Craig10e ch10 ppt_ops_final

Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heritage of World Civilizations
Tenth Edition
Chapter 10
The Formation of
Islamic Civilization,
622–1000

Islamic Astronomy

Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
10.1 Origins and Early Development
• Analyze the message of Muhammad and the
early development of Islam.
10.2 Women in Early Islamic Society
• Discuss the position of women in Islamic society.
10.3 Early Islamic Conquests
• Discuss the early Islamic conquests and the
factors contributing to their success.

Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
10.4 The New Islamic World Order
• Trace the development of the Caliphate, the ulama,
and the umma.
10.5 The High Caliphate
• Discuss the rise and decline of the high caliphate,
under the Umayyads and the Abbasids.
10.6 Islamic Culture in the Classical Era
• Describe the cultural legacy of the Abbasid court.

Introduction (1 of 2)
• Islamic civilization emerged as an Arab-
dominated empire in Mediterranean and
western Asian lands.
• Islamic ideas and institutions evolved from
Arabian beginnings into a multiform
cosmopolitan tradition.

Introduction (2 of 2)
• The Islamic worldview derived from the
Prophet Muhammad’s proclamation of the
Qur’an.
• The umma, a monotheistic, egalitarian
community of “submitters” (muslims) to God
expanded far beyond Arabia.

Global Perspective: The Early Islamic Worlds of
Arab and Persian Cultures (1 of 3)
• The rise of Islamic cultures and civilizations is
a pivotal moment in world history.
• In its first three centuries, the Islamic polity
was arguably the most dynamic, multiethnic,
multilingual imperial realm of its time.
• Only China compared favorably with the
Islamic world during this period.

• Arabic became the administrative and
religious lingua franca of the Islamic empire.
• This Islamic achievement was based on
developing new religious, social, and political
traditions.

1. Why did only China compare favorably with
the Islamic world during the first centuries
after the birth of Islam? How were the two
civilizations similar, and how were they
different?
2. What is unique about the Islamic
achievement? In what ways was it built on
traditions of earlier religions?

10.1 Origins and Early Development
Learning Objective:
Analyze the message of Muhammad
and the early development of Islam.

10.1.1 The Setting (1 of 2)
• Pre-Islamic Arabia was a region with diverse
religions, polities, and economies.
• Mecca housed the Ka’ba, a pagan shire.
• The Arabic language linked the Arab peoples,
but they were divided by religion, blood feuds,
and tribal conflict.

10.1.1 The Setting (2 of 2)
• Islam was never a “religion of the desert.”
• In its origins, the Islamic empire and
civilization were centered in the heartlands of
Mediterranean and West Asian urban and
rural cultures and based more on settled
communal existence than on rural or desert
tribal societies and economies.

10.1.2 Muhammad and the Qur’an (1 of 2)
• Muhammad (ca. 570–632) was raised an
orphan in a commercial family in Mecca.
• When he was about age 40, Muhammad felt
called by the one God through an angelic
messenger, Gabriel.
• The revelations from the angel took the form
of a qur’an (“reciting”) of God’s Word.

10.1.2 Muhammad and the Qur’an (2 of 2)
• The proper human response to God is islam
(“submission”) to His will, becoming muslim
(“submissive”) in one’s worship and morality.
• The Hijra (“migration”) is the starting point of
the Islamic calendar.

The Ka’ba in Mecca

Document: The Qur’an, or “Recitation”
• Can you identify at least four major Qur’anic
themes in the selections?
• To what end are the bounties of creation
cited?
• What is the image of God conveyed here?
• What can you infer about the Qur’anic
conception of prophethood? Of Judgment
Day?

(1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the position of women in
Islamic society.

(2 of 2)
• Family law played a central role in the
development of Islamic law.
• The Qur’an introduced into Arabian society
radical new ideas that dramatically improved
the status of women.
• The Qur’an also presupposed and legitimated
a patriarchal society.

Document: The Pillars of Islam and
the Elements of Faith
• What are some parallels with creedal
affirmations or practices in other religious
traditions?

Veiling

10.3 Early Islamic Conquests
Learning Objective:
Discuss the early Islamic conquests
and the factors contributing to their
success.

10.3.1 Course of Conquest
• By 643 Arab armies had conquered the
Byzantine and Sasanid territories of the Fertile
Crescent, Egypt, and most of Iran (Persia).
• Arab armies swept west over the Libyan coast
and pushed to the Oxus.
• By 716 the disunited Spanish Visigoth
kingdoms had fallen, and much of Iberia was
under Islamic control.

