Craig10e ch08 ppt_ops_final

Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heritage of World Civilizations
Tenth Edition
Chapter 8
Imperial China,
589–1368

“Lady Wenji’s Return to China: Wenji
Arriving Home”

Learning Objectives
8.1 Reestablishment of Empire: Sui (589–618) and Tang (618–907)
Dynasties
• Trace the histories of the Sui and Tang dynasties and describe Tang
cultural achievements.
8.2 Transition to Late Imperial China: The Song Dynasty (960–1279)
• Discuss Chinese history during the Song—its agriculture,
commerce, government, and culture.
8.3 China in the Mongol World Empire: The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368)
• Trace the rise and decline of the Mongol Empire and Yuan Dynasty
in China.

Introduction
• The Tang dynasty (618–907) decisively
influenced the formation of states and high
cultures in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.
• The Song dynasty (960–1279) was not
militarily strong but witnessed an important
commercial revolution.
• The Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) was a short-
lived dynasty of rule by Mongols.

Global Perspective: Imperial China (1 of 3)
• From the late sixth century C.E., a fundamental
divergence occurred between Europe and
China.
• Europe fell into feudal disunity and
backwardness while China put a unified
empire back together again.
• Confucianism, which survived the spread of
Buddhism, aided in maintaining a unified
empire.

• China also had greater cultural homogeneity
than Europe.
• A critical factor was China’s population
density.

1. In what ways did China and Europe parallel each other
in their development until the sixth century C.E.? How
did they diverge after that?
2. Why did China witness the reunification of empire
after the fall of the Han Dynasty, whereas after the fall
of Rome, Europe was never again united in a single
empire?
3. Why did Tang and Song China enjoy longer stretches
of good government than anywhere else in the
contemporary world during the same period?

8.1 Reestablishment of Empire: Sui (589–618)
and Tang (618–907) Dynasties (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Trace the histories of the Sui and Tang
dynasties and describe Tang cultural
achievements.

8.1 Reestablishment of Empire: Sui (589–618)
and Tang (618–907) Dynasties (2 of 2)
• The reunification of China began in the north.

8.1.1 The Sui Dynasty
• Sui Wendi (d. 605), who began the Sui Dynasty
(589–618), came to power in 581 by usurping
the throne.
• Sui unified the north, restored the tax base
and bureaucracy, and went on to conquer
southern China and unify the country.

Map 8–1: The Tang Empire at Its Peak
during the Eighth Century

8.1.2 The Tang Dynasty (1 of 4)
• The Tang Dynasty ruled from the capital of
Chang’an.
• Political authority was centralized and
bureaucratized. At the highest level were
Military Affairs, the Censorate, and the
Council of State.
• Concessions to aristocratic families’ interests
were embodied in the tax system. Aristocrats
were also favored in the recruiting of officials.

• An examination system was used to produce
bureaucrats.
• Principal threats to the Tang state were from
Tibetans in the west, Turks in the northwest
and north, and Khitan Mongols in Manchuria.
• To protect its border, the Tang employed a
four-tier defense policy.

• Signs of decline began to appear in the mid–
eighth century.
• The Uighur Turks helped restored the Tang
Dynasty and were rewarded by being allowed
to plunder Chang’an.
• The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of
Buddhism in China; Buddhist establishment
acquired vast landholdings and great wealth.

• Various sects of Buddhism emerged during the
Tang, including one that worshiped the
Amitabha Buddha and the influential Zen.
• Scholarship and poetry flourished under the
Tang.

Figure 8–1: Tang Government Organization

Map 8–2: Chang’an

Relief of Tang Emperor’s Horse

Overview: Chinese Policy toward
Barbarians

Tang Figurine

Caravaneer on a Camel

A Closer Look: A Tang Painting of the
Goddess of Mercy

Document: A Poem by Li Bo
• It has been said that concreteness of imagery
is the genius of Chinese poetry. How does this
poem support that contention?

The Tang Poet Li Bo

8.2 Transition to Late Imperial China:
The Song Dynasty (960—1279) (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss Chinese history during the
Song—its agriculture, commerce,
government, and culture.

8.2 Transition to Late Imperial China:
The Song Dynasty (960—1279) (2 of 2)
• The Song dynasty reunified China in 960,
establishing its capital at Kaifeng on the Yellow
River.
• In 1127 it lost the north but for another 150
years, a period called the Southern Song, it
continued to rule the south from Hangzhou.
• The Southern Song fell before the Mongol
onslaught in 1279.

Map 8–3: The Northern Song and Liao Empires (Top)
and the Southern Song and Jin Empires (Bottom)

8.2.1 Agricultural Revolution of the Song:
From Serfs to Free Farmers (1 of 2)
• After the fall of the Tang, the aristocratic
estates were often seized by warlords.
• Farmers had more opportunities to buy and
sell land, giving them greater independence.
• Changes in technology also benefited the
cultivator; crops such as cotton and tea
became widely cultivated.

