of work piece.
80. Tool layouts mainly consist of three stages
Planning and scheduling stage
Detailed sketching of various stages
Sketching the plan showing the various tools
81. AUTOMATIC LATHES
In automatic lathes, all operations required to finish off the work piece are
automatically done without the attention of an operator.
These machines are meant for producing identical parts without
participation of an operator.
All operations including loading and unloading are automatically done. By
using the control system, all working and idle operations are performed in
a definite sequence.
82. ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC LATHES
Mass production of identical parts is highly achieved
High accuracy is maintained
Time of production is minimized
Less floor space is required
Unskilled labour is enough
It minimizes the labour cost
One operator can be utilized to operate more than one machine.
83. Classification of automatic lathes
Classification according to the type of work material used
Bar stock machine
Chucking machine
Classification according to the number of spindles
Single spindle automats
Multi spindle automats
Classification according to the arrangements of spindles
Horizontal spindle type
Vertical spindle type
Classification according to the feed control
Single cam shaft rotating at constant speed
Single cam shaft with two speeds
Two cam shaft
Classification according to the use
Single purpose machine
General purpose machine
85. The following types of single spindle
automatic lathe are mostly used
Automatic cutting off machine
Automatic screw cutting machine
Swiss type automatic screw machine
91. It consists of four major parts
The sliding headstock through which the bar stock is passed and gripped
by a carbide lined guide bush
The camshaft which controls the bar stock and cutting tool movements
The tool bracket which supports five tool slides and a bush for stock
Auxiliary attachments for performing various operations such as knurling,
drilling, tapping, screwing, slotting, recessing etc.
92. Working principle
The bar stock is held in the rotating spindle by a collet check. head stock
slides along the bed ways with the rotating bar stock. This headstock
movement gives a longitudinal feed to the work.
All tools in the tool slides remove materials from the work piece at the
same time. The tool in the feed base attachment may also do operations
such as drilling.
93. Advantages of Swiss type screw machine
It is used to manufacture precision turning of small parts
It has five tool slides
Wide range of speeds is available
It is rigid in construction
Tolerance of 0.005 to 0.0125mm is obtained
94. Multi spindle automatic lathes
Multiple spindle automatic lathes are machines which can produce larger
work pieces than single spindle automats.
The principle advantage of the multi spindle automat is that it has a tool
slide working simultaneously on the jobs on all spindles and hence, the
time for producing a piece is the time for the longest cut
95.
96. Classification of multi spindle automatic lathes
According to the type of work piece used
Bar type machine
Chucking type machine
According to the arrangement of spindle
Horizontal spindle type
Vertical spindle type
According to the principle of operation
Parallel action type
Progressive action type
99. Sl
No.
Parallel action machine Progressive action machine
1 Same operation is done on all jobs in all
spindles
Different operations are done on jobs
at each station one after another
2 The rate of production is very high The rate of production is moderate
3 If anything goes wrong in one station,
the production in that particular station
only is affected
If anything goes wrong in one station,
the production is completely affected
in all station.
4 Small parts of simple shapes are
produced
Parts of complicated shapes can be
produced
100. Sl
No.
Single spindle Multi spindle
1 There is only one spindle There are 2,4,5,6 or 8 spindle
2 Only one work piece is machined at a
time
A number of work pieces are machined at
a time
3 The rate of production is low The rate of production is high
4 Machining accuracy is higher Machining accuracy is lower
5 Tool setting time and tooling cost is less Tool setting time and tooling cost is more