The document provides an overview of three sections in a chapter on early India: India's early civilizations, Hinduism and Buddhism, and India's first empires. It summarizes that the Mauryan dynasty built India's first empire and contributed to literature, mathematics, and science. The Gupta Empire later reunited northern India through trade and also spurred advances in various fields. Key beliefs of Hinduism and the origins and spread of Buddhism in India are outlined.

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1 India’s Early Civilizations Section 2 Hinduism and Buddhism Section 3 India’s First Empires Reading Review Chapter Assessment Early India Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

4. Early India

6. Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes how geography and climate affected the Harappans and the changes to India’s civilization following the arrival of the Aryans. India’s Early Civilizations

15. Why do archaeologists know little about Harappan society or government? The Harappans used an undecipherable script on seals and stamps and left no other historical records. India’s Early Civilizations

19. Why were nomads good warriors? Because nomads traveled, they often met up with other people whom they considered enemies. They also came upon villages they needed to plunder for food. India’s Early Civilizations

23. Under the caste system in India, what aspects of life are affected by a person’s caste? A caste affects what jobs people will have, who they can marry, and with whom they can eat or drink. India’s Early Civilizations

24. Describe the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were planned cities with wide main streets and a wall around each neighborhood. Each mud brick house had a flat roof and was laid out around a courtyard. Each city had public wells, a sewage system, and garbage disposal. India’s Early Civilizations

25. Why are monsoons important to Indian farmers? They cause soil-enriching floods. India’s Early Civilizations

26. Cause and Effect What caused the collapse of Harappan civilization? earthquakes, floods, the Indus River changing its course, and the Aryan invasions India’s Early Civilizations

27. Contrast How did the Aryan and Harappan lifestyles differ? Harappans were city-dwellers; Aryans were war-like nomads. India’s Early Civilizations

28. Explain How did the Aryans control the people they conquered? Possible answers: strong military, effects of caste system India’s Early Civilizations

29. Descriptive Writing Write a description of the city of Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro that could have been used to attract residents to that city in ancient India. Answers should demonstrate understanding of the text. India’s Early Civilizations

30. Discuss the influence of geographic factors on the Harappans and the Aryans. India’s Early Civilizations

32. Hinduism and Buddhism Get Ready to Read Section Overview The religion of Hinduism is based on the beliefs of the Aryans. Buddhism, a new religion, was popular with many people in India and other areas of Asia.

36. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Summarizing Information Create a web diagram like the one on page 202 of your textbook. In the ovals, identify major beliefs of Hinduism. Hinduism and Buddhism

40. According to Hindus, what are the consequences of a good and a bad life? Hindus believe if a person lives a good life, then that person might be reborn into a higher varna or jati. If the person lives a bad life, then the person might be reborn in a lower varna or jati. Hinduism and Buddhism

46. Why was Buddhism popular with people of lower castes? The Buddha taught that a person’s life depended on the person, not the caste into which the person was born. He believed that a person could stop being reborn by following the Eightfold Path. This gave lower caste people hope. Hinduism and Buddhism

47. What are the Upanishads? The Upanishads are ancient religious writings that describe the search for a universal spirit. Hinduism and Buddhism

48. Reincarnation is a religious belief that a soul is reborn many times. What is reincarnation? Hinduism and Buddhism

49. Describe Explain the concept of karma. Karma is the consequences a soul faces in its next life for its actions in this life. Hinduism and Buddhism

50. Explain What is the importance of the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path? The Four Noble Truths explain why people suffer. The Eightfold Path describes behaviors that will end suffering. Hinduism and Buddhism

51. Analyze How did the belief in reincarnation both strengthen the divisions in Indian society and provide hope for the lower classes? One’s position in society results from past acts. Lower classes hoped to improve their position in a future life. Hinduism and Buddhism

52. Expository Writing Write a short essay describing Siddhartha Guatama’s journey to enlightenment. Answers should be based on the text. Hinduism and Buddhism

53. Hinduism is more than a religion; it is a whole way of life. Identify facts that support this statement. Hinduism and Buddhism

55. India’s First Empires Get Ready to Read Section Overview The Mauryan and Gupta dynasties built empires in India, and they contributed greatly to literature, mathematics, and science.

62. What happened as a result of Alexander the Great’s invasion of northern India? Alexander the Great’s army weakened the many small kingdoms of India. After Alexander the Great and his men left, the people could not resist Chandragupta. India’s First Empires

65. What advantage did the Gupta rulers have that the Mauryan rulers did not? The kingdom had gotten smaller before the Gupta rulers took power. The smaller kingdom was easier to rule. India’s First Empires

69. What kinds of medical advances were made by Gupta doctors? Gupta doctors could set broken bones and perform surgeries. They also developed medical tools. One doctor even carried out an early form of plastic surgery. India’s First Empires

70. India’s First Empires Describe trade during the Gupta empire? Indians traded salt, cloth, and iron with China, Southeast Asia, and the Mediterranean.

