Use tables and figures effectively to present detailed results and complex relationships, reduce the length of the manuscript, and enhance readers’ understanding of the study results.
This document discusses tables, figures, and referencing. It defines tables as organized data in rows and columns, and figures as any illustrations other than tables such as drawings, photos, charts. Tables and figures are used to clearly explain, attractively present, and provide multiple information at once. Guidelines for tables include combining repetitive tables, dividing large amounts of data, and ensuring tables are not too cluttered. Guidelines for figures include ensuring clarity, using legends to explain the key message, and labeling important parts. The document then discusses the anatomy of tables and figures according to APA style, including titles, numbers, footnotes, and attributing external sources. It concludes by discussing how to insert tables and figures in Microsoft Word.
The document provides an overview of the structure and key components of a research paper, including: an introduction that establishes the context and research question; a literature review that summarizes previous work on the topic; a methods section that describes the study design and data collection; a results section that presents findings without interpretation; a discussion section that interprets the results in relation to previous work and outlines limitations; and a conclusion that summarizes key points. The document also provides tips for writing each section, such as using past tense and citing sources, and explains the purpose and organization of common elements like figures, tables, and references.
This document outlines the key parts of a research paper, including the title page, abstract, introduction, area of focus, related literature review, research questions, data analysis and interpretation, interpretation of data, action plan, and recommendations. The abstract provides a brief summary of the research. The introduction gives context and background. The area of focus describes who will benefit from the study. The literature review covers related published materials. The research questions reflect the problem being studied. Data analysis and interpretation examine the data both quantitatively and qualitatively. The interpretation of data establishes connections between findings and previous literature. The action plan describes the problem, design, and findings. Finally, recommendations are based on the conclusions and suggest further studies.
This document provides information on referencing and how to avoid plagiarism. It defines referencing as acknowledging sources of information and ideas through citations and a reference list. Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism and allow readers to verify claims. There are two parts to referencing - citing sources in the text and providing a reference list with full details of citations. The document outlines how to format references for different source types like books, journal articles, websites and more. It also explains what plagiarism is and how to properly cite sources in writing to avoid being accused of plagiarism.
Writing the results section for scientific publicationAshok Pandey
To introduce participants to the details of communication and writing scientific papers.
To guide researchers in the writing of scientific paper to increase its acceptability for publication in a journal; and
To upgrade the pre-existing knowledge of writing skills in a scientific manner.
This document provides guidance on writing a research paper, outlining its typical structure and key elements. It discusses the importance of writing a research paper, as well as the standard sections - introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. It also covers best practices for titles, keywords, citations, and avoiding plagiarism. The document aims to help students and researchers improve their written reports and research papers.
This document outlines the typical parts of a research paper, including the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. The title should predict the paper's content and contain keywords. The abstract summarizes the entire paper to help readers decide if they want to read it. The introduction provides background information and states the paper's objectives. The methods section describes how data was collected and analyzed. The results section explains the findings, while the discussion section interprets the results and discusses limitations. Finally, the references list all sources cited in the paper.
The IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Research [and] Discussion) Research Paper Format is a mnemonic for a common format used for academic ['scientific'] research papers. While used primarily in the hard sciences, like physics and biology, it is also widely used in the social and behavioral sciences. The IMRAD format is also known as the APA format, as the American Psychological Association uses the IMRAD headings in its APA style sheet.
This document discusses tables, figures, and referencing. It defines tables as organized data in rows and columns, and figures as any illustrations other than tables such as drawings, photos, charts. Tables and figures are used to clearly explain, attractively present, and provide multiple information at once. Guidelines for tables include combining repetitive tables, dividing large amounts of data, and ensuring tables are not too cluttered. Guidelines for figures include ensuring clarity, using legends to explain the key message, and labeling important parts. The document then discusses the anatomy of tables and figures according to APA style, including titles, numbers, footnotes, and attributing external sources. It concludes by discussing how to insert tables and figures in Microsoft Word.
The document provides an overview of the structure and key components of a research paper, including: an introduction that establishes the context and research question; a literature review that summarizes previous work on the topic; a methods section that describes the study design and data collection; a results section that presents findings without interpretation; a discussion section that interprets the results in relation to previous work and outlines limitations; and a conclusion that summarizes key points. The document also provides tips for writing each section, such as using past tense and citing sources, and explains the purpose and organization of common elements like figures, tables, and references.
This document outlines the key parts of a research paper, including the title page, abstract, introduction, area of focus, related literature review, research questions, data analysis and interpretation, interpretation of data, action plan, and recommendations. The abstract provides a brief summary of the research. The introduction gives context and background. The area of focus describes who will benefit from the study. The literature review covers related published materials. The research questions reflect the problem being studied. Data analysis and interpretation examine the data both quantitatively and qualitatively. The interpretation of data establishes connections between findings and previous literature. The action plan describes the problem, design, and findings. Finally, recommendations are based on the conclusions and suggest further studies.
This document provides information on referencing and how to avoid plagiarism. It defines referencing as acknowledging sources of information and ideas through citations and a reference list. Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism and allow readers to verify claims. There are two parts to referencing - citing sources in the text and providing a reference list with full details of citations. The document outlines how to format references for different source types like books, journal articles, websites and more. It also explains what plagiarism is and how to properly cite sources in writing to avoid being accused of plagiarism.
Writing the results section for scientific publicationAshok Pandey
To introduce participants to the details of communication and writing scientific papers.
To guide researchers in the writing of scientific paper to increase its acceptability for publication in a journal; and
To upgrade the pre-existing knowledge of writing skills in a scientific manner.
This document provides guidance on writing a research paper, outlining its typical structure and key elements. It discusses the importance of writing a research paper, as well as the standard sections - introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. It also covers best practices for titles, keywords, citations, and avoiding plagiarism. The document aims to help students and researchers improve their written reports and research papers.
This document outlines the typical parts of a research paper, including the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. The title should predict the paper's content and contain keywords. The abstract summarizes the entire paper to help readers decide if they want to read it. The introduction provides background information and states the paper's objectives. The methods section describes how data was collected and analyzed. The results section explains the findings, while the discussion section interprets the results and discusses limitations. Finally, the references list all sources cited in the paper.
The IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Research [and] Discussion) Research Paper Format is a mnemonic for a common format used for academic ['scientific'] research papers. While used primarily in the hard sciences, like physics and biology, it is also widely used in the social and behavioral sciences. The IMRAD format is also known as the APA format, as the American Psychological Association uses the IMRAD headings in its APA style sheet.
