1. Geography & HistoryGeography & History
An Overview for China, Hong KongAn Overview for China, Hong Kong
& Japan& Japan
Ajay Karippot
Peter Fisher
Suneet Bhatt
March 29, 2005
GATE – East Asia

2. Brief Introduction to East AsiaBrief Introduction to East Asia
 This area includesThis area includes
Korean Peninsula, ChinaKorean Peninsula, China
mainland, Japan andmainland, Japan and
islands in the Pacificislands in the Pacific
Ocean.Ocean.
 Most populous region inMost populous region in
the world. (more thanthe world. (more than
1/51/5thth
of the worldof the world
population)population)
 Has a history of moreHas a history of more
than 5000 years.than 5000 years.
 Wide range of climaticWide range of climatic
and geographical regionsand geographical regions
 Subarctic in the northSubarctic in the north
 Tropical in the southTropical in the south
 Mountains and desertsMountains and deserts
in westin west
 hills, plains and riverhills, plains and river
deltas in eastdeltas in east

3. Fun factFun fact
 What do you find common in the followingWhat do you find common in the following
items?items?
 PaperPaper
 Gun PowderGun Powder
 CompassCompass
 PrintingPrinting
Ans: MADE IN CHINAAns: MADE IN CHINA 

4. ChinaChina

5. ChinaChina
 Location:Location: Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, YellowEastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow
Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and VietnamSea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam
 Land Area:Land Area: 9.6 million square kilometers. (slightly smaller than the US )9.6 million square kilometers. (slightly smaller than the US )
 Population:Population: 1.3 Billion1.3 Billion
 Border countries:Border countries: Russia and North Korea to the east; Russia and MongoliaRussia and North Korea to the east; Russia and Mongolia
to the north; Russia and Afghanistan to the west; and Pakistan, India, Nepal,to the north; Russia and Afghanistan to the west; and Pakistan, India, Nepal,
Bhutan, Burma, Laos, and Vietnam to the south.Bhutan, Burma, Laos, and Vietnam to the south.
 Currency:Currency: YuanYuan
 Capital :Capital : BeijingBeijing Largest City:Largest City: ShanghaiShanghai
 Language:Language: Standard Chinese or Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghaiese, Minbei,Standard Chinese or Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghaiese, Minbei,
Minnan, Xiang, Gan, minority languagesMinnan, Xiang, Gan, minority languages
 2004 chief of state:2004 chief of state: President HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003)President HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003)
 International dialing codeInternational dialing code - 86- 86
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html

6. History: Ancient ChinaHistory: Ancient China
 Pre-Historic periodPre-Historic period
 Xia C.21st-16th century B.C.Xia C.21st-16th century B.C.
 Shang C.16th-11th century B.C.Shang C.16th-11th century B.C.
 Western Zhou Dynasty C.11th century B.C.-770Western Zhou Dynasty C.11th century B.C.-770
B.C.B.C.
 Eastern Zhou (Spring and Autumn and WarringEastern Zhou (Spring and Autumn and Warring
States periods) 770-221 B.CStates periods) 770-221 B.C
 Confucius, a scholar, lived at this time. He developedConfucius, a scholar, lived at this time. He developed
one of the Chinese religions known as Confucianism.one of the Chinese religions known as Confucianism.
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html ,http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htm

7. History: Imperial ChinaHistory: Imperial China
 Qin Dynasty 221-207 B.C.Qin Dynasty 221-207 B.C.
 Building the Great Wall is startedBuilding the Great Wall is started
 Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-A.D. 220Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-A.D. 220
 After the Han dynasties, China has a period of greatAfter the Han dynasties, China has a period of great
instability. Terrible wars rage between different groups ofinstability. Terrible wars rage between different groups of
Chinese.Chinese.
 Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu and Wu) 220-265Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu and Wu) 220-265
 Jin Dynasty 265-420Jin Dynasty 265-420
 Southern and Northern Dynasty 420-589Southern and Northern Dynasty 420-589
 Sui Dynasty 581-618Sui Dynasty 581-618
 The Grand Canal is built. This 1800 kilometre waterwayThe Grand Canal is built. This 1800 kilometre waterway
linked many parts of China enabling people to travel andlinked many parts of China enabling people to travel and
trade with each other.trade with each other.
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html ,http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htm

