Craig10e ch14 ppt_ops_final

Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heritage of World Civilizations
Tenth Edition
Chapter 14
Africa ca. 1000–1700

The Great Mosque at Kilwa, ca. 1100 C.E.

Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
14.1 North Africa and Egypt
• Summarize the history of North Africa and Egypt after ca. 1000.
14.2 The Spread of Islam South of the Sahara
• Trace the spread of Islam south of the Sahara.
14.3 Sahelian Empires of the Western and Central Sudan
• Discuss the empires of Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and Kanem-Bornu.
14.4 The Eastern Sudan
• Summarize the history of Maqurra and Alwa and the Funj state.

Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
14.5 The Forestlands—Coastal West and Central Africa
• Describe Benin art and society and the effects of European
arrivals in the coastlands and central Africa.
14.6 East Africa
• Discuss Swahili culture and commerce and the history of
the Portuguese and the Omanis of Zanzibar in East Africa.
14.7 Southern Africa
• Summarize the history of Great Zimbabwe and the Cape
Colony, with consideration of the role of the Portuguese.

Introduction
• There were strong regional differences in
Africa from 1000 to 1700.
• The region had interactions with the Islamic
and European worlds.
• Over time, many changes took place in the
African economies, in social organization, and
in politics.

Global Perspective: Africa, 1000–1700
(1 of 2)
• Long-distance trade had a significant effect on Africa
from 1000 to 1700.
• There were international trading networks of North,
West, and East Africa and intra-African trade in sub-
Saharan Africa.
• The Dar al-Islam was linked to the Mediterranean
world.
• Ottoman expansion into Egypt and the Maghreb
altered the political situation in the Mediterranean.
• European contact with West Africa late in this period
was generally exploitative.

Global Perspective: Africa, 1000–1700
(2 of 2)
1. Where in Africa was Islamic influence
concentrated? How did Islam spread? What
does this reveal about the relationship
between commerce and cultural diffusion?
2. Why did different regions in Africa develop in
different ways between 1000 and 1700?

Map 14–1: Major Cities and States in Africa
ca. 900–1500

14.1 North Africa and Egypt (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Summarize the history of North Africa
and Egypt after ca. 1000.

14.1 North Africa and Egypt (2 of 2)
• Egypt and other North African societies played
a central role in Islamic and Mediterranean
history after 1000.
• From the 1500s on, the Mediterranean
coastlands between Egypt and Morocco were
officially Ottoman territory.
• Morocco, which was ruled by sharifs,
remained independent.

14.2 The Spread of Islam
South of the Sahara (1 of 3)
Learning Objective:
Trace the spread of Islam south of the
Sahara.

• Islamic influence in sub-Saharan Africa began
as early as the eighth century.
• Conversion to Islam was rare beyond the
ruling or commercial classes, and Islamic faith
tended to coexist or blend with indigenous
traditions.
• In East Africa, Muslim traders begun to
“Islamize” ports and coastal regions before
800.

• In West and Central Africa, Islam was
introduced into the Sudan primarily through
traders.
• From the 1030s, zealous militants known as
Almoravids began a conversion campaign
extending to the western Sahel and Sahara.

The Great Mosque in Timbuktu

14.3 Sahelian Empires of the Western and
Central Sudan (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the empires of Ghana, Mali,
Songhai, and Kanem-Bornu.

14.3 Sahelian Empires of the Western and
Central Sudan (2 of 2)
• From about 1000 to 1600, four Sahelian states
developed into relatively long-lived empires.
• There were Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and Kanem-
Bornu.

14.3.1 Ghana
• Ghanaian rulers were descended matrilineally
and ruled through a council of ministers.
• Ghana’s power had a solid economic base
through tribute, taxes, and levies.
• The Ghanaian king and court did not convert to
Islam, but they made elaborate arrangements to
accommodate Muslim traders.
• The empire was vulnerable to attack from the
desert. Ghana’s empire was probably destroyed
in the late twelfth century.

Document: Ghana and its People in the
Mid–Eleventh Century
• How did the ruler of Ghana deal with the
differing religious groups in his capital?

14.3.2 Mali (1 of 2)
• In the mid–thirteenth century, Mali forged a
new and lasting empire.
• This empire seems to have developed on the
same economic base as had Ghana and Takrur
earlier.
• Agriculture, cattle farming, and the gold trade
were Mali’s economic mainstays.
• The Keita dynasty converted to Islam and
claimed descent from Muhammad’s muezzin.

14.3.2 Mali (2 of 2)
• Mali’s imperial power was built largely by the
Keita king Sundiata (r. 1230–1255).
• Even independent chiefs recognized the
authority of the supreme mansa.
• The greatest Keita king was Mansa Musa
(r. 1312–1337), famous for his pilgrimage
through Mamluk Cairo to Mecca in 1324.
• The devout ruler fostered the spread of Islam
in the empire and beyond.

The Great Mosque at Jenne

Mansa Musa, King of Mali

14.3.3 Songhai (1 of 2)
• As early as the eleventh or twelfth century. there
was a Songhai kingdom around Gao.
• The kingdom became an empire under the
greatest Sunni ruler, Sonni Ali (r. 1462–1492),
developing into what was arguably Africa’s most
powerful state.
• The empire emulated its Ghanaian predecessors
in taking advantage of the ancient caravan trade
across the Sahara to the Libyan and Tunisian
coasts.

14.3.3 Songhai (2 of 2)
• Under Askia Muhammad al-Turi (r. 1493–
1528), the empire converted to Islam.
• He supported Sufi leaders, or marabouts, with
his wealth.