This document provides guidance on developing a strong research title and statement of the problem. It notes that a good title should be specific, express the scale of research, tell the subject nature, be clear and definite, and catch readers' attention. The statement of problem should answer who has the problem, what the problem is, its scope and limitations. It then provides examples of interesting titles and outlines steps to construct a statement of problem, including introducing the main problem, creating logical subsidiary questions, and ensuring questions elicit new knowledge to address the problem.
This document discusses the presentation of results and data in research papers. It explains that the results section presents findings from the study in tables, figures and narrative text. The discussion section interprets the results and explains how they help answer the research question. Data should be presented clearly and concisely using tables, figures, graphs or other visuals as appropriate. The purpose is to report the key findings and discuss their implications.
The document provides guidance on writing a research title. It states that a research title should summarize the main topic and key variables being studied in a concise way. Titles should be around 12-15 words to be effective. Examples of good titles are given, such as "Modern Counseling: Freudian Theory with a New Face" for a study on the influence of psychoanalysis on counseling. Guidelines are given that the title should reflect the general problem or variable being investigated by the research. Sources for topic ideas can come from theories, prior research, and personal experiences. Developing a title requires narrowing a topic to be sufficiently focused and manageable for a research study.
The aim of the journal article is to communicate your research effectively and help readers understand the issues at hand. Structure your manuscript so that readers take away the most important messages.
The document discusses key aspects of research design and types of research. It provides definitions and explanations of important concepts in research design including variables, experimental and control groups, and treatments. It also summarizes several major types of rural research such as survey research, case studies, ex-post facto research, and qualitative vs. quantitative research. Finally, it outlines the typical format for a research proposal.
How to Write research paper introductionsigmaessays
The introduction of a research paper serves several key purposes: 1) It provides context by summarizing previous research and background on the topic. 2) It states the specific research problem or question being addressed. 3) It explains the significance and importance of studying this problem. The introduction typically includes 4 components - establishing the problem, reviewing existing research and perspectives, identifying a gap in current knowledge, and stating the research question and hypothesis. It is important that the introduction clearly positions the research and knowledge claim in a way that engages the reader and shows why this research is valuable.
How to write a research paper: How to write a research paper?
The research paper can be considered as the living thing which grows and changes as the student explores, interprets and evaluates sources related to a specific topic. Steps to write a research paper:
• Choose your topic.
• Begin your search.
• Making an outline.
• Write your paper.
Scientific Writing should be fun. It is not for only science students but also for all the person who are associated with education or literature or any type of writing. For students also it is useful for paper writing. Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta
This document discusses research questions, their definition, importance, and characteristics of good research questions. It states that research problems are often posed as questions to focus the investigation. A good research question helps define and narrow the scope of the investigation. It should be researchable, significant, and ethical while considering the researcher's skills and resources. Good research questions are feasible, clear, significant, and ethical.
Characteristics of an effective title in a research studyCharlaneDiasnes
An effective title for a research study should accurately indicate the subject and scope, avoid abbreviations, use stimulating language, identify key variables, and be limited to 10-15 words. It may reveal the paper's organization or suggest relationships between variables supporting the hypothesis, while following correct grammar rules and capitalization conventions.
IMRAD format
An acronym for Introduction – Method – Results – and – Discussion. The IMRaD format is a way of structuring a scientific article. It is often used in health care and the natural sciences. Unlike theses in the social sciences, the IMRaD format does not include a separate theory chapter
Guidelines in choosing a research topicDinah Sindol
The document provides guidelines for choosing a good research topic, including focusing on topics that interest you, have available information to research, and are timely and relevant. It suggests avoiding controversial, highly technical, hard to investigate, too broad or narrow topics. Specifically, topics should have sufficient available sources to research thoroughly and provide an in-depth analysis of a focused subject within the scope of course requirements and your personal resources.
This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The study analyzes county-level data and three case studies to understand how the movement transformed social structures and faced constraints. Key events studied include the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, school desegregation, and anti-poverty programs. The dissertation challenges the argument that social movements are inconsequential by showing how the civil rights movement drove institutional changes in Mississippi through independent movement structures.
This document provides guidance on writing a scientific manuscript. It discusses the typical sections of a manuscript including the introduction, methods, results, and discussion. It provides tips for writing each section effectively, such as keeping the introduction and conclusion concise, clearly describing the methodology, and interpreting the results and relating them to prior work in the discussion. The document also reviews best practices for other manuscript elements including the abstract, keywords, tables and figures, acknowledgments, and references. The overall guidance emphasizes structuring the manuscript clearly and concisely to communicate the purpose and key findings of the research.
The document provides guidance on choosing an effective research topic. It recommends starting with a broad topic of interest and then narrowing it down by using library databases to answer questions about who, what, when, where and why. This helps formulate a research question that takes a stance and can be supported with evidence. Good research topics are narrow enough to cover in the required pages but broad enough to find information. The topic should be approachable from at least two sides and not answerable with a quick search. Examples of good and bad research questions are provided.
Literature Review (Review of Related Literature - Research Methodology)Dilip Barad
Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
Field reports are commonly assigned in applied social sciences to connect classroom concepts to real-world practice. They involve systematically observing and recording a situation, continuously analyzing observations, and interpreting findings within a theoretical framework. A generic field report format includes an introduction describing the research problem and objectives, a description of observations addressing what was observed, when, who was involved, and why sites were selected. The analysis section places observations in the context of relevant theories. Conclusions briefly summarize key findings and recommendations. Appendices provide supplemental materials and references cite all sources consulted.
Research proposal
704 _Quantitative Research Methods in LIS
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
M.Phil. (scholar)
Roll no 14
Contents
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research
Component of research proposal
1-title
2-introduction
3-statement of the problem
4-review of related literature
5-Hypothesis
6-purpose /objective of study
7- work plane
8-Method, research design, sample.
9-Refrences
common error in research proposal
Evaluation of research proposal
What is research?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is proposal?
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration by others.
A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44).
Definition of research proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program,
It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Importance of research proposal
Helps examine what the researcher intends to do.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Research proposals can be effective starting places to discuss projects with your professors, too.
The research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method.
Advantages of research proposal
Fund to support your research
Allow you to review and critically evaluate your current research program
Convince yourself and others that your research is worth supporting
Keep you focused on your research program
Develop novel ideas during writing proposal.
Relationship of research proposal with research
Research proposal is a plan, and research is action.
Research proposal is compulsory for approving proposed research.
Research proposal is a schedule and research is activity.