8. History: Imperial ChinaHistory: Imperial China
 Tang Dynasty 618-907Tang Dynasty 618-907
 Greater contact is made with other countries andGreater contact is made with other countries and
China begins to trade with India, Malaysia, Japan.China begins to trade with India, Malaysia, Japan.
Buddhism is introduced from India.Buddhism is introduced from India.
 Five Dynasties 907-960Five Dynasties 907-960
 Song Dynasty 960-1279Song Dynasty 960-1279
 Marco Polo visits China and sees prosperous cities,Marco Polo visits China and sees prosperous cities,
many more grand than the cities of Europe.many more grand than the cities of Europe.
 Mongol, Genghis Khan invades China, breakingMongol, Genghis Khan invades China, breaking
through the Great Wall. The Yuan dynastythrough the Great Wall. The Yuan dynasty
established by his grandson rules the Chinese.established by his grandson rules the Chinese.
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html ,http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htm

9. History: Imperial ChinaHistory: Imperial China
 Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368
 Ming Dynasty 1368-1644Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
 Portuguese, Dutch, British and Spanish begin to trade withPortuguese, Dutch, British and Spanish begin to trade with
China. Silk and tea are exported, wool and spices are imported.China. Silk and tea are exported, wool and spices are imported.
 In 1840 the Chinese fought a war against the British and lost.In 1840 the Chinese fought a war against the British and lost.
France, Japan and Russia took control of Chinese lands. HongFrance, Japan and Russia took control of Chinese lands. Hong
Kong island becomes British land.Kong island becomes British land.
 Qing (sayQing (say chingching) Dynasty 1644-1911) Dynasty 1644-1911
 The last emperor of China was 2 year old Emperor Puyi.The last emperor of China was 2 year old Emperor Puyi.
 The Qing dynasty was overthrown by a new leader, Sun Yat Sen,The Qing dynasty was overthrown by a new leader, Sun Yat Sen,
who declared China to be a republic.who declared China to be a republic.
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html ,http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htm

10. History: Modern ChinaHistory: Modern China
 Republic of China 1912-1949Republic of China 1912-1949
 A civil war was fought for many years between the nationalists whoA civil war was fought for many years between the nationalists who
wanted to keep the republic and the communists.wanted to keep the republic and the communists.
 1937 – Second world war1937 – Second world war
 The nationalist and the communist Chinese fight together during the war.The nationalist and the communist Chinese fight together during the war.
But later they start fighting each other again. The communists, led byBut later they start fighting each other again. The communists, led by
Mao Tse-Tung defeat the nationalists and set up a communistMao Tse-Tung defeat the nationalists and set up a communist
government.government.
 People's Republic of China 1949-People's Republic of China 1949-
 1978 Start of Chinese economic reforms1978 Start of Chinese economic reforms
 1997 Hong Kong becomes part of China again1997 Hong Kong becomes part of China again
 Jiang Zemin retires from his post as Chairman of the Central MilitaryJiang Zemin retires from his post as Chairman of the Central Military
Commission. President HU Jintao is appointed.Commission. President HU Jintao is appointed.
 2008 Beijing to hold the 2008 Summer Olympics2008 Beijing to hold the 2008 Summer Olympics
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html ,http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htm

11. GeographyGeography
 Geography:Geography: world's fourth largest countryworld's fourth largest country
(after Russia, Canada, and US); Mount Everest(after Russia, Canada, and US); Mount Everest
on the border with Nepal is the world's talleston the border with Nepal is the world's tallest
peak;peak;
 Climate:Climate: extremely diverse; tropical in southextremely diverse; tropical in south
to subarctic in northto subarctic in north
 Terrain:Terrain: mostly mountains, high plateaus,mostly mountains, high plateaus,
deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in eastdeserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east
 Major Rivers:Major Rivers: Huang He , Chang Jiang, XiHuang He , Chang Jiang, Xi
Jiang, MekongJiang, Mekong
Source: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html

12. Geography: Different regionsGeography: Different regions
 The North China Plain (Beijing)The North China Plain (Beijing)
 Area subject to the extreme heat and frequent droughts ofArea subject to the extreme heat and frequent droughts of
summer or floods of spring.summer or floods of spring.
 The Loess PlateauThe Loess Plateau
 winters are harshwinters are harsh
 The Sichuan BasinThe Sichuan Basin
 climate generally is mildclimate generally is mild
 The Southeast Coast and ShanghaiThe Southeast Coast and Shanghai
 area of the most active economic growth andarea of the most active economic growth and
development in China.development in China.
Source: http://www.aasianst.org/EAA/mccoll.htm

