1. Brief history of the country China's history is rich with art, politics, science, and philosophy. It is home to the oldest of the major world civilizations. China was ruled by various dynasties for much of its history. The first dynasty is believed to be the Xia dynasty which formed somewhere around 2250 BC. The Shang or Yin dynasty gained power around the 14th century BC. The Han Dynasty, which lasted over 400 years from 206 BC to 220 AD, was one of the most influential in China's history. Much of the culture today was created during the Han Dynasty. Later famous dynasties, like the Song and the Tang, continued to refine the culture and bring new innovations to the world including printed money, a permanent navy, and a complex government that ruled over 100 million people. Dynasties of China The Xia Dynasty (2070–1600 BC) The Xia dynasty was founded by Yu the Great (c. 2123-2025 BC), known for developing a flood control technique that stopped the Great Flood that ravaged farmer's crops for generations. Very little is known about this dynasty and scholars believe it to be mythical or quasi-legendary The Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC) The Shang dynasty is the earliest recorded Chinese dynasty supported by archaeological evidence. 31 kings ruled much of the area along the Yellow River and made great advances in maths, astronomy and art. They used a highly developed calendar system and an early form of modern Chinese language. The Zhou Dynasty (1045-221 BC) The Zhou dynasty was the longest dynasty in the history of China, ruling for almost 8 centuries. The Zhous saw some of the greatest Chinese philosophers and poets: Lao-Tzu, Tao Chien, Confucius, Mencius, Mo Ti and the military strategist Sun-tzu. Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC)  The Qin Dynasty was the first to unite China as a country under an emperor instead of a ruling clan, which meant the beginning of China's feudal era.The Qin Dynasty was the shortest dynasty in China, lasting only 15 years.  The First Emperor — Qin Shi Huang was first to use the title of emperor in China.  Qing Shi Huang standardized units of weight and measurements, as well as the writing system.  Great building projects, such as the Great Wall and the Terracotta Army were built in this era. The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) The Han Dynasty was one of the most powerful, prosperous, and important dynasties in China's history. Confucianism was elevated to orthodox status and Taoism, China's local religion, arose. Cai Lun improved the technique of paper making, Zhang Heng invented a seismograph that could measure earthquakes. Wei, Jin, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (220–581) The Three Kingdoms (220-265), Jin Dynasty (265-420), Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (386-589) is one of the most important periods in Chinese history. Dan meets up with Total War: Three Kingdoms game developers to discuss fact and fiction within gaming narratives. The Sui Dynasty (581–618)  The Sui Dynasty was a short, in

1. CHINESE CULTURE
PREPARED BY OSAMA RAHMAN

2. OUTLINES
• History
• Culture
• Festivals
• Women Role
• Cultural Values
• Sub-Cultures
• Demographic shift in the next 5-10
• work environment friendly?
• Influence of family, reference group and
opinion leaders in the decision making
process
• Top industries which makes that
economically stronger
• summary of how consumers Behave
• Online shopping trends

3. GENERAL FACT ABOUT CHINA
Official Name: People Republic of China
Capital Name: Beijing
Biggest City: Shanghai
Population: 1.412 Billions
Chinese Currency: The Yuan

4. HISTORY
• China's history is rich with art, politics, science, and philosophy. It is
home to the oldest of the major world civilizations. China was ruled
by various dynasties for much of its history. The first dynasty is
believed to be the Xia dynasty which formed somewhere around 2250
BC. The Shang or Yin dynasty gained power around the 14th century
BC. The Han Dynasty, which lasted over 400 years from 206 BC to
220 AD, was one of the most influential in China's history. Much of
the culture today was created during the Han Dynasty. Later famous
dynasties, like the Song and the Tang, continued to refine the culture
and bring new innovations to the world including printed money, a
permanent navy, and a complex government that ruled over 100
million people.