8.2.1 Agricultural Revolution of the Song:
From Serfs to Free Farmers (2 of 2)
• Song farmers enjoyed a substantial degree of
self-government.
• The scholar-gentry class emerged during the
Song period.

8.2.2 Commercial Revolution of the Song (1 of 2)
• From the late ninth century. the center of gravity
of China’s population, agricultural production,
and culture shifted to the lower and eastern
Yangzi region. The population of this region
tripled.
• During the Northern Song, a coal and iron-
smelting industry developed in north China.
• Printing began in China with the use of carved
seals, and by the mid-Song, books printed with
movable type were fairly common.

8.2.2 Commercial Revolution of the Song (2 of 2)
• During the Northern Song, large amounts of
copper cash were coined.
• Trade increased and commerce spread out
from the cities into local market towns.
Foreign trade also increased.

Irrigation Methods on a Farm
in the Yangzi Valley

An Elegant Song Dynasty Wine Pot

8.2.3 Government:
From Aristocracy to Autocracy
• Song emperors had direct personal control
over more offices than Tang predecessors, and
the central government was better funded
than it had been previously.
• The power of the aristocracy declined.
• Commoners, products of the examination
system, made up an increasing number of the
Song government officials.

8.2.4 Song Culture
• Song culture retained some of the energy of the
Tang while becoming more intensely Chinese.
• Song culture was less aristocratic, less
cosmopolitan, and less Buddhist than the Tang
culture had been.
• The Song Dynasty was a high period of artistic
expression, though its greatest achievements
were in philosophy, poetry, and painting.
• Zhu Xi (1130–1200) focused his attention on
Confucianism.

Document: “Chaste Woman” Shi
• Is the moral of this tale simply that justice
ultimately prevails?
• Can a more complex interpretation be made?
• What does it say about the dynamics of Song
society?

Song Dynasty Philosopher Zhu Xi
(1130–1200)

Document: Su Dungpo Imagined on a Wet
Day, Wearing a Rain Hat and Clogs
• How does the sentiment in this poem relate to
the Confucian humanism encountered in the
document in Chapter 2?

8.3 China in the Mongol World Empire:
The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Trace the rise and decline of the
Mongol Empire and Yuan Dynasty in
China.

8.3 China in the Mongol World Empire: The
Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) (2 of 2)
• The Mongols created the greatest empire in
the history of the world.

An Ink on Silk Handscroll,
Southern Song Dynasty

8.3.1 Rise of the Mongol Empire
• The Mongols were peerless horsemen, and their
most dreaded weapon was the compound bow.
• Temujin (1167–1227) founded the Mongol
Empire and was later given the title Genghis
Khan.
• He reorganized the military and led the Mongols
in aggressive conquests.
• The Mongol conquests were all the more
impressive in that they lacked the unifying force
of religious zeal.

8.3.2 Mongol Rule in China
• The Mongols swept across southern China, and the last
Song stronghold fell in 1279.
• Kublai Khan’s rule in Beijing reflected the mixture of
cultural elements in Mongol China.
• The city proper was for the Mongols. Chinese were
segregated in an adjoining walled city.
• Early Mongol rule in northern China was rapacious and
exploitative, but it later shifted toward Chinese forms
of government and taxation.
• Mongols monopolized the highest positions in the
military and government bureaucracy.

Map 8–4: The Mongol Empire
in the Late Thirteenth Century

Kublai Khan

8.3.3 Foreign Contacts and Chinese Culture
(1 of 2)
• Diplomacy and trade within the greater Mongol
Empire brought China into contact with other
higher civilizations for the first time since the
Tang period.
• During this period, knowledge of printing,
gunpowder, and Chinese medicine spread to
Western Asia.
• In Europe, the Venetian trader Marco Polo, who
claimed to have served in Kublai’s court,
transmitted knowledge of China.

8.3.3 Foreign Contacts and Chinese Culture
(2 of 2)
• The foreign religion that made the greatest
gains was Islam, which became permanently
established in Central Asia and western China.
• Despite these wide contacts with other
peoples and religions, the high culture of
China appears to have been influenced almost
not at all.

The Journey of Marco Polo

Document: Marco Polo Describes
the City of Hangzhou
• Europeans who read Marco Polo’s account of
China thought it was too good to be true.
Would you agree?

8.3.4 Last Years of the Yuan
• Despite the Mongol military domination of
China, the Yuan was the shortest of China’s
major dynasties.
• The Mongol empire faced schisms, succession
disputes, and popular uprisings.
• These led to the Mongol emperor and his
court fleeing China.

Chronology: Imperial China

Craig10e ch08 ppt_ops_final

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Craig10e ch08 ppt_ops_final

Similar to Craig10e ch08 ppt_ops_final (20)

More from etowens

More from etowens (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Craig10e ch08 ppt_ops_final

Editor's Notes