In academia, the pressure to publish is high and the competition intense. This can lead authors to follow unethical publication practices, such as salami slicing, duplicate publication, and simultaneous submission. This slide deck explains these malpractices and shares tips on how authors can avoid them.
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
Open Access (OA) is a system provide access to knowledge resources with free of cost and other restrictions. This PPT answer to the questions what, why, types, benefits etc. and also describes the creative commons licensing, concept of predatory journals, open access journals, and Sharpa RoMeO.
Selective Reporting and Misrepresentation of DataSaptarshi Ghosh
Research integrity means conducting research according to the highest professional and ethical standards, so that the results are trustworthy.
It concerns the behavior of researchers at all stages of the research life-cycle, including declaring competing interests; data collection and data management; using appropriate methodology; drawing conclusions from results; and writing up research findings.
In this presentation, the speaker has covered following topics:
What is scientific conduct?
What do we mean by ethics in research? – scientific temperament –
What is Ethical behavior in research?
How to practice Ethics in publication?
On Research Metrics -
Author level metrics to journal level metrics
Research Profile Digital Platforms.
I explain plainly what is salami silcing, a practice of fragmenting single research into as many publications as possible. Salami publishing and hazards
Ethics in medical sciences research may not always translate into ethical publications.
Ethical violations in conducting medical research always promote unethical scientific publications.
Published research influences other researchers and establishes credibility for individual or journal.
CONTENTS :
INTRODUCTION
TRANSPARENCY
PROMOTING RESEARCH INTEGRITY
EDITORIAL STANDARDS AND PROCESSES
RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION PRACTICES
OWNERSHIP OF IDEAS AND EXPRESSION
I find rejection — and even negative review comments associated with major revisions — very difficult. I have put months or years of my best work into a project, spent days or weeks writing it up, submitted it to a journal, pinned hopes on it, and waited for months for a response. And then they say it is not good enough! I can totally understand why you are feeling so unhappy. The aim of the seminar is to discuss the way to deal with a journal rejection and how to write a professional rebuttal letter.
Open Access (OA) is a system provide access to knowledge resources with free of cost and other restrictions. This PPT answer to the questions what, why, types, benefits etc. and also describes the creative commons licensing, concept of predatory journals, open access journals, and Sharpa RoMeO.
Selective Reporting and Misrepresentation of DataSaptarshi Ghosh
Research integrity means conducting research according to the highest professional and ethical standards, so that the results are trustworthy.
It concerns the behavior of researchers at all stages of the research life-cycle, including declaring competing interests; data collection and data management; using appropriate methodology; drawing conclusions from results; and writing up research findings.
In this presentation, the speaker has covered following topics:
What is scientific conduct?
What do we mean by ethics in research? – scientific temperament –
What is Ethical behavior in research?
How to practice Ethics in publication?
On Research Metrics -
Author level metrics to journal level metrics
Research Profile Digital Platforms.
I explain plainly what is salami silcing, a practice of fragmenting single research into as many publications as possible. Salami publishing and hazards
Ethics in medical sciences research may not always translate into ethical publications.
Ethical violations in conducting medical research always promote unethical scientific publications.
Published research influences other researchers and establishes credibility for individual or journal.
CONTENTS :
INTRODUCTION
TRANSPARENCY
PROMOTING RESEARCH INTEGRITY
EDITORIAL STANDARDS AND PROCESSES
RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION PRACTICES
OWNERSHIP OF IDEAS AND EXPRESSION
I find rejection — and even negative review comments associated with major revisions — very difficult. I have put months or years of my best work into a project, spent days or weeks writing it up, submitted it to a journal, pinned hopes on it, and waited for months for a response. And then they say it is not good enough! I can totally understand why you are feeling so unhappy. The aim of the seminar is to discuss the way to deal with a journal rejection and how to write a professional rebuttal letter.
A lecture on how to do a literature review. Covers what a literature is, journal hierachies, H index, I index, types of lit review - narrative, meta and systematic, search startegies, forest, filtering literature, using databases to search and making a search string
In the race to publish more papers, some researchers indulge in unethical practices, one of which is salami slicing. Salami slicing means fragmenting one study and publishing it in multiple papers. This practice is considered improper and can affect your career, besides being damaging to science. This SlideShare explains in detail what salami slicing is and why it is considered unethical. It also includes opinions of journal editors on the issue.
What is salami slicing?
It refers to the practice of partitioning a large study that could have been reported in a single research article into smaller published articles.
In other words, it means breaking up a single research paper into their “least publishable units,” with each paper reporting different findings from the same study.
A set of papers are referred to as salami publications when more than one paper covers the same population, methods, and research question.
Daniel Feerst - What is Ethical Publishing and unethical PublishingDaniel Feerst
Daniel Feerst is a respected consultant with Thirty-five years of experience involving alcohol and drug education, addiction treatment and employee assistance professional work.
