Craig10e ch03 ppt_ops_final

Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heritage of World Civilizations
Tenth Edition
Chapter 3
Greek and
Hellenistic
Civilization

Bronze Statue

Learning Objectives (1 of 3)
3.1 The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to ca. 1150 B.C.E.
• Summarize what’s known about the Minoan and Mycenaean
civilizations up to the Mycenaean collapse late in the second
millennium B.C.E.
3.2 Greek “Middle Age” to ca. 750 B.C.E.
• Describe Greek government, society, and values in the period
following the Mycenaean collapse, as portrayed in the Homeric
poems.
3.3 The Polis
• Discuss the development and the main characteristics of the polis
and the hoplite phalanx.

3.4 Expansion of the Greek World
• Trace the history of Greek colonization in the Mediterranean
world and the rise and fall of tyranny in the Greek poleis.
3.5 Life in Archaic Greece
• Discuss the society, religion, and poetry of archaic Greece.
3.6 Major City-States
• Compare and contrast the society and history of Sparta and
Athens in the period ca. 725 B.C.E. to 501 B.C.E.
3.7 The Persian Wars
• Discuss the Persian Wars, including the events leading up to the
wars and the major battles.

3.8 Classical Greece
• Discuss classical Greece, its history, the position of
women, and its cultural achievements.
3.9 Emergence of the Hellenistic World
• Discuss the Macedonian conquest of Greece, the career of
Alexander the Great, and the consequences of Alexander’s
death.
3.10 Hellenistic Culture
• Analyze the characteristics and achievements of
Hellenistic culture.

Introduction (1 of 2)
• Around 2000 B.C.E., Greek-speaking peoples
settled in the lands surrounding the Aegean
Sea.
• The foundation of the Greek way of life was
the polis.
• Early in the fifth century B.C.E., the Persian
Empire threatened the Greeks, but the
Persians were defeated.

Introduction (2 of 2)
• The Greeks fought many wars between poleis.
• In 338 B.C.E. Philip of Macedon conquered the
Greek states. The conquests of his son
Alexander spread Greek culture into Egypt and
Asia.
• Greek culture influenced the Byzantine
Empire, the Middle Ages, and Western
civilization.

Global Perspective: The Achievements of
Greek and Hellenistic Civilization (1 of 3)
• Hellenic civilization had little in common with
other early civilizations.
• The crucial unit of the Greek way of life was
the polis, the Hellenic city-state.
• Rivalry between the city-states led to constant
warfare but also inspired Greek achievements
in literature and art.

• During the Classical Age, Athens developed
democratic government to an extent not seen
again until modern times.
• Greek culture exerted a wide influence.

1. Why are the achievements of Greek culture so
fundamental to the development of Western
civilization?
2. In what ways was Greece influenced by
neighboring civilizations? Which civilizations had
the most influence on Greek culture, and why?
3. How did the Hellenistic era differ from the
Hellenic? What made Hellenistic culture more
cosmopolitan than Hellenic culture?

3.1 The Bronze Age on Crete and on the
Mainland to ca. 1150 B.C.E.
Learning Objective:
Summarize what’s known about the
Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations
up to the Mycenaean collapse late in
the second millennium B.C.E.

3.1.1 The Minoans
• In the third and second millennia B.C.E., the
Bronze Age Minoan civilization influenced the
islands of the Aegean and the mainland of
Greece.

Map 3–1: The Aegean Area
in the Bronze Age

3.1.2 The Mycenaeans
• The Mycenaean civilization was made up of a
number of independent, powerful, and well-
organized monarchies.
• The Mycenaeans most likely sacked Troy,
giving rise to Homer’s epic poems, the Iliad
and the Odyssey.
• Mycenaean civilization had disappeared by
1100 B.C.E.

A Minoan Fresco

(1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Describe Greek government, society,
and values in the period following the
Mycenaean collapse, as portrayed in
the Homeric poems.

(2 of 2)
• The Mycenaean collapse encouraged the
spread of the Greek people eastward to the
Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor.
• The Greeks in this period had little internal or
external trade.
• They were able to recover from their disaster
and create their unique style of life.

