This document provides an overview and summaries of chapter 6 from Campbell Biology, 9th edition, which discusses a tour of the cell. The chapter introduces cells as the fundamental unit of life and explains how cell structure relates to function. It describes how biologists use microscopes like light microscopes and electron microscopes as well as techniques like cell fractionation to study cells. The document includes figures illustrating the size scales visible with different microscopes and an illustration of the cell fractionation technique.
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
6.6 The cyto
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
6.6 The cyto
A level Biology - Cells, Viruses and Reproduction of Living Thingsmrexham
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 2 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
6. Figure 6.2 10 m
Human height
1m
Length of some
nerve and
Unaided eye
muscle cells
0.1 m
Chicken egg
1 cm
Frog egg
1 mm
Light microscopy
Human egg
100 µm
Most plant and
animal cells
10 µm
Nucleus
Most bacteria
Electron microscopy
Mitochondrion
1 µm
Smallest bacteria Super-
100 nm
Viruses resolution
microscopy
Ribosomes
10 nm
Proteins
Lipids
1 nm
Small molecules
0.1 nm Atoms
7. Figure 6.2a
10 m
Human height
1m
Length of some
nerve and
Unaided eye
muscle cells
0.1 m
Chicken egg
1 cm
Frog egg
1 mm
Human egg
100 µm
8. Figure 6.2b
1 cm
Frog egg
1 mm
Human egg
100 µm
Light microscopy
Most plant and
animal cells
10 µm
Nucleus
Most bacteria
Mitochondrion
1 µm
Electron microscopy
Smallest bacteria Super-
100 nm
Viruses resolution
microscopy
Ribosomes
10 nm
Proteins
Lipids
1 nm
Small molecules
0.1 nm Atoms
14. Figure 6.4 TECHNIQUE
Homogenization
Tissue
cells
Homogenate
Centrifuged at
1,000 g
(1,000 times the Centrifugation
force of gravity)
for 10 min Supernatant
poured into
next tube
Differential
centrifugation
20,000 g
20 min
80,000 g
60 min
Pellet rich in
nuclei and
cellular debris
150,000 g
3 hr
Pellet rich in
mitochondria
(and chloro-
plasts if cells
are from a plant)
Pellet rich in
“microsomes”
(pieces of plasma
membranes and
cells’ internal
membranes) Pellet rich in
ribosomes
16. Figure 6.4b
TECHNIQUE (cont.) Centrifuged at
1,000 g
(1,000 times the
force of gravity)
for 10 min Supernatant
poured into
next tube
Differential
centrifugation
20,000 g
20 min
80,000 g
60 min
Pellet rich in
nuclei and
cellular debris
150,000 g
3 hr
Pellet rich in
mitochondria
(and chloro-
plasts if cells
are from a plant)
Pellet rich in
“microsomes”
Pellet rich in
ribosomes
24. Figure 6.6
(a) TEM of a plasma
Outside of cell membrane
Inside of cell
0.1 µm
Carbohydrate side chains
Hydrophilic
region
Hydrophobic
region
Hydrophilic Phospholipid Proteins
region
(b) Structure of the plasma membrane
25. Figure 6.6a
Outside of cell
Inside of cell
0.1 µm
(a) TEM of a plasma membrane
27. Figure 6.7
Surface area increases while
total volume remains constant
5
1
1
Total surface area
[sum of the surface areas
(height × width) of all box 6 150 750
sides × number of boxes]
Total volume
[height × width × length
× number of boxes] 1 125 125
Surface-to-volume
(S-to-V) ratio
[surface area ÷ volume] 6 1.2 6
41. Figure 6.10
0.25 µm
Free ribosomes in cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes bound to ER
Large
subunit
Small
subunit
TEM showing ER and
ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome
42. Figure 6.10a
0.25 µm
Free ribosomes in cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes bound to ER
TEM showing ER and
ribosomes
68. Figure 6.16
Endoplasmic Nucleus
reticulum
Engulfing of oxygen- Nuclear
using nonphotosynthetic envelope
prokaryote, which
becomes a mitochondrion
Mitochondrion Ancestor of
eukaryotic cells
(host cell)
Engulfing of
photosynthetic
prokaryote
At least
Nonphotosynthetic one cell Chloroplast
eukaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
70. Figure 6.17
10 µm
Intermembrane space
Outer Mitochondria
membrane
DNA
Inner
Free Mitochondrial
membrane
ribosomes DNA
in the Cristae
mitochondrial Nuclear DNA
Matrix
matrix
0.1 µm
(a) Diagram and TEM of mitochondrion (b) Network of mitochondria in a protist
cell (LM)
71. Figure 6.17a
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
DNA
Inner
Free membrane
ribosomes
in the Cristae
mitochondrial
Matrix
matrix 0.1 µm
(a) Diagram and TEM of mitochondrion
76. Figure 6.18
Ribosomes 50 µm
Stroma
Inner and outer
membranes
Granum
Chloroplasts
(red)
DNA
Thylakoid Intermembrane space 1 µm
(a) Diagram and TEM of chloroplast (b) Chloroplasts in an algal cell
77. Figure 6.18a
Ribosomes
Stroma
Inner and outer
membranes
Granum
DNA
Thylakoid Intermembrane space 1 µm
(a) Diagram and TEM of chloroplast
94. Figure 6.23
Direction of swimming
(a) Motion of flagella
5 µm
Direction of organism’s movement
Power stroke Recovery stroke
(b) Motion of cilia
15 µm
103. Figure 6.25 Microtubule
ATP
doublets
Dynein protein
(a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement
Cross-linking proteins
ATP
between outer doublets
Anchorage
in cell
(b) Effect of cross-linking proteins
1 3
2
(c) Wavelike motion
104. Figure 6.25a
Microtubule
doublets ATP
Dynein protein
(a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement
105. Figure 6.25b
Cross-linking proteins
ATP
between outer doublets
1 3
2
Anchorage
in cell
(b) Effect of cross-linking proteins (c) Wavelike motion
109. Figure 6.27
Muscle cell
0.5 µm
Actin
filament
Myosin
filament
Myosin
head
(a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction
Cortex (outer cytoplasm):
gel with actin network
100 µm
Inner cytoplasm: sol
with actin subunits
Extending
pseudopodium
(b) Amoeboid movement
Chloroplast 30 µm
(c) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
110. Figure 6.27a
Muscle cell
0.5 µm
Actin
filament
Myosin
filament
Myosin
head
(a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction
111. Figure 6.27b
Cortex (outer cytoplasm):
gel with actin network
100 µm
Inner cytoplasm: sol
with actin subunits
Extending
pseudopodium
(b) Amoeboid movement
For the Discovery Video Cells, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.2 The size range of cells.