13. Geography: Different regionsGeography: Different regions
 The Yangzi (Changjiang Valley)The Yangzi (Changjiang Valley)
 Mountains and excessive wet landsMountains and excessive wet lands
 XinjiangXinjiang
 landscape of deserts, mountains, and oaseslandscape of deserts, mountains, and oases
 Northeast (Manchuria)Northeast (Manchuria)
 Winters are damp and cold.Winters are damp and cold.
 Tibet and QinghaiTibet and Qinghai
 the Tibetan and Qinghai plateaus are extremely high in elevation (anthe Tibetan and Qinghai plateaus are extremely high in elevation (an
average of 4,000 meters (14,000 feet).average of 4,000 meters (14,000 feet).
 Southwest UplandsSouthwest Uplands
 landscape of dissected plateaus, dense forests, and great ethniclandscape of dissected plateaus, dense forests, and great ethnic
diversitydiversity
Source: http://www.aasianst.org/EAA/mccoll.htm

14. Hong KongHong Kong
““Fragrant Harbor”Fragrant Harbor”
OrOr
““Xianggang”Xianggang”

15. Hong KongHong Kong

16. Hong KongHong Kong
 ““In fact, one of the most striking characteristics ofIn fact, one of the most striking characteristics of
Hong Kong is this interweaving of seemingHong Kong is this interweaving of seeming
contradictions and the interplay of the exotic and thecontradictions and the interplay of the exotic and the
technically advanced. There are as many skyscraperstechnically advanced. There are as many skyscrapers
here as you're likely to see anywhere, but they're builthere as you're likely to see anywhere, but they're built
with bamboo scaffolding. In addition to historic trams,with bamboo scaffolding. In addition to historic trams,
Hong Kong boasts one of the most efficient subways inHong Kong boasts one of the most efficient subways in
the world, complete with the world's first "contactless"the world, complete with the world's first "contactless"
tickets, cards that are waved over a scanner. The citytickets, cards that are waved over a scanner. The city
has what are arguably some of the best and mosthas what are arguably some of the best and most
sophisticated restaurants in the world, as well as asophisticated restaurants in the world, as well as a
plethora ofplethora of dai pai dong,dai pai dong, street-side food stalls.”street-side food stalls.”

17. GeographyGeography

18. History: EarlyHistory: Early
 EarlyEarly
 Human activity dates back over 5 millenniaHuman activity dates back over 5 millennia
 Bronze Age during the Shang DynastyBronze Age during the Shang Dynasty

19. History: Imperial ChinaHistory: Imperial China
 Has been settled by Han Chinese since the HanHas been settled by Han Chinese since the Han
Dynasty (Eastern Han Dynasty)Dynasty (Eastern Han Dynasty)
 History during some other dynasties lacks documentationHistory during some other dynasties lacks documentation
 Three KingdomsThree Kingdoms
 SouthernSouthern
 NorthernNorthern
 Guangzhou flourished during the Tang DynastyGuangzhou flourished during the Tang Dynasty
 Five DynastiesFive Dynasties
 10 Kingdoms10 Kingdoms
 No significant residence until major migrations fromNo significant residence until major migrations from
mainland China to Hong Kong during the Song Dynastymainland China to Hong Kong during the Song Dynasty
(960-1279)(960-1279)

20. History: Imperial China (continued)History: Imperial China (continued)
 1276 Southern Song Dynasty fled Mongol invaders1276 Southern Song Dynasty fled Mongol invaders
 Two princes tried to lead a resistance effortTwo princes tried to lead a resistance effort
 Zhao Shi (9) and Zhao Bing (7)Zhao Shi (9) and Zhao Bing (7)
 Sought refuge in Silvermine Bay (Mui Wo) and then Kowloon City (SungSought refuge in Silvermine Bay (Mui Wo) and then Kowloon City (Sung
Wong Toi)Wong Toi)
 1279 defeat of the Song army at the Battle of Yamen1279 defeat of the Song army at the Battle of Yamen
 High official took Zhao Bing in his arms, and jumped into the seaHigh official took Zhao Bing in his arms, and jumped into the sea
 Tung Chung ValleyTung Chung Valley
 Hau Wong, who gave up his life for the emperor, still revered as a godHau Wong, who gave up his life for the emperor, still revered as a god
 Mongolian conquest pushed more Han Chinese refugees into theMongolian conquest pushed more Han Chinese refugees into the
areaarea
 Area was still barren, relying on salt, pearl and fishery tradesArea was still barren, relying on salt, pearl and fishery trades
 Remained a forgotten corner of the Qing Dynasty until 1841Remained a forgotten corner of the Qing Dynasty until 1841

