This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data collected for a study. Data should be presented clearly and logically using appropriate tables, graphs, and figures with clear titles and labeling. The analysis section should highlight only the most important findings relevant to the research questions. Interpretation involves establishing relationships between data and checking if findings support any hypotheses. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis can be used depending on the study. Graphs like bar graphs, pie charts, and line graphs are commonly used to visually represent data trends or relationships. Captions, labels, and other design elements of tables and figures should follow standard conventions for clear communication.

1. CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION,
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA

2. Data Presentation
The data presentation section
introduces the chapter by indicating
order of presentation.
• It summarizes background
information of the respondents and
the data
literature,
collected through
survey questionnaires,
interviews and observations.
• Data should be sufficient,
and accurate; presentation
valid
should
be clear and logical.

3. Data Presentation
• It follows the sequence
should adequately answer
questions raised. The data
the
research questions.
• The tables, graphs and figures
are appropriately presented,
placed, titled, numbered and
referred to in the text.
• The text presents only the
highlight of the tables.

4. Data Presentation
• Appropriate sub headings are
used to facilitate reader
perusal of text and presents
non-evaluative analysis of
data.

5. This chapter presents the findings of
the study.
Presentation should be clear and scholarly done
and may come in the form of tables, figures or
charts. Analysis refers to the skill of the
describing, delineating
differences,
researcher in
similarities and
significant findings or data and ability
extract information or messages out
presented data. Interpretation
explanation or suggestions inferred
highlighting the
to
of the
is the
from the
data, their implications but not conclusions.

6. ANALYSIS OF DATA
In analyzing data, stress only
those important result that
information that could
gives
answer
raised posed in
study
the problem you
or your
which you stated in
Chapter 1. you highlight
only those important and
unique findings. You have to
be consistent and coherent
in your approach as well as
logical, based on certain
academic conventions.

7. ANALYSIS OF DATA
• Data may be analyzed quantitatively
or qualitatively depending on the
level of measurement and the number
of dimensions and variables of the
study.
• Analyze in depth to give meaning to
the data presented in the data
presented in the table. Avoid table
reading.
• State statistical descriptions in
declarative sentences, e.g. in the
studies involving:

8. INTERPRETATION OF DATA
• Establish interconnection between
and among data
• Check for indicators whether
hypothesis/es is/are supported or
not by findings.
• Link the present findings with
the previous literature.
• Use parallel observations with
contemporary events to give
credence presented in the
introduction.

9. PRESENTATION OF DATA
• Present the findings of the
study in the order of the
specific problem as stated
in the statement of the
Problem.
• Present the data in these
forms:
–Tabular
–Textual
–Graphical

10. A.Tabular Presentation
Tables organize and compress
data into standardized forms.
They facilitate the study and
interpretation.
Example: Slide 4

12. B. Textual Presentation of Data
the
involves
data
using
Presenting
textually
statements
describe a
with
given
aims to highlight
number to
data. It
some
important data
the tabular
and supplement
or graphical
presentation.
Example:

14. C. Graphical Presentation of Data
•A graph is a chart representing
the quantitative variations of a
variable itself or in comparison
with those of another variable.
•Graphing presents variations,
changes and relationships of data
in a very attractive, appealing,
effective and convincing way.
•The common types of graphs used
in research are bar graph, line
graph, circle graph, pictogram and
map graph. You should only choose
the graphs which represent best
your data to avoid redundancy.Bar
- vertical, horizontal, Multiple
component

15. • BAR GRAPH
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Not At
All
Fair Relative Too Excessive
Much
Not At
All
Fair Relative Too Excessive
Much
46
14
60 68 62
71
41
75
37
26
Interests Studies
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Not At
All
Fair Relative Too Excessive
Much
Not At
All
Fair Relative Too Excessive
Much
48
31
60 61
50 42 43
73
43 49
Attire Hobbies

16. • Bar graph & Pie Chart
20
0
80
60
40
120
100
160
140
180
Yes No Maybe I don't know
15
55
7
Will the repondents still
patronize OPM?
6.00%
173 69.20%
22.00%
Percentage
Yes No Maybe
2.80%
I don't know

17. •Line Graph

18. The External Format
The use of tables and graph
• Tables and graphs are both ways
to organize and arrange data so
that it is more easily
understood by the viewer.
• Tables and graphs are related
in the sense that the
information used in tables is
frequently also used for the
basis of graphs.

19. ⚫ When designing table, keep the
format clear and simple. Line up
decimal places, note units clearly,
use a large enough typeface and
construct a clean orderly
arrangement of rows and columns.
⚫ Bar graphs are an excellent way to
show the results that are one time,
that are not continuous—especially
samplings such as surveys and
inventories.
⚫ Bar graphs are used to get an
overall idea or trends in responses
which categories get, many versus
few responses.

20. • Bars in a graph should be wider
than the spaces between them.
• All bars should be of equal
and all spaces including the
width,
space
between the axis and the first bar,
should be equal of width.
• Bars should be neither very thin
nor very wide.
• Use the same color for all the bars
in a graph that are in a single
data set.
• Use different fill colors for
positive and negative values.
• Line graph is most useful in
displaying data or information that
change continuously over time.

21. ⚫The column graph is more
similar
⚫Circle or pie graphs are
particularly good illustrations
when considering how many parts
of a whole are inception.
⚫Each slice should be easily
distinguished from the rest and
clearly labeled.
⚫Use 6 or fewer slices in a
graph.
⚫Emphasize a slice in a pie
graph by exploding it or by
choosing a color different from
the rest of the slices.
⚫Number of segments or slices in
a pie graph should be limited
to those that can be seen and
labeled.

22. • Components that are too small to be
shown individually can be grouped into
one segment labeled other or
miscellaneous.
• The largest segment conventionally
begins at 1200 or at a quarter hour and
runs clockwise. Remaining segments
continue clockwise.
• The most important slice is in the
upper-right quadrant.

23. Other Conventions
Regarding Graphics
1. Keep graphics simple. Design the
graphic to help others understand
your point.
2. Simplify your data
3. Use consistent symbols
4. Avoid special effects if they do
not enhance the point to be made.

24. Caption, Labels And Lines
Table caption should be the same as
that which appears in the list of
tables. It is placed above the table
unlike that which is used in
figures. The caption should tell in
precise terms what the table
contains.

25. Other Rules in Caption
1. No terminal punctuation.
2. Unusual abbreviation are not allowed
in the table, if necessary, put a
legend at the bottom of the table.
3. Captions should be worded as
concisely as clarity permits.
a page the caption should be on
4. When a table is placed broadside on
the
binding side.
5. Be consistent in label size, font
and style.

26. Figure (Chart, Graph And
Illustration)
These should be done judiciously. The
research reporter must ask himself
illustration necessary? Does
the following questions: is the
it
simply repeat what the text said?
Illustrative materials shall be called
figures. The figure number and
caption should be centered below the
illustration. An Arabic numeral is
written after the word “Figure”
followed by a period.
The caption should be brief and
explanatory.