5. DYNASTIES OF CHINA
Dynasties Major Happenings
The Xia Dynasty (2070–1600 BC)
The Xia dynasty was founded by Yu the Great (c. 2123-2025 BC), known for
developing a flood control technique that stopped the Great Flood that
ravaged farmer's crops for generations. Very little is known about this
dynasty and scholars believe it to be mythical or quasi-legendary.
The Shang Dynasty (1600–1046
BC)
The Shang dynasty is the earliest recorded Chinese dynasty supported by
archaeological evidence. 31 kings ruled much of the area along the Yellow
River and made great advances in maths, astronomy and art. They used a
highly developed calendar system and an early form of modern Chinese
language.
The Zhou Dynasty (1045-221 BC)
The Zhou dynasty was the longest dynasty in the history of China, ruling for
almost 8 centuries. The Zhous saw some of the greatest Chinese
philosophers and poets: Lao-Tzu, Tao Chien, Confucius, Mencius, Mo Ti and
the military strategist Sun-tzu.

6. Qin Dynasty (221–206
BC)
 The Qin Dynasty was the first to unite China as a country under an emperor
instead of a ruling clan, which meant the beginning of China's feudal era.The
Qin Dynasty was the shortest dynasty in China, lasting only 15 years.
 The First Emperor — Qin Shi Huang was first to use the title of emperor in
China.
 Qing Shi Huang standardized units of weight and measurements, as well as the
writing system.
 Great building projects, such as the Great Wall and the Terracotta Army were
built in this era.
The Han Dynasty (206 BC
– 220 AD)
The Han Dynasty was one of the most powerful, prosperous, and important
dynasties in China's history. Confucianism was elevated to orthodox status and
Taoism, China's local religion, arose. Cai Lun improved the technique of paper
making, Zhang Heng invented a seismograph that could measure earthquakes.
Wei, Jin, and the
Southern and Northern
Dynasties (220–581)
The Three Kingdoms (220-265), Jin Dynasty (265-420), Period of the Northern and
Southern Dynasties (386-589) is one of the most important periods in Chinese
history. Dan meets up with Total War: Three Kingdoms game developers to discuss
fact and fiction within gaming narratives.
The Sui Dynasty (581–
618)
 The Sui Dynasty was a short, intense dynasty, with great conquests and
achievements, such as the Grand Canal and the rebuilding of the Great Wall.
 One of Emperor Wen's most prominent achievements was to create the imperial
examination system to select talented individuals for bureaucratic positions.
 Japan sent emissaries to the Sui Dynasty to study the culture, economy, and
political system, which influenced the culture of Japan.

7. The Tang Dynasty (618-
907)
The Tang Dynasty (618-907) was one of the most prosperous and influential dynasties in
Chinese history. China's papermaking, textiles, and other technologies spread to West Asia and
Europe through the Arab region. Women's status improved significantly and people were free to
marry and divorce.
The Song Dynasty (960–
1279) The earliest paper money in the world was found in Sichuan Province and dated as Song Dynasty.
China's shipbuilding industry was very developed, and its overseas trade was prosperous.
The Yuan Dynasty (1271–
1368)
 The Yuan Dynasty was China's first foreign-led dynasty ruled by Mongol tribes.
 Trade, technological development, and China's interaction with foreign countries continued
under Mongol rule.
 The Yuan attempted to conquer Japan, Vietnam, and Burma, but failed, and the Mongol
Empire's eastern and southern edge was Yuan-Dynasty China.
 Marco Polo from Venice traveled extensively in China, and later described China's culture and
marvels in his book The Travels of Marco Polo.
The Ming Dynasty (1368–
1644) The Forbidden City was built and became the residence of emperor for the remainder of the
imperial era. Most of the Great Wall today was built or repaired during this era.
The Qing Dynasty (1644–
1912)
The Qing Dynasty (r. 1661–1772) was the last imperial dynasty in China's history and ruled by
the Manchu people of the northeast. Its reigns were "a golden age of prosperity" for China, which
was reduced to a semi-colonial country after the First Opium War.