21. History: The BritishHistory: The British
 The Opium AddictionThe Opium Addiction
 British and Chinese had been trading since the 16British and Chinese had been trading since the 16thth
centurycentury
 European demand for tea and silk grew causing a tradeEuropean demand for tea and silk grew causing a trade
imbalanceimbalance
 1773 British unloaded 70,000kgs (155,000lbs) of Bengal1773 British unloaded 70,000kgs (155,000lbs) of Bengal
opium in Chinaopium in China
 Emperor banned opium as he saw an increasing number ofEmperor banned opium as he saw an increasing number of
addicts and a decrease in silveraddicts and a decrease in silver
 Europeans found corrupt Chinese officials to keep the opiumEuropeans found corrupt Chinese officials to keep the opium
trade going strongtrade going strong
 1839, British traders were forced to hand over opium1839, British traders were forced to hand over opium
supplies which were then publicly burnedsupplies which were then publicly burned

22. History: The BritishHistory: The British
 The Opium WarThe Opium War
 British responded by sending an expeditionary force to secureBritish responded by sending an expeditionary force to secure
new trade rules, standards and regulationsnew trade rules, standards and regulations
 The force blockaded several ports, including CantonThe force blockaded several ports, including Canton
 China forced to cede Hong Kong islandChina forced to cede Hong Kong island
 Commodore Gordon Bremmer claimed the island on JanuaryCommodore Gordon Bremmer claimed the island on January
26, 184126, 1841
 China invaded by Franco-British forces in 1859 and cededChina invaded by Franco-British forces in 1859 and ceded
Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutter’s IslandKowloon Peninsula and Stonecutter’s Island
 British later acquired a 99-year lease on the New Territories (whichBritish later acquired a 99-year lease on the New Territories (which
carried through 1997)carried through 1997)

23. The 20The 20thth
CenturyCentury
 Chinese civil war (1920s) and Japanese invasion (1930s) hastenedChinese civil war (1920s) and Japanese invasion (1930s) hastened
shift away from trade to manufacturingshift away from trade to manufacturing
 Japanese imperialism dominated HK for almost four yearsJapanese imperialism dominated HK for almost four years
(1941-1945)(1941-1945)
 US embargo on Chinese goods during the Korean War forcedUS embargo on Chinese goods during the Korean War forced
HK to increase its manufacturing and increase its serviceHK to increase its manufacturing and increase its service
industryindustry
 Communism in China (1949) and the Cultural RevolutionCommunism in China (1949) and the Cultural Revolution
(1960s) threatened HK’s independence from China(1960s) threatened HK’s independence from China
 Communist takeover of China forced emigration of Chinese toCommunist takeover of China forced emigration of Chinese to
Hong KongHong Kong
 Skilled labor; capital; firms and businessesSkilled labor; capital; firms and businesses
 Hong Kong then brought down the Labour movement (negative views ofHong Kong then brought down the Labour movement (negative views of
communism)communism)
 1974 – Independent Commission Against Corruption1974 – Independent Commission Against Corruption

24. Transition: The ParadoxTransition: The Paradox
 December 1984, British agreed to hand over HK to China 1997December 1984, British agreed to hand over HK to China 1997
 Agreement allows HK to retain its pre-1997 social, economic and legalAgreement allows HK to retain its pre-1997 social, economic and legal
systems for at least 50 years after 1997systems for at least 50 years after 1997
 Basic Law - “One country, two systems” (April 4, 1990)Basic Law - “One country, two systems” (April 4, 1990)
 July 1, 1997 Hong Kong was handed over to the People’sJuly 1, 1997 Hong Kong was handed over to the People’s
Republic of ChinaRepublic of China
 Tung Chee Hwa became the Chief ExecutiveTung Chee Hwa became the Chief Executive
 Resigned on March 12, 2005 (elections on July 10)Resigned on March 12, 2005 (elections on July 10)
 Politically:Politically:
 Operated under Article 23 (anti-secession)Operated under Article 23 (anti-secession)
 Lack a strong system of checks and balancesLack a strong system of checks and balances
 Economically:Economically:
 Rocked by Asian Financial CrisisRocked by Asian Financial Crisis
 Responding wellResponding well

25. Geography: ContextGeography: Context
 Hong Kong has four main areasHong Kong has four main areas
 New Territories & KowloonNew Territories & Kowloon
 Peninsula of the Chinese mainlandPeninsula of the Chinese mainland
 Northern side of Victoria HarbourNorthern side of Victoria Harbour
 Hong Kong IslandHong Kong Island
 Southern side of Victoria Harbour facing KowloonSouthern side of Victoria Harbour facing Kowloon
 Outlying IslandsOutlying Islands
 Any of the other 234 islandsAny of the other 234 islands
 CityCity
 Centred around Victoria HarbourCentred around Victoria Harbour

