1) The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 24 of Campbell Biology about the origin of species. It discusses allopatric and sympatric speciation, describing how new species can form with or without geographic separation between populations.
2) Reproductive isolation is formed by prezygotic barriers that prevent mating or fertilization, and postzygotic barriers that result in non-viable or infertile hybrid offspring.
3) Examples are given of allopatric speciation including mosquitofish that evolved in isolated ponds, and snapping shrimp separated when the Isthmus of Panama formed.
52. Figure 24.5
(a) (b)Allopatric speciation.
A population forms a
new species while
geographically isolated
from its parent population.
Sympatric speciation.
A subset of a population
forms a new species
without geographic
separation.
74. Figure 24.10
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
Initial population
of fruit flies
(Drosophila
pseudoobscura)
Some flies raised
on starch medium
Mating experiments
after 40 generations
Some flies raised on
maltose medium
Female
Starch Maltose
Male
MaltoseStarch
Number of matings
in experimental group
22 9
8 20
Female
Starch
population 1
Male
Starch
population2
Number of matings
in control group
18 15
12 15
Starch
population 2
Starch
population1
75. Figure 24.10a
EXPERIMENT
Initial population
of fruit flies
(Drosophila
pseudoobscura)
Some flies raised
on starch medium
Mating experiments
after 40 generations
Some flies raised on
maltose medium
80. Figure 24.11-1
Species A
2n = 6
Species B
2n = 4
Normal
gamete
n = 3
Meiotic error;
chromosome number not
reduced from 2n to n
Unreduced gamete
with 4 chromosomes
81. Figure 24.11-2
Species A
2n = 6
Species B
2n = 4
Normal
gamete
n = 3
Meiotic error;
chromosome number not
reduced from 2n to n
Unreduced gamete
with 4 chromosomes
Hybrid with
7 chromosomes
82. Figure 24.11-3
Species A
2n = 6
Species B
2n = 4
Normal
gamete
n = 3
Meiotic error;
chromosome number not
reduced from 2n to n
Unreduced gamete
with 4 chromosomes
Hybrid with
7 chromosomes
Unreduced gamete
with 7 chromosomes
Normal
gamete
n = 3
83. Figure 24.11-4
Species A
2n = 6
Species B
2n = 4
Normal
gamete
n = 3
Meiotic error;
chromosome number not
reduced from 2n to n
Unreduced gamete
with 4 chromosomes
Hybrid with
7 chromosomes
Unreduced gamete
with 7 chromosomes
Normal
gamete
n = 3
New species:
viable fertile hybrid
(allopolyploid) 2n = 10
96. Figure 24.13
EUROPE
Yellow-bellied
toad, Bombina
variegata
Fire-bellied
toad range
Hybrid zone
Yellow-bellied
toad range
Fire-bellied toad, Bombina bombina
Frequencyof
B.variegata-specificallele
Yellow-bellied
toad range
Hybrid
zone
Fire-bellied
toad range
Distance from hybrid zone center (km)
40
0.99
0.9
0.5
0.1
0.01
30 20 10 0 10 20
106. Figure 24.14-4
Gene flow
Population
Barrier to
gene flow
Isolated
population
diverges
Hybrid
zone
Hybrid
individual
Possible
outcomes:
Reinforcement
OR
OR
Fusion
Stability
108. Figure 24.15
Females choosing between
these males:
Females choosing between
these males:
Sympatric pied male
Sympatric collared male
Allopatric pied male
Allopatric collared male
(none)
Female mate choice Female mate choice
Own
species
Own
species
Other
species
Other
species
Numberoffemales
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
121. Figure 24.19
H. annuus
gamete
H. petiolarus
gamete
F1 experimental hybrid
(4 of the 2n = 34
chromosomes are shown)
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
Chromosome 1
H. anomalus
Chromosome 2
H. anomalus
Experimental hybrid
Experimental hybrid