The 5th state of matter - Bose–einstein condensate
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The document discusses Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), a state of matter that occurs when bosons are cooled to near absolute zero. BECs have unusual properties like flowing without friction. They were first theorized in the 1920s but were not produced in a lab until 1995 using lasers, magnets and evaporative cooling. Potential applications of BECs include precision etching due to their coherent properties when formed into beams.
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Bose einstein condensate
Bose-Einstein condensates are a state of matter formed by cooling a gas to near absolute zero, causing the atoms to behave as a single super atom. They were first theorized in the 1920s but were not produced in a lab until 1995. BECs represent a fifth phase of matter beyond solids, liquids, gases and plasma, with the atoms becoming indistinguishable from one another and flowing without friction. Potential applications of BECs include precision etching and manipulating light at slow speeds.
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATTION-FLIERL(FINAL COPY)
1) The document discusses Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), a state of matter that can be created by cooling a dilute gas of bosons to near absolute zero. This causes the bosons to occupy the lowest quantum state and form a condensate with superfluid properties.
2) Creating a BEC involves using laser cooling and evaporative cooling techniques to reduce the temperature of trapped atoms. When the de Broglie wavelength of the atoms is comparable to their spacing, they form a BEC below a critical temperature.
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In the quantum level, there are profound differences between fermions (follows Fermi-Dirac statistic) and bosons (follows Bose-Einstein statistic).
As a gas of bosonic atoms is cooled very close to absolute zero temperature, their characteristic will change dramatically.
More accurately when its temperature below a critical temperature Tc, a large fraction of the atoms condenses in the lowest quantum states .
This dramatic phenomenon is known as Bose-Einstein condensation
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Determination of Thermodynamic Properties of OLED Compounds
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Copyright crash course 2nd revised ppt 6340.64 sonia aldape
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Similar to The 5th state of matter - Bose–einstein condensate
ATOM
Rutherford's scattering experiments showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. This contradicted Thomson's "plum pudding" model and led to Rutherford proposing a planetary model of the atom. However, the planetary model is unstable because orbiting electrons would radiate energy according to Maxwell's equations and lose orbit. Spectroscopy experiments produced line spectra that needed to be explained by a new atomic model. Bohr proposed a new quantum mechanical model of the hydrogen atom that could account for its line spectrum.
This is it Right one to form M-4.ppt
The document discusses the historical development of atomic models from Thomson's "plum pudding" model to Rutherford's nuclear model and Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom. Key developments include Rutherford's gold foil experiment which showed that atoms have a small, dense positively charged nucleus, and Bohr's model which proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete energy levels and explained the hydrogen spectral lines. The document provides context around experiments and empirical formulas that contributed to these atomic structure models.
CHAPTER 4: Structure of the Atom - Portland State University
end of the second part of this course, nuclear physics. Note that there is a high voltage rather than a couple of volts as in the Frank
TRM-4.ppt
The document discusses the historical development of atomic models from Thomson's "plum pudding" model to Rutherford's discovery of the nuclear model based on his alpha particle scattering experiments. It then describes Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom which explained the characteristic emission spectra by quantizing angular momentum and energy levels. The Bohr model had both successes in explaining observations but also failures that required new developments in quantum mechanics.
use this anytime anywhere, just cite properly TRM-4.ppt
The document discusses the historical development of atomic models from Thomson's "plum pudding" model to Rutherford's discovery of the nuclear model based on his alpha particle scattering experiments. It then describes Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom which explained the origin of spectral lines by quantizing angular momentum and energy levels. The Bohr model had both successes in explaining phenomena like the Rydberg equation but also failures that required new quantum mechanics to fully explain atomic structure.
TRM-4.ppt
1) The document discusses the historical development of atomic models from Thomson's "plum pudding" model to Rutherford's discovery of the nuclear model based on his gold foil experiments.
2) It then describes Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom which explained the characteristic emission spectra by quantizing angular momentum and energy levels.
3) Bohr's model was an improvement over previous classical models but still had limitations like not incorporating special relativity.
Contributions of j.j thomas, ernst rutherford and neil bohr in the field of c...
The document discusses the historical development of atomic models from Thomson's plum pudding model to Rutherford's nuclear model to Bohr's planetary model. It describes key experiments and contributions from Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr that led to advances in understanding the structure of the atom, including Thomson discovering the electron, Rutherford showing the nucleus, and Bohr incorporating quantum theory. The models progressed from electrons distributed in a positive cloud to orbiting a dense nucleus to orbiting in discrete shells.
The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists .pdf
The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus
surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of
positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons (except in the case of hydrogen-1,
which is the only stable nuclide with no neutrons). The electrons of an atom are bound to the
nucleus by the electromagnetic force. Likewise, a group of atoms can remain bound to each
other, forming a molecule. An atom containing an equal number of protons and electrons is
electrically neutral, otherwise it has a positive or negative charge and is an ion. An atom is
classified according to the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus: the number of protons
determines the chemical element, and the number of neutrons determines the isotope of the
element. Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that cannot be cut into smaller
particles, in modern scientific usage the atom is composed of various subatomic particles. The
constituent particles of an atom are the electron, the proton and the neutron. However, the
hydrogen-1 atom has no neutrons and a positive hydrogen ion has no electrons. In atomic
physics, the Bohr model, devised by Niels Bohr, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged
nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar in
structure to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction, rather than
gravity. This was an improvement on the earlier cubic model (1902), the plum-pudding model
(1904), the Saturnian model (1904), and the Rutherford model (1911). Since the Bohr model is a
quantum physics-based modification of the Rutherford model, many sources combine the two,
referring to the Rutherford–Bohr model. The Bohr model is a primitive model of the hydrogen
atom. As a theory, it can be derived as a first-order approximation of the hydrogen atom using
the broader and much more accurate quantum mechanics, and thus may be considered to be an
obsolete scientific theory. However, because of its simplicity, and its correct results for selected
systems (see below for application), the Bohr model is still commonly taught to introduce
students to quantum mechanics, before moving on to the more accurate but more complex
valence shell atom. An atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like
behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be used to
calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the
atom\'s nucleus. These functions may serve as three-dimensional graphs of an electron’s likely
location. The term may thus refer directly to the physical region defined by the function where
the electron is likely to be. Specifically, atomic orbitals are the possible quantum states of an
individual electron in the collection of electrons around a single atom, as described by the orbital
function. The idea .