8. The Republic of China Era (1912–1949)
• The Republican Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen, ended
the rule of the Qing Dynasty. However, the Republic of China
could not be firmly established across China, with civil war
ensuing for decades.
Modern China (1949–now)
• Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,
China has entered a Communist era of stability, with the Reform
and Opening Up policy of 1978 bringing in China's phenomenal
economic growth.

9. RELIGIONS IN
CHINA
• China is a country with many religions. Buddhism, Taoism and Islam
are quite popular, while there are also Christian believers (both
Catholic and Protestant). Chinese citizens have freedom of religious
belief. The State protects normal religious activities and the
legitimate rights and interests of the religious circles. The
Constitution, Criminal Law, Civil Law, Electoral Law, Military Service
Law, Compulsory Education Law, Labor Law, the Law on Regional
Ethnic Autonomy and the General Principles of the Civil Law all
provide explicit and detailed stipulations on the protection of
freedom of religious belief and the equal rights of believers. No State
organs, public organizations and individuals may compel citizens to
believe in or not to believe in any religion, nor may they discriminate
against citizens who believe in or do not believe in any religion.
• National religious bodies include the Buddhist Association of China,
China Taoist Association, Islamic Association of China, Patriotic
Association of the Catholic Church in China, Chinese Catholic
Bishops College, the Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee of
the Protestant Churches of China and the China Christian Council.
All the religious bodies elect leaders and leading bodies according to
their own articles of association.

10. CHINESE CULTURE &
TRADITIONS
• China is a beautiful and one of the ancient cultural country. According
to Chinese scholars, china has more than 3,600 years of written
cultural history. Culture and traditions are the national identities of a
country. The Chinese culture has tremendous diversity and variety.
Every corner of the world knows about china’s culture, population, and
influence but still it seems very bizarre and mysterious to the western
world.
• Before travel china, knowing about their tradition and culture will help
you to enjoy. Chinese culture rich in Arts and Sciences, elaborate
Painting and Printing techniques, and delicate pottery and sculpture.
Chinese architectural traditions were enormously respected all over the
world. Chinese language and literature, philosophy, and politics are
still regarded as a strong influence.

11. TRADITIONAL CHINESE CLOTHES TYPES
Hanfu — The Most Traditional Chinese
Clothing
• The Hanfu ('Han clothing' — the majority of
Chinese are of Han ethnicity) is the oldest of
China's traditional clothes. Legend traces it
back to over 4,000 years ago when Huangdi's
consort, Leizu, made cloth with silk. It was
constantly improved throughout several
dynasties.
• Until the Han Dynasty, the Hanfu was adopted
and vigorously promoted by the ruling class. It
then became the national clothing of the Han

12. 2. QIPAO (CHEONGSAM) — THE MOST FAMOUS
TRADITIONAL CHINESE DRESS
• The cheongsam (qipao) evolved from
the Manchu women's changpao ('long
gown') of the Qing Dynasty (1644–
1912). The Manchu ethnic people
were also called the Qi people by the
Han people; hence their long gown
was named qipao ('Qi gown').
• Originating in the Qing Dynasty, the
cheongsam has mainly developed into
Beijing styles, Shanghai styles and
Hong Kong styles. There are many
differences in decorations, colors,

13. 3. TANG SUIT
• The Tang suit often refers to a type
of Chinese jacket rather than the
clothing of the Tang Dynasty (618–
907). The origin of Tang suit
actually only dates back to the
Qing Dynasty era (1644–1911). It
was developed from a type of the
era's Manchurian clothing.
• Nowadays, Tang suits have become
a kind of formal dress worn on
some special occasions, such as
Chinese New Year, wedding
ceremonies, or important events.

