- Cellular respiration consists of three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
- The citric acid cycle further oxidizes pyruvate and other molecules, generating more ATP and electron carriers.
- Oxidative phosphorylation generates the majority of ATP through an electron transport chain that harnesses the energy of electron transfers to power ATP synthesis.
21. Figure 9.5
(a) Uncontrolled reaction (b) Cellular respiration
Explosive
release of
heat and light
energy
Controlled
release of
energy for
synthesis of
ATP
Freeenergy,G
Freeenergy,G
H2 + 1
/2 O2 2 H + 1
/2 O2
1
/2 O2
H2O H2O
2 H+
+ 2 eā
2 eā
2 H+
ATP
ATP
ATP
Electrontransport
chain
(from food via NADH)
23. Figure 9.UN05
Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter)1.
Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
(color-coded salmon)
2.
Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and
chemiosmosis (color-coded violet)
3.
25. Figure 9.6-2
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Citric
acid
cycle
Pyruvate
oxidation
Acetyl CoA
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
ATP ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
26. Figure 9.6-3
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Citric
acid
cycle
Pyruvate
oxidation
Acetyl CoA
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
ATP ATP ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation
69. Figure 9.15
Protein
complex
of electron
carriers
(carrying electrons
from food)
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
ATP
synth-
ase
I
II
III
IV
Q
Cyt c
FADFADH2
NADH ADP + P i
NAD+
H+
2 H+
+ 1
/2O2
H+
H+
H+
21
H+
H2O
ATP
72. Figure 9.16
Electron shuttles
span membrane
MITOCHONDRION
2 NADH
2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 FADH2
or
+ 2 ATP+ 2 ATP + about 26 or 28 ATP
Glycolysis
Glucose 2 Pyruvate
Pyruvate oxidation
2 Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
CYTOSOL
Maximum per glucose:
About
30 or 32 ATP
94. Figure 9.UN08
Protein complex
of electron
carriers
(carrying electrons from food)
INTERMEMBRANE
SPACE
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
H+
H+
H+
2 H+
+ 1
/2 O2 H2O
NAD+
FADH2 FAD
Q
NADH
I
II
III
IV
Cyt c
For the Discovery Video Space Plants, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 9.1 How do these leaves power the work of life for this chimpanzee?
Figure 9.2 Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems.
Figure 9.UN01 In-text figure, p. 164
Figure 9.UN02 In-text figure, p. 164
Figure 9.3 Methane combustion as an energy-yielding redox reaction.
Figure 9.UN03 In-text figure, p. 165
Figure 9.4 NADļ« as an electron shuttle.
Figure 9.UN04 In-text figure, p. 166
Figure 9.5 An introduction to electron transport chains.
Figure 9.UN05 In-text figure, p. 167
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration.
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration.
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration.
Figure 9.7 Substrate-level phosphorylation.
Figure 9.8 The energy input and output of glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.10 Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the step before the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.11 An overview of pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
For the Cell Biology Video ATP Synthase 3D Structure ā Side View, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video ATP Synthase 3D Structure ā Top View, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 9.13 Free-energy change during electron transport.
Figure 9.14 ATP synthase, a molecular mill.
Figure 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis.
Figure 9.16 ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration.
Figure 9.17 Fermentation.
Figure 9.17 Fermentation.
Figure 9.17 Fermentation.
Figure 9.18 Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism.
Figure 9.19 The catabolism of various molecules from food.