This document discusses carbohydrates and their structure. It explains that monosaccharides are single unit sugars that can join through condensation reactions to form disaccharides, linked by glycosidic bonds. Benedict's reagent can be used to test for the presence of sugars. Monosaccharides are the basic building blocks, and include common hexoses like glucose. They can polymerize into larger carbohydrates through dehydration reactions catalyzed by enzymes.

2.  Know the difference between
monosaccharides and disaccharides
 Know how to use Benedict’s reagent
 Know how monosaccharides join to form
disaccharides through condensation reactions
forming glycosidic bonds, and how they can
be split by hydrolysis reactions

3. • Although cells are 70–95% water, the rest
consists mostly of carbon-based compounds
• Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form
large, complex, and diverse molecules
• Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other
molecules that distinguish living matter are all
composed of carbon compounds

4. • Organic chemistry is the study of
compounds that contain carbon
• Organic compounds range from simple
molecules to colossal ones
• Most organic compounds contain
hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon
atoms

5.  The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners
(hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are the “building
code” that governs the architecture of living molecules

6. Hydrocarbons are organic molecules
consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Many organic molecules, such as fats,
have hydrocarbon components
Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that
release a large amount of energy

8. Functional groups are the components of
organic molecules that are most commonly
involved in chemical reactions

10.  A polymer is a long molecule consisting of
many similar building blocks
 These small building-block molecules are
called monomers
 Three of the four classes of life’s organic
molecules are polymers:
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

12.  A condensation reaction or more
specifically a dehydration reaction occurs
when two monomers bond together through
the loss of a water molecule
 Enzymes are macromolecules that speed up
the dehydration process
 Polymers are disassembled to monomers by
hydrolysis, a reaction that is essentially the
reverse of the dehydration reaction

15. Monosaccharides and disaccharides

16. Carbohydrates include sugars and the
polymers of sugars
One unit- Monosaccharide
Two units- Disaccharide
Three to ten- Oligosaccharide
Eleven and more- Polysaccharide

17. Monosaccharides have molecular
formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O
Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common
monosaccharide

18. 3 major types of monosaccharides are:
1. Trioses- contain 3 carbon atoms
2. Pentoses- contain 5 carbon atoms
3. Hexoses- contian 6 carbon atoms

21. Monosaccharides serve as a major fuel for
cells and as raw material for building
molecules

22. A disaccharide is formed when a
condensation reaction joins two
monosaccharides
This covalent bond is called a glycosidic
linkage

25. Testing for sugars
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uY98fz
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