71. India’s First Empires What is the message of the Bhagavad Gita? It taught people to do their duty even when it was painful.

72. Analyze How were Asoka’s Buddhist beliefs reflected in his accomplishments as king? His improvements were for the overall good. He built hospitals, roads, and rest stops for travelers; sent missionaries throughout India and Asia; carved Buddha’s principles on pillars; built stupas; and practiced religious tolerance. India’s First Empires

73. Expository Writing Which of the Indian emperors described in this section do you think was the greatest ruler? Write a short essay explaining your choice. Be sure to provide reasons for your choice of ruler. India’s First Empires

74. Math Link Why would the development of a number system be important in a civilization that depended on trade? to keep records of transactions and to monitor the exchange of money India’s First Empires

75. Summarize how religion affected the Gupta empire. India’s First Empires

83. Section 1 India’s First Civilizations What influenced the rise of India’s first civilizations? Geography and climate influenced the first civilizations. Early India Review Main Ideas

84. What was the purpose of the caste system? No one is sure, but possibly to help Aryans stay in control. Early India Section 1 India’s First Civilizations Review Main Ideas

85. Section 2 Hinduism and Buddhism From what did Hinduism form? Hinduism formed from the ancient beliefs of the Aryans. Early India Review Main Ideas

86. Which religion appealed to people in India and other parts of Asia? Buddhism Early India Section 2 Hinduism and Buddhism Review Main Ideas

87. Section 3 India’s First Empires Which dynasty built India’s first great empire? the Mauryan dynasty Early India Review Main Ideas

88. Why was the Gupta empire important? It reunited much of India and became wealthy through trade. Early India Section 3 India’s First Empires Review Main Ideas

89. Compare How do you think the Eightfold Path is similar to the Ten Commandments of Judaism? They both describe behaviors that believers must try to follow. Early India

90. Analyze How does the Mahabharata reflect the ideals of ancient India? It stresses the importance of doing one’s duty. Early India

91. Explain How did the monsoons affect the development of India’s first civilizations? The summer monsoon made the Indus River flood, fertilizing the soil and leading to good farming. Surplus food led to specialization and civilization. Early India

92. Predict What do you think might have happened if Asoka had approved of the slaughter on the battlefield during his wars of conquest? Answers might include that wars might have continued during the Mauryan empire; the empire might have been larger; Buddhism may not have spread so quickly. Early India

94. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click on Chapter 6-Chapter Overviews to preview information about this chapter. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.jat.glencoe.com

95. Map s Geography of India Aryan Migration 2000 – 500 B.C. Mauryan Empire c. 250 B.C. Gupta Empire c. A.D. 600 Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Charts Early India’s Social System Major Hindu Gods and Goddesses

96. Click the map to view an interactive version.

97. Click the map to view an interactive version.

102. As dangerous as monsoon flooding can be, drought is much more devastating to the people of India. In 1770, the rains did not come, and a famine occurred because of the drought. About 10 million people died in Bengal, an Indian state. India’s Early Civilizations

103. In 1949, the country of Tibet was invaded by China. China still occupies Tibet and tries to expel Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetans who fail to denounce their religion or who possess an image of the Dalai Lama, their religious leader, are punished. Hinduism and Buddhism

104. Following Buddhist ways, Asoka respected all life and even created hospitals for animals. India’s First Empires

107. Context The “Untouchables” were a “group.” They had a “low” rank in society. There was one group so low that it was not even part of the caste system. Its members were called Pariahs, or the Un touch ables. They performed work other Indians thought was too dirty, such as collecting trash, skinning animals, or handling dead bodies. Context If you know what the caste system is, it will help you figure out the meaning of Untouchables . — f rom page 200 Reading Social Studies

108. There was one group so low that it was not even part of the caste system. Its members were called Pariahs, or the Un touch ables. They performed work other Indians thought was too dirty, such as collecting trash, skinning animals, or handling dead bodies. Context The fact that they performed the “dirty” work indicates how they were viewed by others in Indian society. — f rom page 200 Prefixes and Suffixes You might know that the prefix un-means “not” and the suffix –able means “to be able to.” You might guess that the meaning of Untouchable is an Indian who was not to be touched by others. Reading Social Studies

109. There was one group so low that it was not even part of the caste system. Its members were called Pariahs, or the Un touch ables. They performed work other Indians thought was too dirty, such as collecting trash, skinning animals, or handling dead bodies. — f rom page 200 Reading Social Studies

111. Early India Introduction

112. India’s First Civilizations

113. Hinduism and Buddhism

114. India’s First Empires

115. Morality in the Eightfold Path

116. The Bhagavad Gita

117. 563–483 B.C. The Buddha Sculpture of the Buddha sitting on a cobra. The Buddha

118. Emperor Asoka Carving from top of pillar created under Asoka. Asoka

119. Chapter 6 Daily Focus Skills Transparency 6–1

120. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 6–2 Chapter 6

121. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 6–3 Chapter 6

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