26. GeographyGeography

27. GeographyGeography
 Composition: 235 islands (6x the size of DC)Composition: 235 islands (6x the size of DC)
 Land boundaries: 30 km (China, Shenzhen SpecialLand boundaries: 30 km (China, Shenzhen Special
Economic Zone)Economic Zone)
 Coastline: 733 kmCoastline: 733 km
 Total Sea Area: 1,652.21 sq. kmTotal Sea Area: 1,652.21 sq. km
 Terrain: Lowlands in the north; Hilly to mountainousTerrain: Lowlands in the north; Hilly to mountainous
with steep slopeswith steep slopes
 Elevation Estremes:Elevation Estremes:
 Lowest Point: South China Sea (0 m)Lowest Point: South China Sea (0 m)
 Highest Point: Tai Mo Shan (958 m, New Territories)Highest Point: Tai Mo Shan (958 m, New Territories)
 Other Principal PeaksOther Principal Peaks
 Lantau Peak (934 m, Lantau Island)Lantau Peak (934 m, Lantau Island)
 Sunset Peak (869 m, Lantau Island)Sunset Peak (869 m, Lantau Island)

28. GeographyGeography
 ClimateClimate
 Subtropical (South of the Tropic of Cancer) = HawaiiSubtropical (South of the Tropic of Cancer) = Hawaii
 Winter – Strong and cold winds from the northWinter – Strong and cold winds from the north
 Summer – Wind reverses, warm/humid air from the southSummer – Wind reverses, warm/humid air from the south
 May – End of ‘rainy season’May – End of ‘rainy season’
 LandLand
 1,076 square miles1,076 square miles
 75% open countrysides75% open countrysides
 2600 vascular plants2600 vascular plants
 450 species of birds450 species of birds
 200 species of butterflies/100 species of dragonflies200 species of butterflies/100 species of dragonflies
 40 species of mammals40 species of mammals
 80 species of reptiles/20 species of amphibians80 species of reptiles/20 species of amphibians
 End of May, some pretty quirky MBA Students from FuquaEnd of May, some pretty quirky MBA Students from Fuqua

29. EcosystemsEcosystems
 Mangroves – Habitats of enclosed intertidal mud flats withMangroves – Habitats of enclosed intertidal mud flats with
reduced wave action and influx of freshwaterreduced wave action and influx of freshwater
 Deep BayDeep Bay
 Rocky Shores – Transition from terrestrial to a marineRocky Shores – Transition from terrestrial to a marine
environment.environment.
 Day/High Tide – Covered; Night/Low Tide - ExposedDay/High Tide – Covered; Night/Low Tide - Exposed
 Luk KengLuk Keng
 Kei Ling Ha Lo WaiKei Ling Ha Lo Wai
 Streams – lotic habitatsStreams – lotic habitats
 Wa Mei ShanWa Mei Shan
 Lam Tsuen RiverLam Tsuen River
 Sandy ShoresSandy Shores
 Exposed vs. ProtectedExposed vs. Protected
 Starfish BayStarfish Bay

31. JapanJapan
Daigoji Temple (Kyoto)Daigoji Temple (Kyoto)

32. Japan - OverviewJapan - Overview
 Population: 127.3 millionPopulation: 127.3 million
 Size: 377,835 sq. km. (roughly the size of Italy or California)Size: 377,835 sq. km. (roughly the size of Italy or California)
 Government: constitutional monarchy with a parliamentaryGovernment: constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary
governmentgovernment
 Capital: TokyoCapital: Tokyo
 Currency: YenCurrency: Yen
 Religion: Shinto and Buddhist 84%Religion: Shinto and Buddhist 84%

33. Japan - HistoryJapan - History

34. History – Early JapanHistory – Early Japan
 During the Jomon Period (13000 BC to 300BC), inhabitants ofDuring the Jomon Period (13000 BC to 300BC), inhabitants of
Japan were primarily hunters and gatherersJapan were primarily hunters and gatherers
 Agriculture (in particular rice as a crop) was introduced aroundAgriculture (in particular rice as a crop) was introduced around
100BC, allowing for the development of social classes and100BC, allowing for the development of social classes and
landownerslandowners
 Around 400AD, the country was united under an emperor asAround 400AD, the country was united under an emperor as
Yamato JapanYamato Japan
 Good relations with Kudhara kingdom (Korean peninsula), leadGood relations with Kudhara kingdom (Korean peninsula), lead
to increased influence from the mainlandto increased influence from the mainland
 Buddhism was introduced circa 550AD and promoted by the ruling classBuddhism was introduced circa 550AD and promoted by the ruling class
 Confucianism, Taoism, and the Chinese writing system were allConfucianism, Taoism, and the Chinese writing system were all
introduced to Japan during this same periodintroduced to Japan during this same period

