Craig10e ch13 ppt_ops_final

Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heritage of World Civilizations
Tenth Edition
Chapter 13
Ancient Civilizations
of the Americas

A Mixtec View of Creation

Learning Objectives (1 of 3)
13.1 Problems in Reconstructing the History of Native American Civilization
• Discuss the reasons why it is difficult to reconstruct the history of Native
American civilizations.
13.2 Mesoamerica: An Overview and the Archaic Period
• Describe the geography of Mesoamerica, its distinctive cultural
traditions, its history during the Archaic period, and its ritualized ball
games.
13.3 The Formative Period and the Emergence of Mesoamerican Civilization
• Trace the history of Mesoamerica in the Formative period, focusing on
the Olmec, the Valley of Oaxaca, and the Mesoamerican calendar.

13.4 The Classic Period in Mesoamerica
• Summarize the history of Teotihuacán and Mayan civilization.
13.5 The Post-Classic Period in Mesoamerica
• Discuss the Toltec and Aztec civilizations during the Post-Classic
period in Mesoamerica.
13.6 Andean South America: An Overview
• Describe the geography of the Andean region, the ways of life of
its peoples, and the periodization of its history.
13.7 The Preceramic Period and the Initial Period
• Discuss Preceramic and Initial period cultures in the Andean
highlands.

13.8 Chavín de Huantar and the Early Horizon
• Discuss the findings at Chavín de Huantar.
13.9 The Early Intermediate Period
• Discuss the Nazca and Moche cultures of the Early Intermediate
period.
13.10 The Middle Horizon through the Late Intermediate Period
• Discuss the Tiwanaku, Huari, and Chimu empires of the Middle
Horizon through the Late Intermediate period.
13.11 The Inca Empire
• Summarize the history, society, and religion of the Inca Empire.

Introduction (1 of 2)
• Humans first settled the American continents
between 12,000 and 30,000 years ago.
• In the Americas, people in some regions
gradually shifted from hunting and gathering
to a settled, agricultural life.
• Between 8000 and 2000 B.C.E., the
domestication of new crops, especially
maize, led to a much more sedentary life
with permanent settlements.

Introduction (2 of 2)
• After about 2000 B.C.E., remarkable civilizations
emerged.
• The most prominent centers of pre-Columbian
American civilization were Mesoamerica and
the Andean region of South America.

Global Perspective: Ancient Civilizations of
the Americas (1 of 2)
• Civilization in the Americas before 1492
developed independently of civilization in the Old
World.
• Mayan mathematics and astronomy rivaled those
of any other peoples of the ancient world.
• The encounter between Old World and New that
began at the close of the fifteenth century was
devastating for American civilizations.
• The coming of the Spanish profoundly disturbed
both the patterns of trade and the ecological
balance.

Global Perspective: Ancient Civilizations of
the Americas (2 of 2)
1. Why is it important to bear in mind that the
civilizations of the New World had long and
rich histories before the arrival of Europeans?
Why is it so difficult to discover the details of
the history of the peoples of the Americas?
What are our major sources of information?
2. What role did the environment play in the
formation of American civilizations?

13.1 Problems in Reconstructing the History of
Native American Civilization (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the reasons why it is difficult
to reconstruct the history of Native
American civilizations.

13.1 Problems in Reconstructing the History of
Native American Civilization (2 of 2)
• Evidence—especially written evidence—of
ancient American civilizations is difficult to
come by.
• The primary source of information has been
archaeology.
• We also have accounts of the history and
culture of the Aztecs and Inca that were
related to Spanish missionaries and officials.

13.2 Mesoamerica: An Overview and the
Archaic Period (1 of 3)
Learning Objective:
Describe the geography of Mesoamerica,
its distinctive cultural traditions, its history
during the Archaic period, and its ritualized
ball games.

• Mesoamerica extends from central Mexico into
Central America.
• The peoples of Mesoamerica were ethnically and
linguistically diverse and there was no single
Mesoamerican civilization, but there are common
features.
• Obsidian was used to make weapons and tools.

• Mesoamerican history before the Spanish
conquest has four major periods: Archaic,
Formative, Classic, and Post-Classic.
• The domestication of maize, beans, and other
plants secured the people of Mesoamerica an
adequate and dependable diet.
• By about 2000 B.C.E. settled agricultural life had
taken hold in much of the region.

Map 13–1: Mesoamerica:
The Formative and Classic Periods

Aztec Calendar Stone

13.2.1 Mesoamerican Ball Games
• The peoples throughout ancient Mesoamerica
played a complicated ball game.
• The Mesoamerican ball game carried very
elaborate political and ritualistic overtones,
even replacing warfare.

Ball Court at Monte Alban

13.3 The Formative Period and the Emergence
of Mesoamerican Civilization (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Trace the history of Mesoamerica in
the Formative period, focusing on the
Olmec, the Valley of Oaxaca, and the
Mesoamerican calendar.