Research proposal is a mirror of research
Research proposal is a blue print of research.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Types of research proposal
There are two major types of research proposal;
Academic:
• An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
Non-academ
Review of related literature presentation Hotaru Imai
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, which is a critical analysis and synthesis of previous research on a topic. The purposes of a literature review are to define the problem, place the study in context, avoid duplication, evaluate methods, and relate findings to previous work. The document outlines the steps to write a literature review, including reviewing APA style guidelines, identifying relevant literature, analyzing and summarizing sources, and synthesizing the information into a coherent essay. It provides tips for writing such as using an objective voice, concise writing, and properly citing sources.
Conventions and formats provide guidelines for consistently presenting information. This includes rules for text formatting, page layout, references, quotations, and more. Consistent formatting helps ensure information is displayed in an organized, readable manner. Common conventions include indenting paragraphs, double spacing, consistent font styles, and alignment in spreadsheets and databases. Adhering to established conventions and formats aids comprehension.
This document provides instructions for inserting footnotes, endnotes, and citations in a Microsoft Word document. It explains that footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, endnotes appear at the end of the document, and citations are references to specific legal documents or sources. It outlines how to insert each item by clicking the References tab and choosing the appropriate insertion option. The document aims to help readers create reports with lively source referencing that helps audiences understand where information comes from.
This document provides guidance on developing a strong research title and statement of the problem. It notes that a good title should be specific, express the scale of research, tell the subject nature, be clear and definite, and catch readers' attention. The statement of problem should answer who has the problem, what the problem is, its scope and limitations. It then provides examples of interesting titles and outlines steps to construct a statement of problem, including introducing the main problem, creating logical subsidiary questions, and ensuring questions elicit new knowledge to address the problem.
This document discusses the presentation of results and data in research papers. It explains that the results section presents findings from the study in tables, figures and narrative text. The discussion section interprets the results and explains how they help answer the research question. Data should be presented clearly and concisely using tables, figures, graphs or other visuals as appropriate. The purpose is to report the key findings and discuss their implications.
The document provides guidance on writing a research title. It states that a research title should summarize the main topic and key variables being studied in a concise way. Titles should be around 12-15 words to be effective. Examples of good titles are given, such as "Modern Counseling: Freudian Theory with a New Face" for a study on the influence of psychoanalysis on counseling. Guidelines are given that the title should reflect the general problem or variable being investigated by the research. Sources for topic ideas can come from theories, prior research, and personal experiences. Developing a title requires narrowing a topic to be sufficiently focused and manageable for a research study.
The aim of the journal article is to communicate your research effectively and help readers understand the issues at hand. Structure your manuscript so that readers take away the most important messages.
The document discusses key aspects of research design and types of research. It provides definitions and explanations of important concepts in research design including variables, experimental and control groups, and treatments. It also summarizes several major types of rural research such as survey research, case studies, ex-post facto research, and qualitative vs. quantitative research. Finally, it outlines the typical format for a research proposal.
How to Write research paper introductionsigmaessays
The introduction of a research paper serves several key purposes: 1) It provides context by summarizing previous research and background on the topic. 2) It states the specific research problem or question being addressed. 3) It explains the significance and importance of studying this problem. The introduction typically includes 4 components - establishing the problem, reviewing existing research and perspectives, identifying a gap in current knowledge, and stating the research question and hypothesis. It is important that the introduction clearly positions the research and knowledge claim in a way that engages the reader and shows why this research is valuable.
How to write a research paper: How to write a research paper?
The research paper can be considered as the living thing which grows and changes as the student explores, interprets and evaluates sources related to a specific topic. Steps to write a research paper:
• Choose your topic.
• Begin your search.
• Making an outline.
• Write your paper.
Scientific Writing should be fun. It is not for only science students but also for all the person who are associated with education or literature or any type of writing. For students also it is useful for paper writing. Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta
This document discusses research questions, their definition, importance, and characteristics of good research questions. It states that research problems are often posed as questions to focus the investigation. A good research question helps define and narrow the scope of the investigation. It should be researchable, significant, and ethical while considering the researcher's skills and resources. Good research questions are feasible, clear, significant, and ethical.
Characteristics of an effective title in a research studyCharlaneDiasnes
An effective title for a research study should accurately indicate the subject and scope, avoid abbreviations, use stimulating language, identify key variables, and be limited to 10-15 words. It may reveal the paper's organization or suggest relationships between variables supporting the hypothesis, while following correct grammar rules and capitalization conventions.
IMRAD format
An acronym for Introduction – Method – Results – and – Discussion. The IMRaD format is a way of structuring a scientific article. It is often used in health care and the natural sciences. Unlike theses in the social sciences, the IMRaD format does not include a separate theory chapter
Guidelines in choosing a research topicDinah Sindol
The document provides guidelines for choosing a good research topic, including focusing on topics that interest you, have available information to research, and are timely and relevant. It suggests avoiding controversial, highly technical, hard to investigate, too broad or narrow topics. Specifically, topics should have sufficient available sources to research thoroughly and provide an in-depth analysis of a focused subject within the scope of course requirements and your personal resources.
This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The study analyzes county-level data and three case studies to understand how the movement transformed social structures and faced constraints. Key events studied include the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, school desegregation, and anti-poverty programs. The dissertation challenges the argument that social movements are inconsequential by showing how the civil rights movement drove institutional changes in Mississippi through independent movement structures.
This document provides guidance on writing a scientific manuscript. It discusses the typical sections of a manuscript including the introduction, methods, results, and discussion. It provides tips for writing each section effectively, such as keeping the introduction and conclusion concise, clearly describing the methodology, and interpreting the results and relating them to prior work in the discussion. The document also reviews best practices for other manuscript elements including the abstract, keywords, tables and figures, acknowledgments, and references. The overall guidance emphasizes structuring the manuscript clearly and concisely to communicate the purpose and key findings of the research.
The document provides guidance on choosing an effective research topic. It recommends starting with a broad topic of interest and then narrowing it down by using library databases to answer questions about who, what, when, where and why. This helps formulate a research question that takes a stance and can be supported with evidence. Good research topics are narrow enough to cover in the required pages but broad enough to find information. The topic should be approachable from at least two sides and not answerable with a quick search. Examples of good and bad research questions are provided.
Literature Review (Review of Related Literature - Research Methodology)Dilip Barad
Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
Field reports are commonly assigned in applied social sciences to connect classroom concepts to real-world practice. They involve systematically observing and recording a situation, continuously analyzing observations, and interpreting findings within a theoretical framework. A generic field report format includes an introduction describing the research problem and objectives, a description of observations addressing what was observed, when, who was involved, and why sites were selected. The analysis section places observations in the context of relevant theories. Conclusions briefly summarize key findings and recommendations. Appendices provide supplemental materials and references cite all sources consulted.