35. History – Nara and Heian Periods (710 - 1185)History – Nara and Heian Periods (710 - 1185)
 In the year 710, the first capital wasIn the year 710, the first capital was
established in Naraestablished in Nara
 In 794, the capital was moved to HeianIn 794, the capital was moved to Heian
(Kyoto), where it would remain for 1000(Kyoto), where it would remain for 1000
yearsyears
 This era represented a gradual decline inThis era represented a gradual decline in
mainland influence and growth of a moremainland influence and growth of a more
pure Japanese culturepure Japanese culture
 Development of Kana symbols in 9Development of Kana symbols in 9thth
centurycentury
allowed for the creation of Japanese literatureallowed for the creation of Japanese literature
 Several distinct Buddhist sects emerged at thisSeveral distinct Buddhist sects emerged at this
time as welltime as well
Kana SymbolsKana Symbols

36. History – Emergence of Military PowerHistory – Emergence of Military Power
 Due to a “death spiral” created by land and taxation reforms,Due to a “death spiral” created by land and taxation reforms,
power gradually shifted from central government to wealthy landpower gradually shifted from central government to wealthy land
ownersowners
 As public order became difficult to control, land owners hired SamuraiAs public order became difficult to control, land owners hired Samurai
for protection – thus beginning to raise the importance of military mightfor protection – thus beginning to raise the importance of military might
in Japanin Japan
 A number of wars emerged between various clans and militantA number of wars emerged between various clans and militant
Buddhist monasteries seeking to establish ruling powerBuddhist monasteries seeking to establish ruling power
 Japan was essentially ruled by the Shoguns, the highest militaryJapan was essentially ruled by the Shoguns, the highest military
officer, until their power declined in the 15officer, until their power declined in the 15thth
and 16and 16thth
centuriescenturies
 Once again, wealthy land-owning families began to dominate byOnce again, wealthy land-owning families began to dominate by
becoming military families (ji-samurai) and warlordsbecoming military families (ji-samurai) and warlords

37. History – Edo Period (1603 - 1867)History – Edo Period (1603 - 1867)
 Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed Shogun by theTokugawa Ieyasu was appointed Shogun by the
emperor in 1603 and established his governmentemperor in 1603 and established his government
in Edo (modern day Tokyo)in Edo (modern day Tokyo)
 Ieyasu brought all of Japan under his control, andIeyasu brought all of Japan under his control, and
with the elimination of his major rivals, peacewith the elimination of his major rivals, peace
prevailed during the Edo periodprevailed during the Edo period
 Samurai focused on educating themselves in martialSamurai focused on educating themselves in martial
arts, literature, and philosophyarts, literature, and philosophy
 The Tokugawa government lasted nearly 250The Tokugawa government lasted nearly 250
years unopposedyears unopposed
Tokugawa IeyasuTokugawa Ieyasu

38. History – Edo Period (cont.)History – Edo Period (cont.)
 In 1633, Shogun Iemitsu established aIn 1633, Shogun Iemitsu established a
strict isolationist policy, forbidding travelstrict isolationist policy, forbidding travel
abroad and nearly completely restrictingabroad and nearly completely restricting
foreign tradeforeign trade
 External pressures grew in the 18External pressures grew in the 18thth
centurycentury
as Russia sought to expand trade withas Russia sought to expand trade with
JapanJapan
 In the 19In the 19thth
century, Europeans andcentury, Europeans and
Americans also sought to establish tradeAmericans also sought to establish trade
 In 1853 and 1854, Commodore PerryIn 1853 and 1854, Commodore Perry
forced the Tokugawa government to openforced the Tokugawa government to open
trade for a limited number of portstrade for a limited number of ports
Shogun IemitsuShogun Iemitsu
Commodore PerryCommodore Perry

39. History – Edo Period (cont.)History – Edo Period (cont.)
 Despite isolationism, Japanese culture flourished during this timeDespite isolationism, Japanese culture flourished during this time
 New art forms emerged (kabuki, ukiyo-e)New art forms emerged (kabuki, ukiyo-e)
 Over time, various factors began to impact the effectiveness ofOver time, various factors began to impact the effectiveness of
the Tokugawa governmentthe Tokugawa government
 Decline in government financial situationDecline in government financial situation
 Regular natural disastersRegular natural disasters
 Collapse of social hierarchy (merchant class increases relative powerCollapse of social hierarchy (merchant class increases relative power
compared with military)compared with military)
 In 1868, the reign of the Tokugawa government came to an endIn 1868, the reign of the Tokugawa government came to an end
as Emperor Meiji was restored to poweras Emperor Meiji was restored to power
 With the restoration of the emperor, the capital was moved fromWith the restoration of the emperor, the capital was moved from
Kyoto to TokyoKyoto to Tokyo

