The document discusses numerical integration techniques including the trapezoidal rule and Simpson's rule. The trapezoidal rule approximates the area under a curve using trapezoids within subintervals, while Simpson's rule uses quadratic approximations within subintervals. The document provides the formulas for approximating integrals using these rules, including the coefficient patterns and expressions used. Examples are given to demonstrate applying the rules to approximate definite integrals. The end discusses estimating the error involved when using these approximation methods.

1. ESTIMATE DEFINITE INTEGRAL USING TRAPEZOIDAL RULE, SIMPSON’S RULE, AND THEN ANALYZING APPROXIMATE ERRORS WITH TRAPEZOIDAL OR SIMPSON’S 4.6 Numerical Integration

2. Some elementary functions don’t have antiderivatives that are elementary functions. For example, If you need to evaluate a definite integral involving a function whose antiderivative cannot be found, you have to resort to approximation techniques. Sometimes we are not even given the function, just a bunch of measurements. Then one of these new rules will be the way to go.

3. The trapezoidal rule uses trapezoids to approximate area, which usually is a much more accurate approximation, even with just a few subintervals. Notice that the height of the trapezoids will actually be Δ x (horizontal) and bases will be the parallel f(x i ) (vertical) on each side of the subinterval.

4. The area of the first trapezoid would be Area = and then total area would be Letting the number of trapezoids n approach infinity, you improve the approximation to the exact answer.

5. Observe that the coefficients are 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, . . . 2, 1

6. Approximations with the Trapezoidal Rule Use the trapezoidal rule to approximate = ___________?

7. Ex 1. p. 310 Approximating with the Trapezoidal Rule You might want to program your calculator with the programs on these links. They are also available on my website. http://college.cengage.com/mathematics/larson/calculus_analytic/8e/students/gcp/ti_82_83_83plus.pdf for TI-83 or TI-84 programs for Simpson’s Rule, Midpoint Rule, Newton’s Method http://college.cengage.com/mathematics/larson/calculus_analytic/8e/students/gcp/ti_86.pdf for TI-86 programs for Simpson’s Rule, Midpoint Rule, Newton’s Method. Anybody want the challenge of programming the TI-86 to do a simultaneous TRAPSIMP? See me after work time begins.

8. A way to see trapezoidal approximations is to say that we approximated f(x) by using a first-degree polynomial (a line) to approximate the graph for each subinterval. Thomas Simpson (1710-1761) used second-degree polynomials (a section of a quadratic) to approximate the graph for each subinterval. Before we get into Simpson’s Rule, we need to list a theorem for evaluating integrals of polynomials of degree 2 or less. Proof on p. 311 if interested.

9. To develop Simpson’s Rule, he partitioned the interval [a, b] into n subintervals, each of width ∆x = (b – a)/n. This time n is required to be even, because each spans three values of x, for example, x 0 , x 1 , and x 2 . You formulate a quadratic with the three points formed from the given x’s, then use Thm 4.17 and you get Simpson’s Rule Notice the coefficients are 1, 4, 2, 4, . . . 2, 4, 1

10. Ex. 1 & 2 p. 310 and 312 Approximations with Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson’s Rule Unless you are given a problem like the first example we looked at, you would input f(x) into Y1, and then open programs to do the math for you. You probably should at least memorize the coefficient pattern and front expression for each rule. For Trapezoidal rule, front expression is ___? Coefficient pattern is ___? For Simpson’s rule, front expression is ___? Coefficient pattern is ___? 1, 4, 2, 4, . . . 2, 4, 1 (b – a)/(2n) 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, . . . 2, 1 (b – a)/(3n)

11. Ex 1 & 2 p. 310, 312 Use both the Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson’s Rule to find approximations for Then check your accuracy by finding the integral directly by calculator.

12. Make sure you realize the limitations of your calculator. It doesn’t do any thinking for you, it just attempts to do what you ask of it. Try finding with fnInt(1/x,x,-1,2) What result did you get? Why?

13. These two expressions tell how much of an error you can expect to get using either the Trapezoidal Rule or Simpson’s Rule.

14. Ex 3 p. 313 The Approximate Error in the Trapezoidal Rule Determine a value of n such that the Trapezoidal Rule will be accurate to within 0.01 for Notice that the error uses the absolute value of the max of f”(x) in [a, b] and n >2.89, and let n = 3 or more.

15. p. 314/ 3-33 mult of 3, 51