Research proposal
704 _Quantitative Research Methods in LIS
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
M.Phil. (scholar)
Roll no 14
Contents
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research
Component of research proposal
1-title
2-introduction
3-statement of the problem
4-review of related literature
5-Hypothesis
6-purpose /objective of study
7- work plane
8-Method, research design, sample.
9-Refrences
common error in research proposal
Evaluation of research proposal
What is research?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is proposal?
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration by others.
A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44).
Definition of research proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program,
It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Importance of research proposal
Helps examine what the researcher intends to do.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Research proposals can be effective starting places to discuss projects with your professors, too.
The research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method.
Advantages of research proposal
Fund to support your research
Allow you to review and critically evaluate your current research program
Convince yourself and others that your research is worth supporting
Keep you focused on your research program
Develop novel ideas during writing proposal.
Relationship of research proposal with research
Research proposal is a plan, and research is action.
Research proposal is compulsory for approving proposed research.
Research proposal is a schedule and research is activity.
Research proposal is a mirror of research
Research proposal is a blue print of research.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Types of research proposal
There are two major types of research proposal;
Academic:
• An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
Non-academ
Review of related literature presentation Hotaru Imai
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, which is a critical analysis and synthesis of previous research on a topic. The purposes of a literature review are to define the problem, place the study in context, avoid duplication, evaluate methods, and relate findings to previous work. The document outlines the steps to write a literature review, including reviewing APA style guidelines, identifying relevant literature, analyzing and summarizing sources, and synthesizing the information into a coherent essay. It provides tips for writing such as using an objective voice, concise writing, and properly citing sources.
Conventions and formats provide guidelines for consistently presenting information. This includes rules for text formatting, page layout, references, quotations, and more. Consistent formatting helps ensure information is displayed in an organized, readable manner. Common conventions include indenting paragraphs, double spacing, consistent font styles, and alignment in spreadsheets and databases. Adhering to established conventions and formats aids comprehension.
This document provides instructions for inserting footnotes, endnotes, and citations in a Microsoft Word document. It explains that footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, endnotes appear at the end of the document, and citations are references to specific legal documents or sources. It outlines how to insert each item by clicking the References tab and choosing the appropriate insertion option. The document aims to help readers create reports with lively source referencing that helps audiences understand where information comes from.
This document provides an introduction to literature and strategies for reading, discussing, and writing about literary works. It discusses active reading techniques like making connections, asking questions, and visualizing. It also covers annotating texts, participating in discussions, and writing responses by making connections between works, incorporating textual evidence, and using the literary present tense. The document emphasizes reading holistically, discussing works honestly and thoughtfully, and being creative in essay titles and discussions.
The document provides definitions and examples to distinguish between abbreviations and acronyms. An abbreviation is a shortened form of a name or term, such as "postop" for "postoperative". An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of a term, such as "FBI" for "Federal Bureau of Investigation". All acronyms are abbreviations, but not all abbreviations are acronyms. Historically, acronyms formed pronounceable words, but recently acronyms have been formed without consideration of pronunciation. The document then provides guidelines for formatting a list of abbreviations in a document.
This document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, references, and more. It discusses APA's regulations on stylistics, citations, and references. Key aspects covered include using active voice and personal pronouns where appropriate, providing clear and concise language, and following specific formatting guidelines for title pages, headings, tables, figures, and references. Examples are given for citing different source types in both the text and references.
While a research paper, term paper, and thesis all involve academic research, they differ in purpose, style, and required components. A thesis is written to obtain an academic degree or qualification and requires original work, while a research paper does not necessarily require original contributions or a supervisor. A thesis involves a longer timeline, usually over multiple years, and an oral examination, while a research paper is typically part of a class assignment. Both a thesis and research paper require academic research and critical analysis, but a thesis has higher expectations for originality and contributions to the field of study.
The document discusses footnotes and bibliographies. It defines a footnote as a notation at the bottom of a page providing additional information. Footnotes are indicated with symbols and are used to provide references. A bibliography is a list of all sources consulted for a paper, placed at the end. It includes author, title, publication details, and date for each source. Bibliography entries are formatted according to a specific style such as MLA or APA.
Gases are highly compressible and expand to fill their containers, with pressure inversely proportional to volume according to Boyle's Law. The properties and behavior of gases can be explained by the kinetic molecular theory, which models gases as large numbers of molecules in random motion. Real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior at high pressures and low temperatures due to intermolecular forces and molecular volumes.
This document provides guidelines for formatting papers, citing sources in-text and in reference lists, and formatting reference list entries for various source types, according to the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook. It addresses formatting basics, using direct quotations and paraphrasing, general citation rules, introducing quotations, in-text citation methods, formatting the reference list, and citing sources from books, articles, websites and other media.
This document outlines topics related to democracy in Pakistan, terrorism, and Islam for potential essays or outlines. Regarding democracy in Pakistan, it lists 26 questions that examine issues like Pakistan's history with democracy, the role of different institutions, election processes, and challenges. For terrorism, it provides 34 questions that analyze definitions of terrorism, origins of terrorist groups, motivations, and implications for countries like Pakistan and the U.S. Finally, for Islam, it lists 17 topics for exploration such as Islam's message of peace, challenges faced by the Muslim world, historical Muslim rulers, and perceptions of Islam in the West.
How to write a Literary Essay Introduction and Thesismissmaryah
Adapted Power Point for English 11 relating to essay writing for the short story Mirror Image by Lena Coakley
Credit to http://www.slideshare.net/Jennabates/how-to-write-a-literary-analysis-essay
This document provides an overview of exposition writing. It defines exposition as longer works like memoirs and histories, as well as shorter works like essays and letters. The purpose of exposition is to state an assertion and support it with evidence. It discusses specific uses of exposition like informing, explaining, and persuading. The document then offers guidance on choosing a point of view, developing a thesis statement, organizing evidence, citing sources, and revising writing.
This document provides guidelines for the preparation and submission of research reports, dissertations, and theses at the University of Malaya. It outlines the standard format, which includes sections for the preface, text, and supplementary materials. Requirements for formatting, style, structure, and organization of the content are specified. The guidelines aim to assist students in meeting the university's minimal requirements and completing their final submissions according to standard conventions.
7.chapter 3 a writing literature reviewNazrin Nazdri
This document provides guidance on writing a literature review, including its typical structure and components. It discusses that a literature review consists of an introduction that establishes the scope and context, a body that groups sources by theme and analyzes agreements and disagreements, and a conclusion that summarizes findings and gaps. The body should integrate sources in paragraphs with a topic sentence, evidence, and analysis. The document also provides examples of an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion, as well as verbs for referencing sources. It notes that a good literature review critically analyzes and synthesizes sources rather than just summarizing them.