Evaluate your paper twice before you submit it for journalstheiredconference
Make sure that you are working hard enough on your papers for International Journals. These papers demand attentiveness and if you really want it done, you have to get that attentiveness running in your body and mind.
Main focus is on Peer Review of academic manuscript before getting published and its types and ethics to be followed by peer review with advantage and disadvantage of peer review.
Target audience: graduate students or beginning faculty who want to publish in scholarly or academic journals. Includes info about selecting & targeting the right journal, preparing and submitting a manuscript, and responding to decisions.
Responding to peer reviewer comments can be a daunting task for most researchers. After spending months on your research project and preparing your manuscript, it is only natural that you will want to avoid making further changes to your paper. However, comments by peer reviewers and are meant to help you improve the qaulity of your manuscript. And the journal will only accept your paper for publication after you have addressed all of the reviewer comments.
This slide deck has 14 tips that will help you confidently and thoroughly address peer reviewers comments.
While writing your research paper, you might often refer to existing work published by other researchers in your field. However, it is extremely important to acknowledge all such sources clearly and completely. Attempting to use the ideas, words, or work of another person, without giving them due credit, is considered extremely unethical and is termed plagiarism.
This slide deck briefly explains 4 common types of plagiarism in academic publishing, how journals detect plagiarism in research papers, and the consequences of plagiarism.
In order for your manuscript to stand out from the other submissions you need to make sure you have everything right. Make sure the IMRaD structure as well as the submission requirements are fulfilled. Follow this checklist to make sure you have everything in place before you submit your paper.
In Part 1 of the Authorship series, we discussed criteria that will help you determine whether a particular contributor qualifies to be an author of your research paper. If you are submitting a multi-author paper, once you have ascertained the authors of your paper, how should you decide on the order in which these author names should be included? In this slide deck, we will discuss the basis on which you should list authors on your paper, who qualifies to be the first author, and how the remaining authors of your paper should be listed.
Through the course of your research, right until you get your your paper published, there will be several individuals who have contributed to your research project in different ways. However, not all of these individuals can be considered as authors of your paper. So who qualifies as an author on your manuscript?
This slide deck will clarify who is an author, who does not qualify as an author of your paper and also three unethical authorship-related practices that you must avoid.
Clinical trials constitute a critical stage of clinical research and it is important to understand what clinical trials are and what forms they take. In this slide deck, we will tell you more about the types and phases of clinical trials.
2017 was a very eventful year for everyone in the academic publishing industry. The year witnessed many significant trend-setting changes and new practices, keeping many of us on our toes.
we interviewed many thought leaders in the scholarly industry to get a sense of their views on these trends and changes. In this SlideShare presentation, we bring you extracts from their interviews and advice that they shared to help you.
Many researchers hesitate to publish open access (OA) for a variety of reasons. This reluctance to submit to OA journals and make research freely accessible could be triggered by several existing misconceptions about OA. In order to choose a legitimate OA journal, authors must be able to differentiate between reliable OA journals and the predatory ones.
This presentation will list a set of questions that authors can ask themselves before choosing an OA journal to submit their papers. These questions will indicate the authenticity of the concerned journal.
A cover letter is the first point of contact between you and the target journal's editors. As such, your cover letter functions as a sales pitch to the journal editors. In other words, you cover letter needs to sell the notion of why your manuscript deserves to be published in and how it matches the scope of the target journal.
This presentation will tell you everything you need to know to write a great cover letter for your submission. This includes:
1. What is a cover letter?
2. Differences between a cover letter and a title page
3. Why are cover letters important?
4. Basic information a cover letter should contain
5. Additional details you could include
6. References for further reading
Presenting at an academic conference is an essential and inevitable part of a researcher's life. In order to make a successful and effective conference presentation, knowing your research paper in its entirety is not enough. You must also be well-prepared in terms of of public speaking factors such as observing time limits, making eye contact, engaging the audience, etc. This Slideshare will equip you with 9 tips to help you effectively communicate your research at your next academic conference.
Traditional Medicine (TM) has been subject to substantial debate with regard to the ethics governing research in this area. The controversies have generally revolved around the unreasonable harvesting of medicinal plants, ethical accountability of researchers towards local knowledge holders and the credibility of TM as a complementary and alternative mode of treatment.
This presentation stresses the importance of understanding the 6 ethical principles governing publication in TM journals:-
1. Sustenance
2. Scientific validation
3. Informed consent
4. Reporting standards
5. Proprietary issues
6. Ethical policies and declarations
The theme of Peer Review Week 2016 was Recognize Review, and the global scholarly publishing community got together to talk about recognizing or incentivizing peer reviewers. Celebrating the theme, we asked our authors to share small notes of appreciation for reviewers. This flip book compiles some of the responses we received, which show the important role peer review and reviewers play in the academic publishing system.
What do you need to know before and while working on a clinical trial? This slide deck tells you more about the things you need to remember when preparing to publish your clinical trial, from developing a research protocol and getting informed consent from study participants to registering your trial and preparing a clinical trial manuscript.