14. 4. THE ZHONGSHAN SUIT — TRADITIONAL
FORMAL ATTIRE FOR MEN
• The Zhongshan suit, also known as the Mao
suit overseas, is a type of men's jacket. It was
first advocated by Dr Sun Yat-sen (Sun
Zhongshan in Mandarin, hence Zhongshan
suit).
• The design of Zhongshan suits combines
traditional Chinese and Western clothing
styles. Zhongshan suits have four big pockets
on the front, two up two down, equally
spaced left and right. There are five central
buttons on the front and three smaller
buttons on each sleeve. Zhongshan suits can
be worn on formal and casual occasions

15. CHINESE WEDDING DRESS
In China the color Red is
Symbolize as Good Luck.
The Color is also Believed to
keep Evil Spirts away.
It is therefore no surprise that
the Chinese wedding outfit in
always featured in Red.

16. CHINESE FOODS
• Chinese people in general are not as concerned about nutrition as
Western culture. They are more concerned with the food’s texture,
flavor, color, and aroma. These are the crucial points for good
Chinese cooking. Chinese daily meals consist of four food groups:
grains, vegetables, fruit, and meat. Because of lactose intolerance,
Chinese do not consume large amounts of dairy products. Instead,
Chinese substitute these with soymilk and tofu, which also contain
large amounts of protein and calcium.
• Western desserts such as cookies, cakes, pies, and ice cream are
eaten only on special occasions such as birthdays and weddings.
After dinner, families usually eat seasonal fruit as dessert. Chinese
desserts such as red bean soup, sweet white lotus’s seed soup, or

19. CHINESE FESTIVALS AND EVENTS
Festivals To Learn About.
• Chinese New Years
• Spring Festival
• Lantern Festival
• Tomb Sweeping Day
• Dragon Boat Festival
• Ghosts Festival
• Mid-Autumn Festival

20. CHINESE NEW
YEARS
• The Chinese New Year’s is the most
anticipated night during this period.
On this night Chinese families
(gather happily under one roof to
celebrate). Each household
celebrates by eating a (New Year’s
Eve dinner). When the meal is over
the whole family will sit, chat and
play games until midnight when
they will (stay up to see in the new
year).

21. THE DRAGON BOAT
FESTIVAL
The Dragon Boat Festival
traditional Chinese: is a
traditional Chinese holiday
which occurs on the fifth day
of the fifth month of the
Chinese calendar, which
corresponds to late May or
June in the Gregorian
calendar.

22. LANTERN
FESTIVAL
The Lantern Festival,
also called Shang yuan
Festival, is a Chinese
traditional festival
celebrated on the
fifteenth day of the first
month in the lunisolar
Chinese calendar,
during the full moon

23. ROLE OF WOMEN IN CHINA
• In Early Times:
In China from very early times, men have been seen as the core of the
family; women's loyalties were often in question. Some women
schemed to advance their own sons when their husband had sons by
several women. Confucius probably took for granted these sorts of
attitudes toward women, common in his society. In later centuries this
emphasis on the necessity of sons led many to be disappointed at the
birth of a daughter. After Confucius it became common to discuss
gender in terms of yin and yang. Yin was soft, yielding, receptive,
passive, reflective, and tranquil, whereas yang was hard, active,
assertive, and dominating.

24. IN TODAY’S WORLD
• Today, the role of women in China differs across social
boundaries. Although there are, in theory, endless
opportunities, only some women can access them. There is no
accepted role for women; some women are CEOs and
government officials, whilst others opt for completely different
lifestyles. Current affairs such as the scandal involving Bo
Xilai’s wife and China’s first female astronauts are gaining
much press, thereby drawing increased attention to the
question of the role of women. The rapid development of China
has shifted the issues faced by women, and many are now

25. CHINESE CULTURE VALUES
• The cultural values of a country influence its national
psychology and identity. Traditional Chinese values include
harmony, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom,
honesty, loyalty, and filial piety. Modern Chinese society tries to
maintain harmony between humankind and nature; between
people and society. There are not only individual benefits but
also collective and social benefits. Wisdom requires that one
distinguish right from wrong, place capable people in suitable
positions, know oneself, and be resourceful.
• Courtesy stresses modesty and prudence; it is about respecting
laws and preventing misconduct. One must have a loving heart
to love others, and wisdom to understand others. Famous

