The document provides an overview of cell structure and function from Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition. It discusses how biologists use microscopes like light and electron microscopes to study cells. Key cellular components are then summarized, including the nucleus, organelles, cytoskeleton, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Membrane-bound organelles allow eukaryotic cells to have specialized functions.
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
6.6 The cyto
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
6.6 The cyto
Cell (ppt. lecturers for Biology,7th Edition)lecturers by Chris RomeroDALICANO Aiza
this ppt. is taken from the Campbell Book... i do not own this presentation i would just like to share it to students who may need it in understanding all about Cell
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cell (ppt. lecturers for Biology,7th Edition)lecturers by Chris RomeroDALICANO Aiza
this ppt. is taken from the Campbell Book... i do not own this presentation i would just like to share it to students who may need it in understanding all about Cell
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
7. Figure 6.2 10 m
1 m
0.1 m
1 cm
1 mm
100 µm
10 µm
1 µm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
0.1 nm Atoms
Small molecules
Lipids
Proteins
Ribosomes
Viruses
Smallest bacteria
Mitochondrion
Most bacteria
Nucleus
Most plant and
animal cells
Human egg
Frog egg
Chicken egg
Length of some
nerve and
muscle cells
Human height
Unaided
eye
Light
microscopy
Electron
microscopy
Super-
resolution
microscopy
8. 10 m
1 m
0.1 m
1 cm
1 mm
100 µm
Human egg
Frog egg
Chicken egg
Length of some
nerve and
muscle cells
Human height
Unaided
eye
Figure 6.2a
9. Figure 6.2b
1 mm
100 µm
10 µm
1 µm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
0.1 nm Atoms
Small molecules
Lipids
Proteins
Ribosomes
Viruses
Smallest bacteria
Mitochondrion
Most bacteria
Nucleus
Most plant and
animal cells
Human egg
Light
microscopy
Electron
microscopy
Super-
resolution
microscopy
1 cm
Frog egg
29. Figure 6.4 TECHNIQUE
Homogenization
Tissue
cells
Homogenate
Centrifugation
Differential
centrifugation
Centrifuged at
1,000 g
(1,000 times the
force of gravity)
for 10 min Supernatant
poured into
next tube
20,000 g
20 min
80,000 g
60 min
Pellet rich in
nuclei and
cellular debris
150,000 g
3 hr
Pellet rich in
mitochondria
(and chloro-
plasts if cells
are from a plant)
Pellet rich in
“microsomes”
(pieces of plasma
membranes and
cells’ internal
membranes) Pellet rich in
ribosomes
31. Differential
centrifugation
Centrifuged at
1,000 g
(1,000 times the
force of gravity)
for 10 min Supernatant
poured into
next tube
20 min
60 min
Pellet rich in
nuclei and
cellular debris
3 hr
Pellet rich in
mitochondria
(and chloro-
plasts if cells
are from a plant)
Pellet rich in
“microsomes”
Pellet rich in
ribosomes
20,000 g
80,000 g
150,000 g
TECHNIQUE (cont.)
Figure 6.4b
39. Figure 6.6
Outside of cell
Inside of cell
0.1 µm
(a) TEM of a plasma
membrane
Hydrophilic
region
Hydrophobic
region
Hydrophilic
region
Carbohydrate side chains
Proteins
Phospholipid
(b) Structure of the plasma membrane
42. Surface area increases while
total volume remains constant
Total surface area
[sum of the surface areas
(height × width) of all box
sides × number of boxes]
Total volume
[height × width × length
× number of boxes]
Surface-to-volume
(S-to-V) ratio
[surface area ÷ volume]
1
5
6 150 750
1
125
125
1
1.2
6 6
Figure 6.7
64. Figure 6.10
0.25 µm
Free ribosomes in cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes bound to ER
Large
subunit
Small
subunit
Diagram of a ribosome
TEM showing ER and
ribosomes
65. Figure 6.10a
0.25 µm
Free ribosomes in cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes bound to ER
TEM showing ER and
ribosomes
94. Figure 6.16
Nucleus
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Nuclear
envelope
Ancestor of
eukaryotic cells
(host cell)
Engulfing of oxygen-
using nonphotosynthetic
prokaryote, which
becomes a mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic
eukaryote
Mitochondrion
At least
one cell
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of
photosynthetic
prokaryote
Chloroplast
102. Figure 6.18
Ribosomes
Stroma
Inner and outer
membranes
Granum
1 µm
Intermembrane space
Thylakoid
(a) Diagram and TEM of chloroplast (b) Chloroplasts in an algal cell
Chloroplasts
(red)
50 µm
DNA
126. Direction of swimming
(b) Motion of cilia
Direction of organism’s movement
Power stroke Recovery stroke
(a) Motion of flagella
5 µm
15 µm
Figure 6.23
137. Figure 6.25 Microtubule
doublets
Dynein protein
ATP
(a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement
Cross-linking proteins
between outer doublets
ATP
Anchorage
in cell
(b) Effect of cross-linking proteins
(c) Wavelike motion
1
2
3
146. Figure 6.27b
100 µm
Cortex (outer cytoplasm):
gel with actin network
Inner cytoplasm: sol
with actin subunits
(b) Amoeboid movement
Extending
pseudopodium
169. Figure 6.32
Tight junctions prevent
fluid from moving
across a layer of cells
Tight junction
Tight junction
TEM
0.5 µm
TEM
1 µm
TEM
0.1 µm
Extracellular
matrix
Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells
Space
between cells
Ions or small
molecules
Desmosome
Intermediate
filaments
Gap
junction
170. Tight junctions prevent
fluid from moving
across a layer of cells
Extracellular
matrix
Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells
Space
between cells
Ions or small
molecules
Desmosome
Intermediate
filaments
Tight junction
Gap
junction
Figure 6.32a