Map 14–2: Important Towns, Regions, Peoples,
and States in Africa ca. 1500–1700

14.3.4 Kanem and Kanem-Bornu
• A fourth sizable Sahelian empire, Kanem, arose in
the central Sudan after 1100.
• Kanem began as a southern Saharan
confederation of nomadic tribes, the Zaghawah.
• In Bornu in the 1490s, a new Kanuri Empire
arose.
• Turkish military instructors brought to Bornu
enabled the Kanuri leader Idris Alawma (r. ca.
1575–1610) to unify Kanem and Bornu.

Document: Muslim Reform in Songhai
• What are the problems and corresponding
solutions described in the letters?
• Which problem did al-Maghili find most
serious? Why?
• Which do you think would have been most
serious? Why?

Chronology: Sahelian Empires of the
Western Sudan

Chronology: Central Sudanic Empires

14.4 The Eastern Sudan (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Summarize the history of Maqurra and
Alwa and the Funj state.

14.4 The Eastern Sudan (2 of 2)
• The Christian states of Maqurra and Alwa in the
Nilotic Sudan, or Nubia, lasted more than 600
years.
• The Mamluks intervened repeatedly in Nubian
affairs, and Arab nomads constantly threatened
the Nubian states.
• A significant factor in the gradual disappearance
of Christianity in Nubia was its association with
the foreign Egyptian Coptic Christianity.

14.5 Forestlands—Coastal West and
Central Africa
Learning Objective:
Describe Benin art and society and the
effects of European arrivals in the
coastlands and central Africa.

14.5.1 West African Forest Kingdoms:
The Example of Benin
• Benin reflects the sophistication of West
African culture before 1500.
• The power of the king or oba in Benin was
likely limited by the uzama, hereditary chiefs.
• The global significance of Benin lies in its court
art, especially its famous sculptures.

14.5.2 European Arrivals on the Coastlands
• The coasts of West and Central Africa witnessed
many important changes between 1500 and
1800, the most notorious being the Atlantic slave
trade.
• Equally important were changes connected with
trade in West African gold and other
commodities.
• The gradual involvement of Africa in the
emerging global economy paved the way for
eventual colonial domination of the Continent.

A Closer Look: Benin Bronze Plaque with
Chief and Two Attendants

Benin Bronze Plaque

Chronology: Benin

14.5.3 Central Africa
• Kongo was the major state with which the Portuguese
dealt after coming to Central Africa in 1483.
• Regional rulers procured slaves from neighboring
kingdoms, as did Portuguese traders who went inland
themselves.
• The Kongo ruler Affonso I (r. ca. 1506–1543) had
difficulty curbing the more exploitative slaving
practices and independent-minded provincial
governors.
• To the south, by 1600 Angola was exporting thousands
of slaves annually.

Document: Affonso I of Kongo Writes to
the King of Portugal
• How did the presence of Portuguese
merchants and European goods upset the
social and political situation in Kongo?
• How were Affonso’s subjects tempted into the
slave trade?
• How did Affonso wish to change the
relationship of his people to Portugal?
• Was the king more worried about human
rights or his economic losses?

Queen Nzinga of Ndongo

Chronology: Central Africa

14.6 East Africa
Learning Objective:
Discuss Swahili culture and commerce
and the history of the Portuguese and
the Omanis of Zanzibar in East Africa.

14.6.1 Swahili Culture and Commerce
(1 of 2)
• Arabs, Indonesians, and even Indians had
traded with East Africa for centuries.
• By the thirteenth century, a common language
called Swahili, or Kiswahili, had developed
from the interaction of Bantu and Arabic
speakers along the coast.

14.6.1 Swahili Culture and Commerce
(2 of 2)
• Current theory suggests that Swahili culture is
basically African with a large contribution by
Arab, Persian, and other extra-African
elements.
• Swahili civilization reached its apogee in the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

14.6.2 The Portuguese and
the Omanis of Zanzibar
• Swahili civilization declined in the sixteenth
century.
• As the Portuguese sought to control Indian Ocean
trade, they saw the Moors as their enemies.
• Initial Portuguese victories along the African
coast brought the submission of many small
Islamic ports and states.
• In 1698 the Omanis took Mombasa and ejected
the Portuguese everywhere north of
Mozambique.

Chronology: East and Southeast Africa

14.7 Southern Africa
Learning Objective:
Summarize the history of Great
Zimbabwe and the Cape Colony, with
consideration of the role of the
Portuguese.

14.7.1 “Great Zimbabwe”
• Between the thirteenth and fifteenth
centuries, Great Zimbabwe was enjoying its
heyday.
• Trade was an important part of this prosperity.
• The full reasons for why the Great Zimbabwe
civilization flourished are unclear.

Great Zimbabwe

14.7.2 The Portuguese in
Southeastern Africa
• All along the Zambezi, a consequence of
Portuguese intrusion was the creation of
quasi-tribal chiefdoms led by prazeros.
• By 1800, they held vast land tracts,
commanded armies, and were a disruptive
force in the region.

14.7.3 South Africa: The Cape Colony
• In South Africa the Dutch planted the first
European settlers.
• The first Cape settlement was built in 1652 by the
Dutch East India Company.
• Many of the Khoikhoi people of the region were
gradually incorporated into the new colonial
economy.
• Trekboers migrated from the coast to the interior
tableland.
• The language of Afrikaans slowly became the
vernacular of the Dutch immigrants.

Early European View of Khoikhoi

Chronology: Southern Africa

Craig10e ch14 ppt_ops_final

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