3.2.1 The Age of Homer
• The epic poems of Homer provide the best
picture of Greek society in this period.
• Monarchical power was limited by some form
of constitutional government.
• Society was sharply divided by class.
• Homeric values included physical prowess,
courage, and protection of one’s personal
honor and reputation.

The Trojan Horse, Depicted on a
Seventh-Century B.C.E. Greek Vase

Attic Wine Cup

Document: Husband and Wife
in Homer’s Troy
• How does Homer depict the feelings of
husband and wife toward one another?
• What are the tasks of the aristocratic woman
revealed in this passage?
• What can be learned about the attitude
toward death and duty?

3.3 The Polis (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the development and the main
characteristics of the polis and the
hoplite phalanx.

3.3 The Polis (2 of 2)
• The characteristic Greek institution was the
polis; each was an independent political unit
that comprised a community of citizens.

3.3.1 Development of the Polis
• The word polis originally referred to a citadel.
• Later the agora—the marketplace and civic
center—appeared in the polis.
• The original polis was characterized by
supremacy of the power of the nobility rather
than the monarchy.

3.3.2 The Hoplite Phalanx
• The hoplite phalanx became the chief
element in Greek warfare toward the end of
the eighth century B.C.E.
• The hoplite was a heavily armed infantryman
who fought with a spear and a large shield.
• Soldiers were arrayed in close order, usually at
least eight ranks deep, to form a phalanx.
• The phalanx and the polis arose together, and
both heralded the decline of kings.

3.4 Expansion of the Greek World (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Trace the history of Greek colonization
in the Mediterranean world and the
rise and fall of tyranny in the Greek
poleis.

3.4 Expansion of the Greek World (2 of 2)
• Greeks expanded their influence territorially
and through the development of their writing
system.

3.4.1 Greek Colonies
• Greeks expanded westward across the
Mediterranean Sea.
• The numerous Greek colonies in Italy and
Sicily led to the region being called Magna
Graecia.
• A Panhellenic culture emerged in the
Mediterranean.

Map 3–2: Phoenician and Greek
Colonization

3.4.2 The Tyrants (ca. 700–500 B.C.E.)
• In some poleis, strong one-man rule, or
tyranny, emerged.
• Tyrants introduced programs of public works,
buildings, and the erection of temples and
defensive fortifications.
• By the end of the sixth century B.C.E., tyranny
had disappeared from the Greek states.

Chronology: Rise of Greece

3.5 Life in Archaic Greece
Learning Objective:
Discuss the society, religion, and
poetry of archaic Greece.

3.5.1 Society
• Small farmers constituted the largest social class.
• Crops included grains, grapes for the making of
wine, and olives, mainly for oil.
• Aristocrats could hire sharecroppers or use slaves
to work their lands.
• Aristocratic social life emphasized competition
and the need to excel.
• The center for aristocratic social life was the
drinking party or symposion.

Attic Jar

Document: Hesiod’s Farmer’s Almanac
• What might be Hesiod’s purposes in writing this
poem?
• What can be learned from this passage about the
character of Greek farming?
• How did it differ from other modes of
agriculture?
• What are the major virtues Hesiod associates
with farming?
• How do they compare with the virtues celebrated
by Homer?

3.5.2 Religion (1 of 2)
• The Greeks were polytheists with a pantheon
of twelve gods who lived on Mount Olympus.
• Greek art and literature was connected with
religion.
• Each polis had one of the Olympian gods as its
special guardian deity.

3.5.2 Religion (2 of 2)
• Greek religion offered no hope for immortality
and little moral teaching.
• In the sixth century B.C.E. the Panhellenic cult
of Apollo at Delphi became very influential.

The God Dionysus Dances with
Two Female Followers

3.5.3 Poetry
• Poetry of the period sometimes reflected the
values of the aristocracy, which was in a state
of crisis.

3.6 Major City-States (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Compare and contrast the society and
history of Sparta and Athens in the
period ca. 725 B.C.E. to 501 B.C.E.