13.3 The Formative Period and the Emergence
of Mesoamerican Civilization (2 of 2)
• By about 1500 B.C.E. Mesoamerica’s
agricultural villages were beginning to
coalesce into more complicated societies.

13.3.1 The Olmec
• The most prominent of the Early Formative
period cultures is that of the Olmec.
• The Olmec society was dominated by an elite
class of ruler-priests.
• Archaeological evidence from this period
suggests that the peoples of Mesoamerica
were linked in a web of trade.
• Olmec civilization faded after about 400 B.C.E.
and had disappeared by about 200 B.C.E.

13.3.2 The Valley of Oaxaca and the Rise of
Monte Alban
• In the Valley of Oaxaca, the new civilization of
Monte Alban emerged.
• Carved images of bound prisoners at Monte
Alban suggest that warfare played a role in
establishing the authority of this state.

13.3.3 The Emergence of Writing and the
Mesoamerican Calendar
• The earliest evidence of writing and the
Mesoamerican calendar have been found in
the Valley of Oaxaca at San José Mogote and
Monte Alban.

(1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Summarize the history of Teotihuacán
and Mayan civilization.

(2 of 2)
• The Classic period was a time of cultural
florescence in Mesoamerica.
• In Central Mexico, the city of Teotihuacán
emerged as one of the largest cities of the world.
• Elsewhere the Maya developed a sophisticated
system of mathematics and hieroglyphic writing.
• Classic urban life in Mesoamerica was richer and
on a larger scale than urban life in Europe north
of the Alps.

13.4.1 Teotihuacán (1 of 2)
• Teotihuacán dominated central Mexico for
many centuries and strongly influenced the
rest of Mesoamerica.
• At its height in about 500 C.E., the city
extended over almost 9 square miles and had
a population of more than 150,000.
• Teotihuacán’s influence extended throughout
Mesoamerica, and evidence suggests a
possible Teotihuacán empire.

13.4.1 Teotihuacán (2 of 2)
• Trade was a major part of the city’s influence.
• The people of Teotihuacán worshiped a
feathered serpent, the antecedent to the god
the Aztecs worshiped as Quetzalcoatl and the
Maya as Kukulcan.

Teotihuacán

13.4.2 The Maya (1 of 3)
• Mayan civilization arose in southern
Mesoamerica.
• The pyramid structures of the Maya were fully
developed between 300 B.C.E. and 300 C.E.
• The Maya developed Mesoamerica’s most
advanced writing system, and they inscribed
this write extensively.
• The largest Mayan city was Tikal with a
population of between 50,000 and 70,000.

13.4.2 The Maya (2 of 3)
• Religion deeply informed the social and
political realm of the Maya.
• The complexity and accuracy of their calendar
reflect Mayan skills in astronomical
observation.
• An absolute calendar, the Long Count, was
tied to a fixed point in the past.

13.4.2 The Maya (3 of 3)
• No single center dominated the Mayan region,
which was instead divided into independent
units, each centered in a capital city.
• Between 800 and 900 C.E., Classic civilization
collapsed in the southern lowlands.
• After this collapse, the focus of Mayan
civilization shifted to the northern Yucatán.

A Closer Look: The Pyramid of the Sun in
Teotihuacán

Document: A Mayan Myth of Creation
• How does this myth describe the world before
creation?
• Who are the beings that exist before creation
and decide how it is to be carried out?
• What did they do to create the earth?

Mayan Calendar

13.5 The Post-Classic Period in
Mesoamerica (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the Toltec and Aztec
civilizations during the Post-Classic
period in Mesoamerica.

13.5 The Post-Classic Period in
Mesoamerica (2 of 2)
• No new strong, centralized power arose
immediately to replace Teotihuacán in the
wake of its collapse in the eighth century.

Tula Statuary

The Founding of Tenochtitlán

13.5.1 The Toltecs
• In about 900 B.C.E. the Toltecs rose to
prominence with their capital, Tula.
• The Toltecs themselves were descendants of
one of many “barbarian” northern peoples
who migrated into Mesoamerica during the
Late Classic period.
• Toltec iconography, which stresses human
sacrifice, death, blood, and military action,
supports their warlike reputation.

13.5.2 The Aztecs (1 of 2)
• The people known as the Aztecs referred to
themselves as the Mexica.
• When Spain arrived in 1519, the Aztecs
controlled the most complex, extensive, and
powerful empire in the history of Mesoamerica.
• Their capital city, Tenochtitlán, was the most
populous yet seen in Mesoamerica. It was divided
into four quarters and many calpulli.
• In 1428, the Aztecs formed an alliance to become
the dominant power in the Valley of Mexico.

13.5.2 The Aztecs (2 of 2)
• The Aztec Empire was based on receiving rich
tribute from conquered peoples.
• Human sacrifice on a prodigious scale was
central to Aztec ideology.
• Aztec society was hierarchical, authoritarian,
and militaristic, divided between nobles and
commoners.
• Above all else, Aztec society was organized for
war.