Clinical trials constitute a critical stage of clinical research and it is important for you to understand what clinical trials are and what forms they take. In this slide deck, we will tell you more about the types and phases of clinical trials. The idea is to help you form a basic understanding of clinical trials. This is a two-part series and the next segment will focus on the things you must remember when preparing to publish a clinical trial manuscript.
Coming soon - Part 2: Things to remember when preparing a clinical trial manuscript
As an author, it is quite difficult to write concisely. After all, you have so much to say! But when submitting your manuscript to a journal, you must ensure that you meet the required word count. Let us look at some areas you can focus on to keep your manuscript concise.
A literature review is a critical summary of all the published works on a particular topic. Most research papers include a section on literature review as part of the introduction. However, a literature review can also be published as a standalone article. These slides will help you grasp the basics of writing a literature review.
2015 was a busy year for the academic publishing world, with many trend-setting practices, significant discoveries, and innovations. Editage Insights spoke to several experts from the publishing industry to know their thoughts about these trends. Here, we bring you extracts of the knowledge they shared to help you get first-hand advice on academic publication.
Original research articles constitute a major portion of academic journal publishing. These slides will help you with four important steps to of writing an original research article: choosing a research question, doing a literature search, structuring a manuscript, and formatting a research paper.
As a researcher, you are expected to start publishing early in your career. But original research could take years to complete! This does not mean you that you cannot publish a paper until you complete your research. You can disseminate your research in many other ways. These slides will help you learn more about the different types of scholarly literature so that you are able to choose the most suitable format for publishing your study.
Science is ever evolving, and replication studies and negative findings play a major role in helping science grow. But journals are not always open to publishing these. What role do replication studies play in scientific discovery? And how does publishing negative results help further the cause of science? View this presentation to learn more.
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Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
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IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
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Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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Bio
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. What is Salami Slicing?
When authors break up a large study into two or more
smaller published articles, they are creating “slices” of their work.
What happens in salami slicing?
A single research is divided into “slices,” each of
which is a “least publishable unit.”
Why do authors do it?
• To increase their publication count
• To get more recognition
• To achieve faster career progression
• To receive more funding
4. Why is it unethical?
1. You cannot break up a study into parts and present them as
separate studies.
2. Salami slicing is harmful to science. For example, readers may
believe that each slice, which looks independent, is the result of
studies on different groups of subjects.
3. It increases the quantity of scientific literature instead of quality.
4. It leads to self-plagiarism.
5. It is an unfair waste of peer reviewers’ time.
6. It increases the author’s citation record.
7. It is an unethical means of achieving career progression.
6. What do these terms mean?
Duplicate submission
• These practices are unethical and are categorized under “author
misconduct”.
• They are brought to the notice of all editors within the field.
• Authors stand to lose credibility.
• Some journals ban the author for as many as five years.
Submitting the same
manuscript to multiple
journals
Publishing the same
study in multiple
journals
Multiple submissions
7. Was it intentional?
Authors are often unaware that they are following unethical
publication practices.
Often, authors don’t know the difference between salami
slicing, duplicate publication, and multiple submission.
Authors may find it difficult to decide when they should
publish the same study as a separate paper.
Authors may not know that they are self-plagiarizing.
8. Example 1
Early career researchers may feel that breaking up a study into smaller publishable
parts is the best way to get recognition.
They may not know that they are indulging in salami slicing and that it is unethical!
I need to publish more papers
soon…Maybe I should divide my
original study into smaller parts
and publish them separately. I
guess that’s the right thing to do!
9. Example 2
The long wait for publication and high rejection rates are tough to handle.
Authors may think that they are saving time by submitting the same paper to multiple journals
at the same time.
They may feel that a re-published paper will get them more citations.
It takes so long to hear from
journals. Let me submit my paper
to two journals at once. I will save
time. One of them is bound to
accept my paper.
10. Tips to publish ethically (1/2)
Your study is very large and addresses many distinct
questions.
Your study results are re-analyzed from a completely
different angle or given a completely different
treatment.
Break up your paper into smaller papers if:
Avoid breaking up data unless the study demands it!
11. Focus on the quality of your publications, not on quantity.
If you are using data from articles that you have previously
published, make sure you cite them in your paper.
In case you feel there’s an overlap, make sure you declare this at
the time of submission.
If possible, submit copies of potentially overlapping studies along
with your manuscript to the journal.
In case you have submitted the same paper to another journal,
inform the journal editors about it, so they know that you do not
intend to deceive them.
Tips to publish ethically (2/2)
12. To know more about salami slicing, duplicate publication, and
simultaneous submissions in details, view:
1. Salami slicing
http://www.slideshare.net/editage/the-pitfalls-of-salami-slicing-
focus-on-quality-and-notquantity-of-publications
And
2. Duplicate publications and simultaneous submissions
http://www.slideshare.net/editage/duplicate-
publicationsandsimultaneous-submissions
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