3.6 Major City-States (2 of 2)
• Sparta and Athens were the most powerful
city-states.

3.6.1 Sparta
• After being threatened with destruction from the
Helots, Spartans turned their city into a military
academy and camp.
• Spartan boys began military training at the age of
seven and enrolled in the army at twenty.
• Sparta created a military alliance known as the
Peloponnesian League.
• The city was governed by two kings in a mixture
of monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy.

3.6.2 Athens
• Athens was originally ruled by an aristocracy
and governed by a council, the Areopagus.
• Citizenship was expanded and the citizenry
was divided into four classes by wealth with
distinct political rights granted to each.
• Athenians drove out invading Spartans.
• Athens became more prosperous and
democratic by the beginning of the fifth
century B.C.E.

Map 3–4: Attica and Vicinity

Chronology: Key Events in the Early History
of Sparta and Athens

3.7 The Persian Wars
Learning Objective:
Discuss the Persian Wars, including the
events leading up to the wars and the
major battles.

3.7.1 Ionian Rebellion
• When the Greek cities of Ionia and Asia Minor
rebelled against Persian rule, Athens
supported them.

3.7.2 The War in Greece
• The Persian king Darius (ca. 521–486 B.C.E.)
sent an expedition to punish Athens.
• Athens defeated Persia at Marathon.
• Xerxes (486–465 B.C.E.) then launched an
invasion and defeated the Greeks at
Thermopylae.
• The Greeks continued to fight and finally
ended the Persian threat in 479 B.C.E.

A Greek Hoplite Attacks a Persian Soldier

A Closer Look: The Trireme

Chronology: Greek Wars against Persia

3.8 Classical Greece (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss classical Greece, its history, the
position of women, and its cultural
achievements.

3.8 Classical Greece (2 of 2)
• The defeat of the Persian Empire was
followed by a 150-year period of
great cultural achievements.
• There were also destructive wars
among the city-states.

3.8.1 The Delian League
• Led by Athens, Greeks formed the Delian
League to resist further Persians incursions,
driving the Persians from Europe.

3.8.2 The First Peloponnesian War
• The first of the Peloponnesian Wars erupted
between Sparta and Athens in 460 B.C.E.
• Athenian leader Pericles (ca. 495–429 B.C.E.)
agreed in 445 B.C.E. to a peace of thirty years.
• The Greeks divided into two blocs, one led by
Sparta and the other by Athens.

Map 3–5: Classical Greece

3.8.3 The Athenian Empire
• Athens transformed the Delian League into
the Athenian empire.

Document: The Delian League Becomes
the Athenian Empire
• Why did some allies choose to pay money
rather than supply ships and men?
• Since membership in the league was originally
voluntary, why did the allies refuse to meet
their obligations?
• Who was responsible for converting a
voluntary league of allies into the Athenian
Empire?

Map 3–6: The Athenian Empire ca. 450 B.C.E.

3.8.4 Athenian Democracy
• Under Pericles, Athenian democracy
broadened to include men of all social classes.
• Popular assemblies approved all state
decisions.
• Every judicial decision was subject to appeal
to a popular court.
• There was no standing army and no police
force.

3.8.5 Women of Athens
• Athenian women were excluded from most
aspects of public life.
• Women married young.
• Marriages were arranged and dowries were
controlled by male relatives.
• A woman’s main function was to provide male
heirs for the household of her husband.
• Women were largely confined to the
management of the household.

Chronology: Key Events in Athenian History between
the Persian War and the Great Peloponnesian War

3.8.6 The Great Peloponnesian War
• Sparta and Athens went to war again after less
than ten years of peace.
• Sparta used its army to invade Athenian territory,
while Athens used its navy to fight back.
• A disastrous expedition to conquer Sicily in 413
B.C.E. significantly diminished Athenian power and
prestige.
• In 404 B.C.E., Athens surrendered unconditionally
and the Athenian Empire ended.

Document: Medea Bemoans
the Condition of Women
• Apart from participation in politics, how did the
lives of men and women differ in ancient Athens?
• How well or badly did that aspect of Athenian
society suit the needs of the Athenian people and
the state in the Classical Age?
• Since men had a dominant position in the state,
and the state managed and financed the
presentation of tragedies, how do you explain the
sympathetic account of the condition of women
Euripides puts into the mouth of Medea?