40. History – Meiji Period (1868 - 1912)History – Meiji Period (1868 - 1912)
 The new regime sought to make Japan a respectedThe new regime sought to make Japan a respected
world power and close the gap with Western nationsworld power and close the gap with Western nations
 Establishment of a democratic state gradually brought downEstablishment of a democratic state gradually brought down
the social classes in place for centuries (decline of the samurai)the social classes in place for centuries (decline of the samurai)
 Feudal lords returned all lands to the emperor (creation ofFeudal lords returned all lands to the emperor (creation of
prefectures in 1870)prefectures in 1870)
 Creation of human rights, including religious freedom in 1873Creation of human rights, including religious freedom in 1873
 National conscription for military was created, and theNational conscription for military was created, and the
Japanese army and navy were modeled after the Prussian andJapanese army and navy were modeled after the Prussian and
British militaryBritish military
 Japanese scholars were sent to study Western science andJapanese scholars were sent to study Western science and
technology to stimulate Japan’s industrializationtechnology to stimulate Japan’s industrialization
 The education system was remodeled to mimic the French andThe education system was remodeled to mimic the French and
German systemsGerman systems
Emperor MeijiEmperor Meiji

41. History – Meiji Period (cont.)History – Meiji Period (cont.)
 The first European style constitution was created in 1889The first European style constitution was created in 1889
 A parliament, the Diet, was established, though the emperor keptA parliament, the Diet, was established, though the emperor kept
sovereign rulesovereign rule
 Victories in the Sino-Japanese (1894-1895) and Russo-JapaneseVictories in the Sino-Japanese (1894-1895) and Russo-Japanese
wars (1904-1905) built international respect for Japan andwars (1904-1905) built international respect for Japan and
fostered nationalism among the Japanese populationfostered nationalism among the Japanese population

42. History – Early 20History – Early 20thth
Century (1912 - 1945)Century (1912 - 1945)
 Japan joined the allied forces in WW1, but played only a minorJapan joined the allied forces in WW1, but played only a minor
role in the warrole in the war
 Tension between Japan and the Western powers increased as the LeagueTension between Japan and the Western powers increased as the League
of Nations rejected Japan’s “racial equality clause” proposal at the Parisof Nations rejected Japan’s “racial equality clause” proposal at the Paris
Peace Conference in 1919Peace Conference in 1919
 In 1933, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations due toIn 1933, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations due to
increased perceived racism and for criticism over military actionsincreased perceived racism and for criticism over military actions
in Chinain China
 In 1940, Japan allied with the Axis powers (Germany and Italy)In 1940, Japan allied with the Axis powers (Germany and Italy)
which then led to an oil boycott from USA and Great Britainwhich then led to an oil boycott from USA and Great Britain
 Deteriorating relations eventually led Japan to declare war on theDeteriorating relations eventually led Japan to declare war on the
US and BritainUS and Britain

43. History – World War IIHistory – World War II
 In December 1941, Japan attacked US forces at Pearl HarborIn December 1941, Japan attacked US forces at Pearl Harbor
 In June 1942, Allied forces defeated the Japanese at the Battle ofIn June 1942, Allied forces defeated the Japanese at the Battle of
Midway, the turning point of the war in the PacificMidway, the turning point of the war in the Pacific
 On July 27On July 27thth
, 1945 in the Postdam Declaration, the US demanded, 1945 in the Postdam Declaration, the US demanded
an unconditional surrender, but no surrender was givenan unconditional surrender, but no surrender was given
 On August 6On August 6thth
and 9and 9thth
of the same year, the US dropped atomicof the same year, the US dropped atomic
bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasakibombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 On August 14On August 14thth
, Emperor Showa finally offered unconditional, Emperor Showa finally offered unconditional
surrendersurrender