This document provides a 10 step guide for writing a research paper with ease. The steps include: thinking of a topic and questions, finding sources, reading sources and taking notes, brainstorming the structure, writing a thesis statement, drafting an introduction, writing the body in paragraphs with cited sources, drafting a conclusion, compiling a works cited page, and proofreading for spelling and grammar. Following these steps will help the writer organize their ideas and research into a well-written paper.
Research methodology is the systematic process of investigating a subject or problem to discover relevant information. It involves establishing a conceptual understanding or assessing facets of a problem through objective and systematic investigation. There are two main types of research: fundamental research which seeks to expand knowledge, and applied research which uses existing knowledge to solve problems. Research requires defining objectives, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. It provides information to make evidence-based decisions.
To select mean to choose. Selection is the process of picking individuals who have relevant qualifications to fill jobs in an organization. The basic purpose is to choose the individual who can most successfully perform the job from the pool of qualified candidates.
This document discusses research methodology. It defines research and describes key aspects of conducting research including defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. It also discusses different types of research based on their application, objectives, and inquiry mode. Finally, it outlines important qualities of a good researcher including having an analytical mind, being able to engage people, and staying calm under pressure.
The document provides information on understanding charts and graphs used in business, including defining the difference between charts and graphs, explaining the purpose of charts, listing commonly used business charts and why they are used, and describing the components and types of charts. Key points covered include that charts visually communicate spreadsheet data through labels, titles and colors, and common charts include column, stacked bar, line, pie, and XY scatter charts which are used to analyze trends, comparisons, and correlations.
This document provides guidance on presenting data through tables and figures. It discusses the purposes of data displays, best practices for design and formatting, and tips for specific types of displays. Guidelines are provided for tables, including layout, formatting, and use of titles, headings, notes and rules. For figures, the document outlines principles of effective construction, common types, use of legends and captions, and standards. It also offers tips for presenting specific kinds of biological data visually, such as electrophysiological, radiological, genetic and photographic information.
practical research 1 chapter 4 qualitative researchMaggelAnclote2
practical research I activity sheets intended for grade 11 students. This Senior High School (SHS) Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Quarter 1 – Module 1: Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk for School Year 2021-2022 is intended to help you
This document discusses how to improve the clarity of tables and graphs in research articles. It provides rules for constructing clear tables, such as splitting large tables and standardizing layout. When presenting tables, common problems to avoid are poorly positioning them on the page and manipulating spacing. Both tables and their contents should be explained in the text. The document also covers best practices for visualizations like pie charts, bar charts, and line graphs, noting tables are best for exact numbers while graphs show trends.
This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data collected for a study. Data should be presented clearly and logically using appropriate tables, graphs, and figures with clear titles and labeling. The analysis section should highlight only the most important findings relevant to the research questions. Interpretation involves establishing relationships between data and checking if findings support any hypotheses. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis can be used depending on the study. Graphs like bar graphs, pie charts, and line graphs are commonly used to visually represent data trends or relationships. Captions, labels, and other design elements of tables and figures should follow standard conventions for clear communication.
This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data collected for a research study. It provides guidelines for clearly presenting data through tables, figures, and charts. The data should be sufficient, valid, and accurately presented to answer the research questions. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis may be used depending on the type of data. Analysis involves describing patterns in the data and highlighting significant findings without making conclusions. Interpretation explains the implications of the findings and their connection to previous literature. Proper formatting and labeling of tables, graphs, and figures is also covered to effectively communicate the data.
This document discusses non-prose texts such as graphs and charts that can be used to present data and survey results. It identifies common graphic forms like bar graphs, histograms, pictographs, line graphs and pie charts. These non-prose formats present information in an organized, systematic way that allows readers to quickly understand concepts. Examples of each type of graphic are provided and described in detail, explaining what each shows and how they represent different kinds of data relationships.
Data presentation and interpretation I Quantitative ResearchJimnaira Abanto
Topics;
DATA PRESENTATION & INTERPRETATION
Preparation in writing your data analysis
Techniques in Data Processing
Presentation and Interpretation of Data
Using statistical Techniques (Sample)
The document provides guidance on writing the results section of a scientific manuscript. It outlines what to include, such as summarized experimental results, explanations of questions and experiments, and references to tables and figures. It also describes what to exclude, such as ambiguous descriptions and attempts to interpret results. The document advises presenting data in tables and figures in a logical sequence and labeled clearly. It provides tips on effective graph and table design and avoiding redundant data presentation. Finally, it recommends using past tense and numbering figures and tables in the order they are mentioned.
This document provides information about graphs, including their definition, purpose, types, and guidelines for creating effective graphs. A graph is a visual representation of the relationship between two variables plotted on x and y axes. Good graphs accurately portray data in a clear, simple manner to help readers understand relationships and trends. Common graph types include bar graphs, pie charts, pictographs, and line graphs, each suited for certain types of data. Guidelines for graphing include understanding the audience and message, and experimenting with different graph styles to pick the most appropriate one.
This document provides guidelines for presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data in research. It discusses presenting findings clearly through tables, figures, and charts. Analysis involves describing patterns in the data and extracting key messages. Interpretation explains the implications of the findings but does not make conclusions. The document also provides formatting guidelines for APA style, including organizing the presentation of results, constructing tables and figures, and labeling graphics.
The document provides guidance on creating effective tables and figures for presenting data and results in research manuscripts. It discusses best practices for the purposes, design, numbering, permissions, content, formatting, and integration of tables and figures in manuscripts to effectively communicate findings to readers. Key recommendations include labeling tables and figures consecutively, using clear titles and headings, including necessary details while keeping displays concise, and discussing displays in the text.
The document discusses different types of graphs such as bar graphs, pie charts, pictographs, and line graphs. It defines what a graph is and provides guidelines for creating good graphs, including determining the target audience, main messages, and appropriate graph type. The purpose of using graphs is to visually represent relationships between variables in a way that facilitates understanding and convinces readers.
This document discusses different types of charts and graphs that can be used to visually represent data. It provides examples of pie charts, bar charts, column charts, line charts, area charts, and scatter plots. Reasons for creating charts include making trends easily recognizable, allowing quick perception of information, and aiding data interpretation. Charts can be incorporated into business reports, web pages, posters, and other documents. Proper selection of charts is important to illustrate different types of data, such as time series data displayed in line graphs or comparisons shown in bar charts.
Numerical & graphical presentation of dataSarfraz Ahmad
The document discusses numerical and graphical presentation of data. It describes including numbers in the main text, using tables, and using graphs. For tables, it provides guidelines on design, such as including a title and source. Tables are best when showing how a category varies at different points. Graphs enable studying relationships and are eye-catching. Common graph types discussed are bar graphs, line graphs, histograms and pie charts. Bar graphs show differences in frequencies using bars of equal width.
This document discusses different methods for presenting and interpreting data from research studies. It describes editing, classifying, tabulating and charting data as key steps in data processing. Tabular presentation of data should include a title, columns and rows with captions, units of measurement, and totals. Graphical methods like line graphs, bar graphs and pie charts can visually display relationships in the data. Interpretation involves analyzing tabulated and computed data to draw meaningful conclusions regarding the research questions. Textual, tabular and graphical techniques are important for clearly communicating findings.
This document discusses different types of teaching aids used to enhance classroom instruction, including charts and posters. It defines charts and describes common chart types like pie charts, bar charts, and line charts. The key characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each chart type are outlined. Some additional teaching aids discussed include flip charts and strip tease charts. The document also defines posters and lists their purpose and characteristics, noting that posters should communicate information quickly and attract attention to be effective teaching aids.
The document provides guidance on effectively presenting data through tables and figures in manuscripts. It discusses best practices for labeling, formatting, and discussing tables and figures to ensure clarity and reproducibility. Key recommendations include placing items to be compared next to each other, using large readable fonts, avoiding abbreviations, and obtaining permission to reuse copyrighted materials. Notes should be used to provide additional context and explanations. Graphs typically show relationships between quantitative variables while charts often display subject flows.
Similar to How to use figures and tables effectively to present your research findings (20)
Responding to peer reviewer comments can be a daunting task for most researchers. After spending months on your research project and preparing your manuscript, it is only natural that you will want to avoid making further changes to your paper. However, comments by peer reviewers and are meant to help you improve the qaulity of your manuscript. And the journal will only accept your paper for publication after you have addressed all of the reviewer comments.
This slide deck has 14 tips that will help you confidently and thoroughly address peer reviewers comments.
While writing your research paper, you might often refer to existing work published by other researchers in your field. However, it is extremely important to acknowledge all such sources clearly and completely. Attempting to use the ideas, words, or work of another person, without giving them due credit, is considered extremely unethical and is termed plagiarism.
This slide deck briefly explains 4 common types of plagiarism in academic publishing, how journals detect plagiarism in research papers, and the consequences of plagiarism.
In order for your manuscript to stand out from the other submissions you need to make sure you have everything right. Make sure the IMRaD structure as well as the submission requirements are fulfilled. Follow this checklist to make sure you have everything in place before you submit your paper.
In Part 1 of the Authorship series, we discussed criteria that will help you determine whether a particular contributor qualifies to be an author of your research paper. If you are submitting a multi-author paper, once you have ascertained the authors of your paper, how should you decide on the order in which these author names should be included? In this slide deck, we will discuss the basis on which you should list authors on your paper, who qualifies to be the first author, and how the remaining authors of your paper should be listed.
Through the course of your research, right until you get your your paper published, there will be several individuals who have contributed to your research project in different ways. However, not all of these individuals can be considered as authors of your paper. So who qualifies as an author on your manuscript?
This slide deck will clarify who is an author, who does not qualify as an author of your paper and also three unethical authorship-related practices that you must avoid.
Clinical trials are research studies conducted on humans to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of new medical strategies, drugs, treatments or devices. There are two main types of clinical trials - interventional which administer treatments to participants, and observational which observe existing treatments. Clinical trials progress through four phases, starting with small safety trials in Phase I and increasing in size up to Phase III which confirm effectiveness in large groups. Phase IV trials continue after approval to further monitor risks, benefits and optimal use. Clinical trials must follow strict protocols, obtain informed consent, approval from ethics committees and be registered and reported according to guidelines.
2017 was a very eventful year for everyone in the academic publishing industry. The year witnessed many significant trend-setting changes and new practices, keeping many of us on our toes.
we interviewed many thought leaders in the scholarly industry to get a sense of their views on these trends and changes. In this SlideShare presentation, we bring you extracts from their interviews and advice that they shared to help you.
This document provides links to resources about open access publishing, including the Directory of Open Access Journals, the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, guides on choosing open access journals and avoiding predatory journals from the University of Michigan Library and a science writing organization, a blog post about ways to spot predatory journals, and the Editage insights website and Twitter account.
A cover letter is the first point of contact between you and the target journal's editors. As such, your cover letter functions as a sales pitch to the journal editors. In other words, you cover letter needs to sell the notion of why your manuscript deserves to be published in and how it matches the scope of the target journal.
This presentation will tell you everything you need to know to write a great cover letter for your submission. This includes:
1. What is a cover letter?
2. Differences between a cover letter and a title page
3. Why are cover letters important?
4. Basic information a cover letter should contain
5. Additional details you could include
6. References for further reading
Presenting at an academic conference is an essential and inevitable part of a researcher's life. In order to make a successful and effective conference presentation, knowing your research paper in its entirety is not enough. You must also be well-prepared in terms of of public speaking factors such as observing time limits, making eye contact, engaging the audience, etc. This Slideshare will equip you with 9 tips to help you effectively communicate your research at your next academic conference.
Traditional Medicine (TM) has been subject to substantial debate with regard to the ethics governing research in this area. The controversies have generally revolved around the unreasonable harvesting of medicinal plants, ethical accountability of researchers towards local knowledge holders and the credibility of TM as a complementary and alternative mode of treatment.
This presentation stresses the importance of understanding the 6 ethical principles governing publication in TM journals:-
1. Sustenance
2. Scientific validation
3. Informed consent
4. Reporting standards
5. Proprietary issues
6. Ethical policies and declarations
The theme of Peer Review Week 2016 was Recognize Review, and the global scholarly publishing community got together to talk about recognizing or incentivizing peer reviewers. Celebrating the theme, we asked our authors to share small notes of appreciation for reviewers. This flip book compiles some of the responses we received, which show the important role peer review and reviewers play in the academic publishing system.
What do you need to know before and while working on a clinical trial? This slide deck tells you more about the things you need to remember when preparing to publish your clinical trial, from developing a research protocol and getting informed consent from study participants to registering your trial and preparing a clinical trial manuscript.
Clinical trials involve research conducted on humans to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of medical treatments. There are two main types of clinical trials: those that compare specific treatments to other treatments or no treatment, and those that observe existing treatments. Clinical trials are conducted in phases, with Phase I trials testing safety on small groups, Phase II trials evaluating effectiveness on larger groups, and Phase III trials confirming effectiveness on large groups. Phase IV trials study treatments after market approval to obtain additional risk and usage information.
As an author, it is quite difficult to write concisely. After all, you have so much to say! But when submitting your manuscript to a journal, you must ensure that you meet the required word count. Let us look at some areas you can focus on to keep your manuscript concise.
A literature review is a critical summary of all the published works on a particular topic. Most research papers include a section on literature review as part of the introduction. However, a literature review can also be published as a standalone article. These slides will help you grasp the basics of writing a literature review.
2015 was a busy year for the academic publishing world, with many trend-setting practices, significant discoveries, and innovations. Editage Insights spoke to several experts from the publishing industry to know their thoughts about these trends. Here, we bring you extracts of the knowledge they shared to help you get first-hand advice on academic publication.
Original research articles constitute a major portion of academic journal publishing. These slides will help you with four important steps to of writing an original research article: choosing a research question, doing a literature search, structuring a manuscript, and formatting a research paper.
In academia, the pressure to publish is high and the competition intense. This can lead authors to follow unethical publication practices, such as salami slicing, duplicate publication, and simultaneous submission. This slide deck explains these malpractices and shares tips on how authors can avoid them.
As a researcher, you are expected to start publishing early in your career. But original research could take years to complete! This does not mean you that you cannot publish a paper until you complete your research. You can disseminate your research in many other ways. These slides will help you learn more about the different types of scholarly literature so that you are able to choose the most suitable format for publishing your study.
More from Editage Insights (Resources for authors and journals) (20)
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to use figures and tables effectively to present your research findings
1. How to use figures and tables effectively to
present your research findings
Helping you get published
2. How to use figures and tables effectively to present your research findings
Several studies, journal guidelines, and discourses on
scientific writing1-10 affirm the critical role that tables,
figures, and graphs (or display items) play in enhancing the
quality of manuscripts.
At the manuscript screening stage, these display items offer
reviewers and journal editors a quick overview of the study
findings, and once the paper is published, they do the same
for readers (some of whom look only at these display items
and not at the rest of the manuscript7).
3. How to use figures and tables effectively to present your research findings
These visual elements help authors present detailed results and
complex relationships, patterns, and trends clearly and concisely;1-
8,11,13,14 reduce the length of the manuscript;3,5,13,15 and enhance
readers’ understanding of the study results.11,12
But while well-presented tables and figures can efficiently capture
and present information, poorly crafted tables and figures can
confuse readers and impair the effectiveness of a paper.16 To help
authors get the balance right, this article presents some essential
guidelines to the effective use of tables and figures.
4. Planning Your Paper: When to Use Tables and Figures
Producing effective tables and figures requires careful planning that begins at the
manuscript writing stage itself. Here’s how to go about it:
1. First, check out what your target journal has to say on the issue. Some journals limit
the number of tables and figures and also have specific guidelines on the design
aspects of these display items.
2. Next, decide whether to use tables and figures or text to put across key
information.(Refer to Table 1 below for help on making this decision.)
3. After you’ve decided to use a display item, choose the display item that best fits your
purpose based on what you wish readers to focus on and what you want to
present.(Refer to Table 1 below for more information.)
4. Finally, follow the best-practice guidelines outlined in section 3 and review the
examples presented in section 4 of this paper to ensure that your tables and figures are
well-designed.
5. Table 1: How to Choose between Tables, Figures, and Text to Present Data
Use a Table Use a Figure Use text
To show many and precise To show trends, patterns, and When you don’t have extensive
numerical values and other relationships across and or complicated data to present
specific data in a small space17 between data sets when the
general pattern is more
important than the exact data
values8,9,13,16,17,18 (what to use:
graphs and data plots)
To compare and contrast data To summarize research When putting your data into a
values or characteristics among results8(what to use: graphs, table would mean creating a
related items2,9 or items with data plots, maps, and pie table with 2 or fewer columns2
several shared characteristics or charts)
variables19
To show the presence or To present a visual explanation When the data that you are
absence of specific of a sequence of events, planning to present is peripheral
characteristics19 procedures, geographic to the study or irrelevant to the
features, or physical main study findings8,12
characteristics7,18(what to use:
schematic diagrams, images,
photographs, and maps)
6. Best-practice Guidelines for Presentation of Tables and Figures
General Guidelines
1. Ensure that display items are self-explanatory: Some readers (and certainly
reviewers and journal editors) turn their attention to the tables and figures
before they read the entire text, so these display items should be self-
contained.6,8,9,12,16,20
2. Refer, but don’t repeat: Use the text to draw the reader’s attention to the
significance and key points of the table/figure, but don’t repeat
details.5,12,16,19,21,22 So for example, you could highlight your main finding (e.g.,
“We found that the treatment was effective in only 24% of the cases, as shown
in Figure 1”), but don’t repeat exact values (e.g., “As Table 2 shows, 32% of the
subjects chose Option 1, 12% chose Option 2, 10% chose Option 3, and 46%
chose Option 4”). This defeats the very purpose (efficiency and clarity) of having
a table or figure.
7. Best-practice Guidelines for Presentation of Tables and Figures
General Guidelines
3. Be consistent:6,9,12,17 Ensure consistency between values or details in a table
(e.g., abbreviations, group names, treatment names) and those in the text.
4. Give clear, informative titles:16,17 Table and figure titles should not be vague9,19
but should concisely describe the purpose or contents of the table/figure and
should ideally draw the reader’s attention to what you what him/her to
notice17 (e.g., Advantages and disadvantages of using sleep therapy with
patients suffering from schizophrenia). Also ensure that column heads, axis
labels, figure labels, etc., are clearly and appropriately labelled.
5. Adhere to journal guidelines: Check what your target journal has to say about
issues like the number of tables and figures, the style of numbering, titles,
image resolution, file formats, etc., and follow these instructions carefully.18,23
8. Guidelines for tables
1. Combine repetitive tables: Tables and figures that present repetitive information will
impair communication rather than enhance it.8,12 Examine the titles of all your tables
and figures and check if they talk about the same or similar things.8 If they do,
rethink the presentation and combine or delete the tables/graphs.
2. Divide the data:7 When presenting large amounts of information, divide the data into
clear and appropriate categories and present them in columns titled accurately and
descriptively.
3. Watch the extent of data in your tables: If the data you have to present is extensive
and would make the tables too cluttered or long, consider making the tables a part of
the Appendix or supplemental material.8
4. De-clutter your table: Ensure that there is sufficient spacing between columns and
rows7 and that the layout does not make the table look too messy or crowded.
9. Guidelines for figures
1. Ensure image clarity: Make sure that all the parts of the figure are clear:18 Use
standard font; check that labels are legible against the figure background; and ensure
that images are sharp.24
2. Use legends to explain the key message:25 Figure legends are pivotal to the
effectiveness of a figure. Use them to draw attention to the central message as well
as to explain abbreviations and symbols.
3. Label all important parts: Label the key sections and parts of schematic diagrams and
photographs, and all axes, curves, and data sets in graphs and data plots.6,7,16,18
4. Give specifics: Include scale bars in images and maps; specify units wherever
quantities are listed; include legends in maps and schematics; and specify latitudes
and longitudes on maps.7,18
10. Examples of Well-prepared Tables and Figures
The table below is taken from a dietary study on chick-rearing macaroni penguins26 and is an example
of an effective table for the following reasons:
11. Examples of Well-prepared Tables and Figures
1. The title clearly describes what the table is about.
2. The column heads are descriptive and clearly indicate the nature of the data
presented.
3. The data is divided into categories for clarity.
4. It is self-contained and can be understood quite well even without reference to
the entire paper.
5. Superscript letters and notes are used to offer additional, clarifying information.
6. Sufficient spacing is present between columns and rows; the layout is clean; and
the font is legible.
12. Example of an effective figure (graph)
1. It uses an informative title that
immediately tells the reader what to
expect in the graph below.
2. The axes are labeled clearly.
3. The key clearly identifies what each
element in the graph stands for.
4. A figure legend at the bottom draws
the reader’s attention to the key
points in the graph.
5. A note at the bottom acknowledges
the source.
6. The graph is 2-dimensional, with no
clutter.
The figure above, from a paper on the efficacy of oyster reefs as natural
breakwaters27, scores on several counts
13. Example of an effective figure (graph)
Conclusion
Figures and tables, or display items, are powerful communication tools—they give your
manuscript a professional feel, attract and sustain the interest of readers, and efficiently
present large amounts of complex information.7 Moreover, as most journals editors and
reviewers will glance at these display items before they begin a full reading of your
paper, their importance cannot be overemphasized.
14. How to use figures and tables effectively to present your research findings
References:
1. Council of Science Editors. Journal Style and Format. In Council of Science Editors(Eds.), Scientific Style and
Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 7th Edition (p. 460). Reston, VA: Rockefeller
University Press, 2006.
2. American Psychological Association. APA Editorial Style. In Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association,5th Edition (pp. 147–201). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001.
3. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to
Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://www.ICMJE.org.
4. Cooper RJ, Schriger DL, Wallace RC, Mikulich VJ, Wilkes MS. The Quantity and Quality of Scientific Graphs in
Pharmaceutical Advertisements. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2003; 18: 294–297.
5. Durbin CG Jr. Effective Use of Tables and Figures in Abstracts, Presentations, and Papers. Respiratory Care, 2004;
49(10): 1233–1237.
6. EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research. Reporting Results in Tables and Figures. In Guidelines in the
Analysis Phase (pp. 14–16). [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://www.emgo.nl/kc/div/Guidelines%20in%20Analysis%20Phase.pdf.
7. Springer. The Importance of Figures and Tables. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://www.springer.com/authors/journal+authors/training?SGWID=0-1726414-12-837813-0.
8. Clark JC. Effective Tables and Figures. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://ion.uwinnipeg.ca/~clark/research/comm/C12_FIGU.pdf.
9. McMillan VE. Using Tables and Figures. In Writing Papers in the Biological Sciences (pp. 30–50). New York: St.
Martin’s Press, 1988.
15. How to use figures and tables effectively to present your research findings
References:
10. Smith LD, Best LA, Stubbs DA, Archibald AB, Roberson-Nay R. Constructing Knowledge: The Role of Graphs and
Tables in Hard and Soft Psychology. American Psychologist, 2002; 57(10): 749–761.
11. Purdue Online Writing Lab. APA Tables and Figures 1. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/19/.
12. SAGE Publications. How to Get Your Journal Article Published. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/journalgateway/files/how_to_get_published.pdf.
13. Paradise C. How to Record and Present Your Data Graphically Using Excel. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available
from: http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/research/herpstaff/StevePrice/BIO%20112
/Lab/Exercise_1.pdf.
14. Schriger DL, Sinha R, Schroter S, Liu P, Altman D. From Submission to Publication: A Retrospective Review of the
Tables and Figures in a Cohort of Randomized Controlled Trials Submitted to the British Medical Journal. Annals of
Emergency Medicine, 2006; 48(6): 750–756.
15. Institute of Food Technologists. Author Guidelines. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available
from:http://www.ift.org/Knowledge-Center/Read-IFT-Publications/Journal-of-Food-Science/Authors-
Corner/Author-Guidelines.aspx.
16. The University of ReadingStatistical Services Centre. Informative Presentation of Tables, Graphs and Statistics.
[Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available
from:http://www.reading.ac.uk/ssc/n/resources/Docs/PresentationOfTablesGraphsAndStatistics.pdf.
17. Hoagland N. Using Tables and Figures in an Academic Research Paper. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available
from: http://polaris.umuc.edu/~nhoaglan/COMM600/Tables%20and%20Figures.pdf.
16. How to use figures and tables effectively to present your research findings
References:
18. Author Aid Resource Library. Tables and Figures: Some Basic Advice. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://www.authoraid.info/resource-library/authoraid-workshop-on-research-writing-march-2011/Nepal-
RM_01a-Tables%20and%20Figures-minus%20photos.ppt/at_download/file.
19. Northwestern’s Online Writing Resources. Visual Communication: Document Design, Figures, and Tables.
[Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://nuwrite.northwestern.edu/communities/edc/engineering-design-
and-communication-principles-and-practice.html.
20. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Guidelines for MEPS Authors. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/guidelines-for-meps-authors/.
21. BMJ Publishing Group. The Essentials of BMJ Style. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/authors/bmj-house-style.
22. The Geological Society of America. Geology Guidelines. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/geoguid6.htm.
23. Wiley-Blackwell. Author Services: Electronic Artwork Guidelines. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://authorservices.wiley.com/bauthor/illustration.asp.
24. Wiley-Blackwell. Electronic Artwork—An Introduction. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://authorservices.wiley.com/electronicartworkguidelines.pdf.
25. PLOS Biology. PLOS Biology Guidelines for Authors. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:
http://www.plosbiology.org/static/guidelines.action#figures.
26. Deagle BE, Gales NJ, Evans K, Jarman SN, Robinson S, et al. Studying Seabird Diet through Genetic Analysis of
Faeces: A Case Study on Macaroni Penguins (Eudypteschrysolophus). PLoS ONE 2007; 2(9): e831.
27. cyphers SB, Powers SP, Heck KL Jr, Byron D. Oyster Reefs as Natural Breakwaters Mitigate Shoreline Loss and
Facilitate Fisheries. PLoS ONE2011; 6(8): e22396.