26. CULTURE VALUES IN
BUSINESS
Chinese business culture is
largely influenced by
Confucianism. Thus, primarily,
the Confucian concept of Guanxi
implies that a relationship
network is crucial and based on
the values of solidarity, loyalty,

27. MAJOR SUB- CULTURES IN CHINA
Chinese culture consists of many subcultures. In China, the cultural
difference between adjacent provinces (and, in some cases, adjacent
counties within the same province) can often be as big as than that
between adjacent European nations.[98] Thus, the concept of Han
Chinese subgroups, literally "Han ethnic lineage") was born, used for
classifying these subgroups within the greater Han ethnicity. These
subgroups are, as a general rule, classified based on linguistic
differences.
Some of the well-known 24 subcultures within China includes

28. SUB-CULTURE IN NORTH
Hui culture:
• Numbering around 10.5 million in the 2010 census, the Hui are a group of
mostly Muslim people that live primarily in the provinces of Ningxia, Gansu,
and Qinghai. They are regarded as culturally similar to the Han, China's
ethnic majority, due to their appearance, diet, and use of Mandarin as a
mother tongue.
Culture of Beijing:
• Beijing, has a wealth of traditional culture like Beijing Opera, Chinese
painting and calligraphy, seal-graving , jade carving as well as the
centuries-old Chinese features: Chinese silk, ceramics, cloisonne, and
Chinese tea.
Culture of Shandong:
• Shandong is the birthplace and the center of Chinese civilization and
Shandong culture has felt the influence of Chinese civilization since remote

29. HUI culture
Culture of Shandong
Culture of Beijing

30. SUB-CULTURE IN SOUTH
Haipai culture:
• Haipai refers to the avant-garde but unique "East Meets West" culture from Shanghai in the
20th and 21st centuries. It is a part of the culture of Shanghai. Mostly camera industry.
Hakka culture:
• Hakka culture (Chinese :) refers to the culture created by Hakka people, a Han Chinese
subgroup, across Asia and Americas. It encompasses the shared language, various art forms,
food culture, folklore, and traditional customs.
Hong Kong culture:
• Hong Kong’s is truly a mixed culture. Not only does the territory celebrate festivals and
holidays of the East and the West, such as the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival,
the Lunar (Chinese) New Year, Christmas, the Western New Year, and others, but it also enjoys
hundreds of annual cultural events ranging from traditional Cantonese and other Chinese
regional operas and puppet shows to performances of ballet, theatre, and music and
exhibitions of paintings and sculptures.

31. Culture of Hong Kong
Hakka
Culture
Haipai
Culture

32. DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFT IN COUNTRY
• China's total population reached approximately 1.412 billion in
2021, a net increase of just 480,000 people. This is a natural
population growth of just 0.34 per one thousand, down 1.11
percentage points from 2020. The declining birth rate has led
to a rapidly aging society. We discuss what is being done to
address the impending population decline. China's aging
population is reflected in the country's changing dependency
ratio, which measures the ratio of non-working population to
working-age population.
• The overall dependency ratio in China has increased from 34.4
percent in 2011 to 45.9 % in 2020, according to the latest data
available. This is still considerably below the dependency ratios

33. • The birth rate in 2021 was 7.52 per thousand people, a decrease of 1 per
thousand people from 2020. Meanwhile, the mortality rate reached 7.18 per
thousand people, a slight increase of 0.11 from 2020. This indicates that
China’s population growth may reach the tipping point very soon, where the
mortality rate exceeds the birth rate, and the population begins to decline.