Chronology: The Great Peloponnesian War

3.8.7 Struggle for Greek Leadership
• Sparta imposed its dominance on the Greeks.
• Disaffected Greek states, including Athens,
defeated Sparta in the Corinthian War (395–
387 B.C.E.), ending its maritime empire.
• Thebes emerged as a regional power but was
defeated by Athens.
• Two hundred years of continual war led to
disorganization and chaos in Greece.

3.8.8 Fifth Century B.C.E.
• Tension in fifth-century Greek society
spawned a great outpouring of artistic
production.
• Greek tragedy reached its high point of artistic
accomplishment.
• The great architectural achievements of
Periclean Athens include the Acropolis.
• History as a discipline was born in Classical
Athens with Herodotus and Thucydides.

The Acropolis

3.8.9 Fourth Century B.C.E.
• The themes of literature and art moved to the
subjects of the family, everyday life, and the
self.

Chronology: Spartan and Theban
Hegemonies

(1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the Macedonian conquest of
Greece, the career of Alexander the
Great, and the consequences of
Alexander’s death.

(2 of 2)
• The term Hellenistic refers to the three
centuries when Greek culture spread from
Greece to Egypt and far into Asia.
• The roots of Hellenistic civilization can be
traced to a dynasty in Macedonia that
conquered Greece and spread Greek culture.

3.9.1 Macedonian Conquest
• Macedonia was Greek in culture and language
but was regarded during the Classical period
as semi-barbaric.
• Philip of Macedon (359–336 B.C.E.) conquered
Greece and centralized the government.
• The polis lost control of its own affairs.

3.9.2 Alexander the Great and
His Successors
• Alexander (356–323 B.C.E.) conquered the
Persian Empire.
• Alexander’s military campaign reached its
farthest eastern point in India.
• In 323 B.C.E. Alexander died at the age of 33.
• Alexander’s conquests led to the creation of
new dynasties in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and
Asia Minor while extending Greek influence
and trade.

Alexander and Darius

Map 3–7: Alexander’s Campaigns

Chronology: Rise of Macedon

3.10 Hellenistic Culture (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Analyze the characteristics and
achievements of Hellenistic culture.

3.10 Hellenistic Culture (2 of 2)
• Greek culture turned inward after Alexander.
• The Greeks’ confident humanism was replaced
by a kind of resignation to fate.

3.10.1 Philosophy
• Two new and influential groups of philosophers
emerged: the Epicureans and the Stoics.
• Epicureans took sense perception to be the basis
of all human knowledge.
• Stoics sought the happiness of the individual,
which could be achieved by living a virtuous life in
harmony with nature.
• Stoics taught that the guiding principle in nature
was logos.

3.10.2 Literature
• The literary center of the Hellenistic world was
Alexandria, Egypt.
• The city housed a great museum and library.
• The scholarly atmosphere of Alexandria
stimulated the study of history and
chronology.

3.10.3 Architecture and Sculpture
• The Hellenistic monarchies greatly increased
the opportunities open to architects and
sculptors.
• New cities were usually laid out on a grid plan.
• Temples were built on the classical model.
• Hellenistic sculpture continued the trend
toward the sentimental, emotional, and
realistic.

3.10.4 Mathematics and Science
• The Greeks achieved advancements in
geometry and mechanics.
• A heliocentric theory of the universe, which
asserted that the earth revolved around the
sun, was developed.
• Hellenistic scientists made progress in
mapping the earth as well as the sky.

One of the Masterpieces of Hellenistic
Sculpture, the Laocoön

A Page from On Floating Bodies

Document: Plutarch Cites Archimedes and
Hellenistic Science
• What does this account reveal about the
Greek attitude toward the mechanical arts?
• Why would Archimedes consider intellectual
speculation to be superior to practical
knowledge?
• Do you think Plutarch shared this view?

Map 3–8: The World According to
Eratosthenes

Overview: Greek and Hellenistic Civilization

Craig10e ch03 ppt_ops_final

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