44. History – Postwar Period (1945 - )History – Postwar Period (1945 - )
 Japan was devastated following the warJapan was devastated following the war
 All major cities, industries, and transportation were damagedAll major cities, industries, and transportation were damaged
 A severe food shortage existed for several yearsA severe food shortage existed for several years
 Japan was occupied from 1945 – 1952Japan was occupied from 1945 – 1952
 A new constitution went into effect in 1947A new constitution went into effect in 1947
 The emperor lost all official power and became a symbol of the stateThe emperor lost all official power and became a symbol of the state
 Universal suffrage and human rights were guaranteedUniversal suffrage and human rights were guaranteed
 Reconstruction following the war and aid from the allied powersReconstruction following the war and aid from the allied powers
helped to rebuild Japan into an international powerhelped to rebuild Japan into an international power
 In addition, the oil crisis of 1973 caused Japan to make a conscious shiftIn addition, the oil crisis of 1973 caused Japan to make a conscious shift
to high technology industriesto high technology industries

45. Japan - GeographyJapan - Geography

46. GeographyGeography
 Japan’s islands lie betweenJapan’s islands lie between
45˚ and 32˚ north45˚ and 32˚ north
 The Sea of Japan separatesThe Sea of Japan separates
the Asian continent fromthe Asian continent from
the Japanese archipelagothe Japanese archipelago
 Japan’s closest neighborsJapan’s closest neighbors
are Korea, Russia and Chinaare Korea, Russia and China

47. GeographyGeography
 Japan consists of severalJapan consists of several
thousand islands. The fourthousand islands. The four
largest arelargest are
 Honshu (largest, “mainland”)Honshu (largest, “mainland”)
 HokkaidoHokkaido
 KyushuKyushu
 ShikokuShikoku
 Japan is officially divided intoJapan is officially divided into
8 regions and 47 prefectures8 regions and 47 prefectures
 Kanto (Tokyo)Kanto (Tokyo)
 Kinki (Kyoto)Kinki (Kyoto)

48. Geography – ClimateGeography – Climate
 Due to Japan’s long north-south range, its climate ranges fromDue to Japan’s long north-south range, its climate ranges from
tropical in the south to cool, temperate in the northtropical in the south to cool, temperate in the north
 Japan’s climate is moderated by the seaJapan’s climate is moderated by the sea
 Milder winters than places of equal latitude on the mainlandMilder winters than places of equal latitude on the mainland
 Far more precipitationFar more precipitation
Avg. Minimum Temp inAvg. Minimum Temp in
May (˚C / ˚F)May (˚C / ˚F)
Avg. Maximum Temp.Avg. Maximum Temp.
in May (˚C / ˚F)in May (˚C / ˚F)
TokyoTokyo 12 / 5412 / 54 22 / 7222 / 72
KyotoKyoto 13 / 5613 / 56 24 / 7524 / 75

49. Geography –TerrainGeography –Terrain
 Japan’s terrain is mostly rugged and mountainousJapan’s terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous
 Mountains cover 2/3 of Japan’s land massMountains cover 2/3 of Japan’s land mass
 Limiting to both transportation and agricultureLimiting to both transportation and agriculture
 Roughly 12% of Japan’s total land is arableRoughly 12% of Japan’s total land is arable
 Japan is located where several continental & oceanic plates meetJapan is located where several continental & oceanic plates meet
 Active and extinct volcanoes in JapanActive and extinct volcanoes in Japan
 Hot springsHot springs
 Active earthquake region (1500 seismic occurrences a year)Active earthquake region (1500 seismic occurrences a year)
 Japan’s highest mountain, Mt. Fuji (3,776m/12,388ft), can beJapan’s highest mountain, Mt. Fuji (3,776m/12,388ft), can be
seen from Tokyo on clear daysseen from Tokyo on clear days

50. ResourcesResources
 The World FactBookThe World FactBook ((www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbookwww.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook))
 Japan-guide.comJapan-guide.com ((www.japan-guide.comwww.japan-guide.com))
 Infoplease.comInfoplease.com ((www.infoplease.comwww.infoplease.com))
 Google ImagesGoogle Images ((www.google.comwww.google.com))
 BBC World WeatherBBC World Weather ((www.bbc.co.uk/weatherwww.bbc.co.uk/weather))
 Weather.comWeather.com ((www.weather.comwww.weather.com))
 University of Alabama MapsUniversity of Alabama Maps ((http://alabamamaps.ua.edu/world/asia/http://alabamamaps.ua.edu/world/asia/))
 Useful linksUseful links
 http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.htmlhttp://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history
 http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htmhttp://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htm
 http://www.aasianst.org/EAA/mccoll.htmhttp://www.aasianst.org/EAA/mccoll.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history
 http://www.answers.com/topic/people-s-republic-of-china&method=6http://www.answers.com/topic/people-s-republic-of-china&method=6