Figure 6.2 The size range of cells.
Figure 6.2 The size range of cells.
Figure 6.3 Exploring: Microscopy
Figure 6.4 Research Method: Cell Fractionation
Figure 6.4 Research Method: Cell Fractionation
Figure 6.4 Research Method: Cell Fractionation
Figure 6.5 A prokaryotic cell.
Figure 6.5 A prokaryotic cell.
Figure 6.6 The plasma membrane.
Figure 6.6 The plasma membrane.
Figure 6.7 Geometric relationships between surface area and volume.
Figure 6.8 Exploring: Eukaryotic Cells
Figure 6.8 Exploring: Eukaryotic Cells
Figure 6.9 The nucleus and its envelope.
Figure 6.9 The nucleus and its envelope.
Figure 6.9 The nucleus and its envelope.
Figure 6.9 The nucleus and its envelope.
Figure 6.9 The nucleus and its envelope.
For the Cell Biology Video Staining of Endoplasmic Reticulum, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.10 Ribosomes.
Figure 6.10 Ribosomes.
For the Cell Biology Video ER and Mitochondria in Leaf Cells, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.11 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Figure 6.11 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Figure 6.11 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
For the Cell Biology Video ER to Golgi Traffic, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Golgi Complex in 3D, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Secretion From the Golgi, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.12 The Golgi apparatus.
Figure 6.12 The Golgi apparatus.
For the Cell Biology Video Phagocytosis in Action, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.13 Lysosomes.
Figure 6.13 Lysosomes.
Figure 6.14 The plant cell vacuole.
Figure 6.14 The plant cell vacuole.
Figure 6.15 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system.
Figure 6.15 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system.
Figure 6.15 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system.
For the Cell Biology Video ER and Mitochondria in Leaf Cells, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Mitochondria in 3D, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Chloroplast Movement, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.16 The endosymbiont theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.
Figure 6.17 The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration.
Figure 6.17 The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration.
Figure 6.17 The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration.
Figure 6.17 The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration.
Figure 6.18 The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis.
Figure 6.18 The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis.
Figure 6.18 The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis.
Figure 6.18 The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis.
Figure 6.19 A peroxisome.
For the Cell Biology Video The Cytoskeleton in a Neuron Growth Cone, go to Animation and Video Files For the Cell Biology Video Cytoskeletal Protein Dynamics, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.21 Motor proteins and the cytoskeleton.
For the Cell Biology Video Actin Network in Crawling Cells, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Actin Visualization in Dendrites, go to Animation and Video Files.
Table 6.1 The Structure and Function of the Cytoskeleton
Table 6.1 The Structure and Function of the Cytoskeleton
Table 6.1 The Structure and Function of the Cytoskeleton
Table 6.1 The Structure and Function of the Cytoskeleton
For the Cell Biology Video Transport Along Microtubules, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Movement of Organelles in Vivo, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Movement of Organelles in Vitro, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.22 Centrosome containing a pair of centrioles.
Figure 6.23 A comparison of the beating of flagella and motile cilia.
Figure 6.24 Structure of a flagellum or motile cilium.
Figure 6.24 Structure of a flagellum or motile cilium.
Figure 6.24 Structure of a flagellum or motile cilium.
Figure 6.24 Structure of a flagellum or motile cilium.
Figure 6.24 Structure of a flagellum or motile cilium.
For the Cell Biology Video Motion of Isolated Flagellum, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Flagellum Movement in Swimming Sperm, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.25 How dynein “walking” moves flagella and cilia.
Figure 6.25 How dynein “walking” moves flagella and cilia.
Figure 6.25 How dynein “walking” moves flagella and cilia.
Figure 6.26 A structural role of microfilaments.
Figure 6.27 Microfilaments and motility.
Figure 6.27 Microfilaments and motility.
Figure 6.27 Microfilaments and motility.
Figure 6.27 Microfilaments and motility.
For the Cell Biology Video Interphase Microtubule Dynamics, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Microtubule Sliding in Flagellum Movement, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Microtubule Dynamics, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Ciliary Motion, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video E-cadherin Expression, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.28 Plant cell walls.
Figure 6.28 Plant cell walls.
For the Cell Biology Video Cartoon Model of a Collagen Triple Helix, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Staining of the Extracellular Matrix, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Fibronectin Fibrils, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.30 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell.