5. Figure 9.2
Light
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O Organic
+ O2
molecules
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
ATP powers
ATP
most cellular work
Heat
energy
16. Figure 9.5
H2 + 1/2 O2 2H + /2 O2
1
(from food via NADH)
Controlled
release of
2H + 2e
+ −
energy for
synthesis of
ATP
Elec chain
ATP
Free energy, G
Free energy, G
tron
Explosive ATP
release of
tran
heat and light ATP
energy
spor
2 e−
t
1
/2 O2
2H +
H2O H2O
(a) Uncontrolled reaction (b) Cellular respiration
18. Figure 9.6-3
Electrons Electrons carried
carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2
Oxidative
Pyruvate
Glycolysis Citric phosphorylation:
oxidation
acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA cycle and
chemiosmosis
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
ATP ATP ATP
Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative
phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation
37. Figure 9.13
NADH
50
2 e−
NAD+
FADH2
2 e− FAD Multiprotein
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
40 FMN
I complexes
Fe• S II
Fe• S
Q
III
Cyt b
Fe• S
30
Cyt c1
IV
Cyt c
Cyt a
Cyt a3
20
2 e−
10
(originally from
NADH or FADH2)
0 2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
40. Figure 9.14
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
A rotor within the
membrane spins as
shown when H+ flows
H+ past it down the H+
Stator
gradient.
Rotor
A stator anchored in
the membrane holds
the knob stationary.
A rod (or “stalk”)
extending into the
knob also spins,
Internal
activating catalytic
rod
sites in the knob.
Catalytic
knob
Three catalytic sites in
the stationary knob
join inorganic
ADP phosphate to ADP to
+ make ATP.
Pi ATP
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
41. Figure 9.15
H+
H +
Protein H +
complex H+
Cyt c
of electron
carriers
IV
Q
III
I
ATP
II synth-
2 H+ + 1/2O2 H2O ase
FADH2 FAD
NADH NAD+
ADP + P i ATP
(carrying electrons
from food) H+
1 Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation
43. Proton Motive Force
• Is an electrochemical gradient
• Two gradients drive the protons from the
intermembrane space into the matrix
– It is more negative inside the matrix than in the
intermembrane space, so there is electric potential across
the membrane
• H+ is attracted to the opposite negative charge inside
the matrix
– There is a chemical or pH gradient as well
• Greater concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space
causes the protons to move to an area of lower
concentration inside the matrix
• About 85% of the proton motive force is derived
from the electric or charge gradient while
approximately 15% comes from the chemical
gradient
45. ATP Synthase
• Results from numerous experiments show
that, on average, 3 protons have to pass
through ATP synthase for 1 ATP to be
synthesized
• Therefore, 9 protons would be required to
produce 3 ATP, and we’ve seen that the
electrons from NADH lead to the
translocation of 10 protons into the
intermembrane space
• But, it’s not quite that simple
46. ATP Synthase
• 3 protons produce 1 ATP, but the ATP has to be exported
out of the mitochondria since most of them are used in the
cytoplasm
• Adenine nucleotide translocase exchanges mitochondrial
ATP4- for cytosolic ADP3-, but it results in a -1 net charge
loss in the matrix
• Formation of ATP also requires the import of phosphate
through a phosphate transporter
• Phosphate (H2PO4-) enters with H+ through an
electroneutral symporter
• The cost of moving phosphate and ADP in and ATP out is
approximately equal to the influx of 1 H+
• Thus, synthesis of 1 ATP requires 4 protons
47.
48. P/O Ratio
• Ratio of molecules phosphorylated to atoms of
oxygen reduced
• 2 electrons are required to reduce a single
atom of oxygen
• For each pair of electrons that pass through the
ETC, 10 protons are translocated across the
membrane through ATP synthase
• Since 4 protons are needed for each molecule
of cytoplasmic ATP, the P/O ratio = 10/4 = 2.5
– This applies to NADH, but the electrons involved
in succinate oxidation skip complex I, so 6/4 = 1.5
49. Figure 9.16
Electron shuttles MITOCHONDRION
span membrane 2 NADH
or
2 FADH2
2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2
Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Oxidative
Citric phosphorylation:
Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA acid electron transport
cycle and
chemiosmosis
+ 2 ATP + 2 ATP + about 26 or 28 ATP
About
Maximum per glucose: 30 or 32 ATP
CYTOSOL
For the Discovery Video Space Plants, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 9.1 How do these leaves power the work of life for this chimpanzee?
Figure 9.2 Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems.
Figure 9.UN02 In-text figure, p. 164
Figure 9.UN03 In-text figure, p. 165
Figure 9.4 NAD as an electron shuttle.
Figure 9.5 An introduction to electron transport chains.
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration.
Figure 9.7 Substrate-level phosphorylation.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis. Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis.
Figure 9.10 Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the step before the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.11 An overview of pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle.
Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle.
For the Cell Biology Video ATP Synthase 3D Structure — Side View, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video ATP Synthase 3D Structure — Top View, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 9.13 Free-energy change during electron transport.
Figure 9.14 ATP synthase, a molecular mill.
Figure 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis.
Figure 9.16 ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration.
Figure 9.17 Fermentation.
Figure 9.18 Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism.
Figure 9.19 The catabolism of various molecules from food.