Map 13–2: The Aztec and Inca Empires on
the Eve of the Spanish Conquest

Document: Nezahualcoyotl of Texcoco
Sings of the Giver of Life
• In what ways does this song remind you of the
thought and religious traditions of the early
civilizations of China, India, Egypt, and Greece?
• What are the characteristics of “He Who Invents
Himself”?
• What kind of relationship can human beings
achieve with this being?
• Why does the singer compare seeking the Giver
of Life with seeking someone among flowers?

Document: The Aztecs
Economically Isolate an Enemy
• What claims of political sovereignty did the
Aztecs make?
• How did the Tlascalans respond?
• What kinds of goods did the Aztecs keep the
Tlascalans from receiving?
• Why was it important that the Tlascalans had
difficulty importing plumes?
• How did the Tlascalans’ standard of living
suffer?

Human Sacrifice

Chronology: Major Periods in Ancient
Mesoamerican Civilization

(1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Describe the geography of the Andean
region, the ways of life of its peoples,
and the periodization of its history.

(2 of 2)
• The Andean region of South America had a
long history of indigenous civilization when
Spanish conquerors arrived.
• Andean highland have maintained access to
the different resources available in different
altitude zones.

Figure 13–1: The Andean Environment

13.7 The Preceramic Period and
the Initial Period (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss Preceramic and Initial period
cultures in the Andean highlands.

13.7 The Preceramic Period and
the Initial Period (2 of 2)
• The earliest monumental architecture in Peru
dates to the early third millennium B.C.E.
• The earliest centers of Norte Chico civilization
consist of ceremonial mounds and plazas.

Map 13–3: Pre-Inca Sites
Discussed in This Chapter

13.8 Chavín De Huantar and
the Early Horizon (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the findings at Chavín de
Huantar.

13.8 Chavín De Huantar and
the Early Horizon (2 of 2)
• Beginning around 900 B.C.E., a site in the
highlands, Chavín de Huantar, was growing in
influence.
• Between about 400 and 200 B.C.E., Chavín
influence spread widely throughout Peru and
beyond.

13.9 The Early Intermediate Period
Learning Objective:
Discuss the Nazca and Moche cultures
of the Early Intermediate period.

13.9.1 Nazca
• The Nazca culture, which flourished from
about 100 B.C.E. to about 700 C.E., was centered
in the Ica and Nazca river valleys.
• The Nazca may be most famous for their
colossal earthworks, or geoglyphs.

The Nazca Geoglyph

13.9.2 Moche
• The Moche culture flourished from about 200
to 700 on the north coast of Peru.
• The Moche were skilled potters, producing
molded and painted vessels that reveal much
about Moche life, religion, and warfare.

13.10 The Middle Horizon through the Late
Intermediate Period
Learning Objective:
Discuss the Tiwanaku, Huari, and
Chimu empires of the Middle Horizon
through the Late Intermediate period.

13.10.1 Tiwanaku and Huari (1 of 2)
• In the fifth century, the first expansionist
empires emerged in the Andean highlands.
• The Tiwanaku Empire dominated the Titicaca
basin and neighboring regions, likely exerting
influence through its religious prestige and by
establishing colonies.

13.10.1 Tiwanaku and Huari (2 of 2)
• The Huari Empire flourished from about 600
to 800, dominating the highlands from near
Cuzco in the south to Cajamarca in the north.
• Huari used quipu record-keeping devices
made of string.

13.10.2 The Chimu Empire
• The Chimu state was centered in the Moche
valley but built an empire from the border of
Ecuador to the Chillon valley.
• In about 1470, the Chimu Empire was swept
away by the Inca Empire.

13.11 The Inca Empire (1 of 4)
Learning Objective:
Summarize the history, society, and
religion of the Inca Empire.

• In 1532, when Francisco Pizarro happened on it,
the Inca Empire was one of the largest states in
the world.
• The Inca Empire was the largest state ever
organized in the pre-Columbian Americas.
• The Inca enlarged their empire through a
combination of alliances and conquest.
• It was organized into a hierarchical administrative
structure with Quechua as the administrative
language of the empire.

• The Inca and the peoples they ruled were
extremely devout in their religion.
• Unlike the Aztecs, the Inca relied on various
forms of labor taxation.
• In a system known as the mita, local people
worked for the state on a regular basis.
• Communities known as mitimaqs were moved
across the empire to better exploit resources.

• The mamakuna were celibate women employed
by the state who played an economic and
religious role, including brewing chicha.
• The Incas asserted their power through regional
administrative centers and warehouses linked by
a remarkable system of roads.
• The Inca built more than 14,000 miles of roads.

Machu Picchu

Document: The Incas Organize
Their Empire
• To what extent did the Incas appear to be
following a classic mode of rule by dividing
and conquering?
• How did the Incas use one group to balance
the threat to their rule from another group?
• How did they use religion and language to
strengthen their authority?

Mummified Remains

The Inca Quipumayoc

Chronology: Periods of Andean Civilization

Craig10e ch13 ppt_ops_final

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