10.3.2 Factors of Success
• Jihad was not a strong motivation in early war.
• The possibility of booty was a prominent
motivation in the early conquest.
• Religious zeal became more important later.
• Many subject populations also accepted
Islamic rule as a relief from Byzantine or
Persian oppression.

Map 10–1: Muslim Conquests and Domination
of the Mediterranean to about 750 C.E.

10.4 The New Islamic World Order (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Trace the development of the
Caliphate, the ulama, and the umma.

10.4 The New Islamic World Order (2 of 2)
• The Muslims brought a new political, social,
and cultural order.

10.4.1 The Caliphate
• Muhammad’s successors were chosen in the
same way as Arab shaykhs were.
• The line of succession to Muhammad was
known as the Caliphate, and the successors’
titles were khalifa, imam, and amir.
• The nature of Islamic leadership became an
issue with the first civil war (656–661).

10.4.2 The Ulama
• Muslim scholars came to be known as ulama.
• By the ninth century, they had defined divine
law, or Shari’a.
• Muslims developed a workable moral-legal
system based on a formally trained scholarly
elite.

Document: Al-Mawardi and al-Hilli
• What are the essential characteristics of a
ruler according to both thinkers?
• What do these thinkers have in common and
what are their differences?

A Closer Look: The Dome of the Rock,
Jerusalem (Interior)

The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

10.4.3 The Umma (1 of 2)
• The diwan, or army register, served as the
basis for taxes.
• Three perspectives ultimately emerged
regarding the interpretations of the umma
and its leadership.
• One was held by the Kharijites, who wanted
the Muslim polity to be based on strict
Qur’anic principles.

10.4.3 The Umma (2 of 2)
• A second position, the Shi’a, was defined
largely in terms of leadership of the umma.
• A Mahdi would usher in a messianic age and
reward the faithful.
• Most Muslims ultimately accepted a third, less
sharply defined position.
• They eventually called themselves sunnis,
followers of the sunna established by the
Prophet and the Qur’an.

Ritual Worship

Ashura

Chronology: Origins and Early
Development of Islam

10.5 The High Caliphate (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the rise and decline of the high
caliphate, under the Umayyads and
the Abbasids.

10.5 The High Caliphate (2 of 2)
• The “golden age” of caliphal power and
splendor came in the first century of Abbasid
rule.

10.5.1 The Abassid State
• The Abbasids’ revolution effectively ended
Arab dominance and Umayyad ascendancy.
• This allowed more Persians to enter the
bureaucracy.
• The Abbasids enlisted mamluks (slave
soldiers) into their army.

10.5.2 Society
• The deep division between rulers and
populace was ever after typical of Islamic
societies.

10.5.3 Decline
• The eclipse of the caliphal empire was
foreshadowed at the outset of Abbasid rule.
• In the East, Iranian lands grew ever harder for
Baghdad to control.
• Seljuk sultans replaced the Buyids in 1055.

Map 10–2: The Abbasid Empire, ca. 900 C.E.

Chronology: Early Period of
the High Caliphate

10.6 Islamic Culture in a Classical Era
(1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Describe the cultural legacy of the
Abbasid court.

10.6 Islamic Culture in a Classical Era
(2 of 2)
• The pomp and splendor of the Abbasid court
became the stuff of Islamic legends, as in A
Thousand and One Nights.

10.6.1 Intellectual Culture
• The Abbasid heyday was marked by sophisticated
tastes and an insatiable thirst for any knowledge.
• Contacts between Muslims and Christian, Jewish,
Zoroastrian, and other “protected” communities
contributed to the cosmopolitanism of the age.
• Philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, medicine,
and other natural sciences enjoyed strong
support.

10.6.2 Language and Literature
• Arabic language and literature developed
greatly in the expanded cultural sphere of the
new empire.
• Poetry flourished by building on the
traditional Arabic ode, or qasida.
• Historical, geographical, and biographical
writings became major genres of Arabic
writing.
• The hadith was supported by this work.

Document: Ibn Sina on Medicine
• What are some of the more obvious
philosophical concepts in this medical
treatise?
• Can you identify a scientific methodology in
his text?
• Are there modern concepts in the document?

The Congregational Mosque

10.6.3 Art and Architecture
• In art and architecture the Abbasid era saw
the crystallization of a “classical” Islamic style
by about 1000 C.E.
• Urban Iraq developed an Islamic art first, then
made its influence felt east and west.
• Particular formal items came to characterize
Islamic architecture and define its functions,
including the avoidance of pictures or icons.

Chronology: “Classical” Period of
the High Caliphate

Craig10e ch10 ppt_ops_final

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