Atoms And Molecules
The document discusses the historical development of atomic models from Thomson's plum pudding model to Rutherford's nuclear model to Bohr's orbital model. It describes each scientist's key contributions and experimental findings that improved the understanding of atomic structure, such as Thomson discovering the electron, Rutherford showing the small, dense nucleus, and Bohr explaining electron orbitals. The document concludes that chemistry is fundamentally concerned with understanding atomic and molecular interactions and properties.
Cooling using lasers
Laser cooling involves using lasers tuned slightly below an atomic transition to reduce the kinetic energy and temperature of atoms. Photons from lasers traveling in opposite directions are more likely to be absorbed by atoms moving towards the laser, transferring momentum. Repeated absorption and emission lowers the atom's average velocity over time. Precisely tuned lasers, magnetic fields to control atom movement, high vacuum, and multiple laser directions allow laser cooling to produce ultracold atomic samples for quantum physics experiments near absolute zero.
Electrons in Atoms
The document discusses the development of atomic models from Dalton to Bohr and beyond. It describes Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus and Bohr's model of electrons in fixed orbits around the nucleus. Later, the quantum mechanical model was developed, restricting electrons to specific energy levels rather than exact orbits. This modern model determines the probability of finding electrons in different locations around the nucleus.
Plasma and BEC
This is an introduction slideshow about Plasma and BEC. Hope it helps, and sorry for any errors. Thank you
1. introduction
1) The plasma universe model views electro-magnetism as an important force shaping the universe alongside gravity. It sees galaxies and larger structures as forming through plasma filamentation processes rather than solely through gravitational collapse.
2) It proposes that the cosmic microwave background radiation is caused by synchrotron radiation from electrons spiraling around magnetic field lines rather than being leftover radiation from the Big Bang.
3) Stars form within galaxies in this model through the same plasma filamentation and condensation processes as the larger structures, and the model can potentially explain the observed density profiles and expansion of the visible universe through a process involving the separation and explosive interactions of primordial matter and antimatter regions.
12.2
Here is a semi-log plot of the data with an exponential trendline:
The equation of the trendline is:
y = 12456e-0.4693x
Taking the natural log of both sides:
ln(y) = ln(12456) - 0.4693x
The slope is -0.4693
Using the equation:
t1/2 = 0.693/λ
λ = 0.4693
t1/2 = 0.693/0.4693 = 1.5
Therefore, the half-life of the isotope is 1.5 intervals, or 1.5 x 30 s = 45 seconds.
7.1
The document discusses atomic structure and models of the atom. It describes J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron and the plum pudding model. It then summarizes Rutherford's gold foil experiment, which led to the nuclear model of the atom with a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. The document also discusses atomic spectra and how they provided evidence for discrete energy levels of electrons within atoms.
Ion trap quantum computation
Ion traps offer a possible solution to the challenge of building a quantum computer by isolating ions as physical qubits. Ion traps use oscillating electric fields to confine ions in a line, isolating them from the environment while still allowing for manipulation and interaction through laser beams and the Coulomb force. The linear Paul trap in particular was inspired by Wolfgang Paul observing eggs on a tray and forms the basis for trapped ion quantum computation.
Chemistry Basic understanding for LIKE WHAT?
Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is made of indivisible atoms and that atoms of different elements have different masses. However, later discoveries showed limitations of this theory. Atoms were found to be divisible into subatomic particles and isotopes of the same element can have different masses. Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence that the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small, positively charged nucleus. This led to Rutherford's model of the atom with electrons orbiting the nucleus, like planets around the sun. However, this model could not explain the stability of atoms and quantum theory was needed to fully explain atomic structure.
Structure Of Atom_STUDY MATERIALS_JEE-MAIN_AIPMT
1. Dalton's atomic theory proposed that atoms are indivisible, hard spheres that differ in properties based on their unique structure.
2. Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing their mass, with electrons orbiting the nucleus.
3. Bohr used Planck's quantum theory to explain electron orbits in hydrogen atoms, stabilizing Rutherford's model and beginning modern atomic theory.
Laser cooling and fusion
This document discusses laser cooling and laser fusion. It begins with an introduction to laser cooling, explaining that lasers can be used to cool atoms to very low temperatures through a process called Doppler cooling. It then discusses laser fusion, noting that lasers can be used to compress hydrogen fuel pellets to conditions required for nuclear fusion through either direct or indirect drive methods. The document covers key topics like the fusion reaction, laser energy requirements, mechanisms of laser cooling and compression methods in laser fusion.
Similar to The 5th state of matter - Bose–einstein condensate (20)
CHAPTER 4: Structure of the Atom - Portland State University
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Contributions of j.j thomas, ernst rutherford and neil bohr in the field of c...
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The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists .pdf
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- 23. Thank you for all your attention!