7. Figure 6.2 10 m
1 m
0.1 m
1 cm
1 mm
100 m
10 m
1 m
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
0.1 nm Atoms
Small molecules
Lipids
Proteins
Ribosomes
Viruses
Smallest bacteria
Mitochondrion
Most bacteria
Nucleus
Most plant and
animal cells
Human egg
Frog egg
Chicken egg
Length of some
nerve and
muscle cells
Human height
Unaided
eye
Light
microscopy
Electron
microscopy
Super-
resolution
microscopy
14. Differential
centrifugation
Centrifuged at
1,000 g
(1,000 times the
force of gravity)
for 10 min Supernatant
poured into
next tube
20 min
60 min
Pellet rich in
nuclei and
cellular debris
3 hr
Pellet rich in
mitochondria
(and chloro-
plasts if cells
are from a plant)
Pellet rich in
“microsomes”
Pellet rich in
ribosomes
20,000 g
80,000 g
150,000 g
TECHNIQUE (cont.)
Figure 6.4b
21. Figure 6.6
Outside of cell
Inside of cell
0.1 m
(a) TEM of a plasma
membrane
Hydrophilic
region
Hydrophobic
region
Hydrophilic
region
Carbohydrate side chains
Proteins
Phospholipid
(b) Structure of the plasma membrane
23. Surface area increases while
total volume remains constant
Total surface area
[sum of the surface areas
(height width) of all box
sides number of boxes]
Total volume
[height width length
number of boxes]
Surface-to-volume
(S-to-V) ratio
[surface area volume]
1
5
6 150 750
1
125
125
1
1.2
6 6
Figure 6.7
36. Figure 6.10
0.25 m
Free ribosomes in cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes bound to ER
Large
subunit
Small
subunit
Diagram of a ribosome
TEM showing ER and
ribosomes
56. Nucleus
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Nuclear
envelope
Ancestor of
eukaryotic cells
(host cell)
Engulfing of oxygen-
using nonphotosynthetic
prokaryote, which
becomes a mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic
eukaryote
Mitochondrion
At least
one cell
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of
photosynthetic
prokaryote
Chloroplast
Figure 6.16
61. Figure 6.18
Ribosomes
Stroma
Inner and outer
membranes
Granum
1 m
Intermembrane space
Thylakoid
(a) Diagram and TEM of chloroplast (b) Chloroplasts in an algal cell
Chloroplasts
(red)
50 m
DNA
75. Direction of swimming
(b) Motion of cilia
Direction of organism’s movement
Power stroke Recovery stroke
(a) Motion of flagella
5 m
15 m
Figure 6.23
101. Figure 6.32
Tight junctions prevent
fluid from moving
across a layer of cells
Tight junction
Tight junction
TEM
0.5 m
TEM
1 m
TEM
0.1 m
Extracellular
matrix
Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells
Space
between cells
Ions or small
molecules
Desmosome
Intermediate
filaments
Gap
junction
102. Tight junctions prevent
fluid from moving
across a layer of cells
Extracellular
matrix
Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells
Space
between cells
Ions or small
molecules
Desmosome
Intermediate
filaments
Tight junction
Gap
junction
Figure 6.32a