This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 2 of Campbell Biology about the chemical context of life. It discusses the basic components of atoms and molecules, including elements, compounds, ions, and the different types of chemical bonds. It also summarizes the structure of atoms and how this relates to an element's properties. Additionally, it outlines important chemical reactions like photosynthesis and explains concepts like chemical equilibrium. The overall summary is that chemistry provides the building blocks and forces that shape biological molecules and drive metabolic reactions.
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
6.6 The cyto
14. Figure 2.8
(a) A ball bouncing down a flight
of stairs provides an analogy
for energy levels of electrons.
Third shell (highest energy
level in this model)
Second shell (higher Energy
energy level) absorbed
First shell (lowest energy
level)
Energy
lost
Atomic
nucleus
(b)
19. Figure 2.10
First shell
Neon, with two filled
Shells (10 electrons)
Second shell
(a) Electron distribution diagram
First shell Second shell
x y
z
1s orbital 2s orbital Three 2p orbitals
(b) Separate electron orbitals
1s, 2s, and
2p orbitals
(c) Superimposed electron orbitals
25. Figure 2.12
Name and Electron Lewis Dot Space-
Molecular Distribution Structure and Filling
Formula Diagram Structural Model
Formula
(a) Hydrogen (H2)
(b) Oxygen (O2)
(c) Water (H2O)
(d) Methane (CH4)
40. Figure 2.17
z Four hybrid orbitals
s orbital Three p orbitals
x
y
Tetrahedron
(a) Hybridization of orbitals
Space-Filling Ball-and-Stick Hybrid-Orbital Model
Model Model (with ball-and-stick
model superimposed)
Unbonded
Electron
pair
Water (H2O)
Methane (CH4)
(b) Molecular-shape models