34. HOW MUCH ENVIRONMENTAL
FRIENDLY CHINA IS?
1. As the world’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in recent years,
China suffers from notoriously bad air pollution. Its carbon-intensive
industries have caused additional environmental challenges, including
water scarcity and soil contamination. And, like the rest of the world,
China will face increasingly harsh consequences of climate change in the
coming decades, including flooding and droughts.
2. China is the world’s top emitter, producing more than a quarter of the
world’s annual greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate
change.
3. It pledged to cut emissions under the Paris Agreement, reduce coal use,
and invest in renewable energy. But its Belt and Road Initiative still
finances coal-fired power plants abroad.
4. Air pollution, water scarcity, and soil contamination remain threats to the

35. CHINA’S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN 2019 EXCEEDED THOSE
OF THE U.S. AND THE DEVELOPED WORLD COMBINED,
ACCORDING TO A REPORT PUBLISHED THURSDAY BY RESEARCH
AND CONSULTING FIRM RHODIUM GROUP.

36. INFLUENCE OF FAMILY, REFERENCE
GROUP AND OPINION LEADERS IN
THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN
CHINA
The extended family is the most influential reference group for Chinese.
The elder members of the immediate Chinese family are the most influential.
The concept of extended family for Chinese includes more distant relatives
than the concept in the USA.
Chinese consumers are much more likely to consider opinions, values, and
influences of deceased relatives (ancestors) in their current consumption
choices.
For Chinese, opinion leaders are polymorphic and cover numerous product
categories rather than only one.
Characteristics of opinion leaders for Chinese include older people, political
leaders, family elders and authoritarian types.

37. TOP INDUSTRIES WHICH CHINA
ECONOMICALLY STRONGER
Services
• China's retail sales jumped by more than 13% from January to November 2021, versus the same
period one year earlier. Consumption of goods is a major factor and driver of growth, representing
more than 39% of China's GDP in 2020. A healthy services sector is a sign of healthy domestic
consumption and per capita wealth increases.
Manufacturing
• China's manufacturing and industrial sector represented nearly 38% of China's GDP in 2020. The
decline is likely due to China transitioning towards a domestically-driven consumer spending
economy. As of September 2021, China produced more than 12.8 million vehicles versus 8.5 million
produced in the U.S.
Agriculture
• Agriculture is the third-largest sector in China, representing 7.5% of the country's total output as
measured by GDP as of the end of 2020. The share of GDP is down from 8.94% in 2013. Although
the percentage is not as high as emerging economies in Africa and Latin America, it is higher than

38. HOW CONSUMERS GENERALLY
BEHAVE IN CHINA
In the past three decades, Chinese consumers' shopping habits have
changed dramatically as incomes have risen. Planet Retail has found that
the older generation generally maintains "traditional" spending habits, and
middle-aged Chinese oscillate between tradition and new trends. The
younger generation is becoming more Westernized and quality conscious.
The current Chinese consumer population can be separated into several
groups with distinguishing characteristics. Consumers in their thirties save
less, spend more on entertainment, and often shop online. These
consumers share the same background as the frugal forties, but they work
for the government or large state-owned enterprises. Consumers in their
forties will become the most important consumers in the next decade,
buying for their parents, children, and themselves.

39. ONLINE SHOPPING TRENDS
IN CHINA
China’s e-commerce market, the world’s largest, is expected to register a strong growth of
10.4% in 2022, as consumers are increasingly shifting from offline to online. The market is
expected to grow by 10.4% in 2022 to reach CNY14.5 trillion ($2.3 trillion), forecasts GlobalData,
a leading data and analytics company.
According to GlobalData’s E-Commerce Analytics, e-commerce sales in China grew at a
compound annual growth rate of 13.3% between 2018 and 2021 to reach CNY13.1 trillion ($2.1
trillion) in 2021.
China accounted for over 37% share in the global e-commerce market, in terms of payments
value in 2021. The country was followed by the US with $1.5 trillion, while the UK stood at a
distant third with $292.1 billion in 2021. The global e-commerce landscape is unlikely to change
in 2022 with China expected to retain its top position.
“The COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated the e-commerce activities in China, as wary
consumers are increasingly using online channel for purchases to avoid getting exposed to

40. ANY QUESTIONS?